Social Psych Exam #2

When trying to decide if she is going to accept the offer of a date from the new guy in class, Lena relies on her intuition. She accepts his offer quickly, based on her automatic, gut feeling about his qualities as a potential boyfriend. Lena has used System ______ decision-making. C 1 2 Endpoint A

1

Are people social? What percentage of Americans reported living with others (Davis and Smith, 2007)? 97% 57% 87% 67% 77%

87%

A common measure of implicit attitudes is the ______ task. This assesses how quickly a person can label the valence of an attitude object when it appears immediately after a positive or negative image. A. evaluative priming B. projective affect C. Beck nonconscious D. subjective self-report E. thematic apperceptive

A

A(n) ______ is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor. A. attitude B. attribution C. affect D. motivational impulse E. emotional state

A

The ______ is the tendency to overestimate the intensity of one's future feelings in response to a given event or situation. A. impact bias B. availability fallacy C. state/trait dichotomy D. person-place-thing error E. durability heuristic

A

The area of social psychology that focuses on how people think about others and about the world around them is called social ______. A. cognition B. interpretation C. automaticity D. perception E. facilitation

A

Which of the Big-5 personality traits is most closely related to prosocial behavior? Agreeableness Neuroticism Conscientiousness Extraversion Openness

Agreeableness

Brenda sees a television advertised around $500. When she finally buys one for $450, she feels she got a good deal. In this case, the $500 price acted as a(n)...... frame adjustment anchor prime heuristic

Anchor

When Chloie can't find her car keys, she always starts by looking on the entry table near her front door. This "rule of thumb" usually leads to an immediate discovery of her keys, and is an example of a(n) ______. A. script B. heuristic C. bias D. attribution E. self-schema

B

When Liza finds out that Frank is a librarian, she assumes he is quiet, orderly, and enjoys reading. Liza's assumptions about Frank are examples of the ______ heuristic. A. availability B. representativeness C. self-promoting D. ingroup heterogeneity E. outgroup homogeneity

B

When they are on their first date, Peter and Michael tend to unconsciously mimic each other's facial expressions, hand positions, and body postures as they eat dinner. This is known as the ______ effect. A. duplicity B. chameleon C. affective posturing D. twinning E. reciprocity

B

Which of the following is a good example of the planning fallacy? A. Andrew tries to solve every problem using the exact same solution. B. Stanley frequently ends up scrambling at the last minute to complete projects at work. C. Marcia fails to recognize other people's perspectives. D. Lawrence allows other people to take advantage of him because he is afraid of conflict. E. Barbara thinks that her children can do no wrong, even when she is shown evidence of their mistakes.

B

Which statement is an accurate representation of affective forecasting? A. "It looks like it will rain." B. "I know just how I am going to feel after my exam." C. "I have no idea how to prepare for this wedding." D. "It is very clear what she is going to do at tomorrow's meeting." E. "I was so surprised when she ended our relationship."

B

Which researcher(s) identified a six-step model of rational decision-making in 2013? Bazerman and Moore Herbert Simon Schachter and Singer Kahneman and Tversky James and Lange

Bazerman and Moore

According to the ______ rationality framework, human beings try to make rational decisions, but our cognitive limitations prevent us from being fully rational. restricted empirical idiosyncratic bounded constructed

Bounded

According to evolutionary psychology, what is the cause of prosocial behavior? By helping our family we increase our chances of survival and passing on family DNA. Certain people are born without a genetic predisposition to be helpful. People become more helpful as they age because it is rewarded socially. Helpful people are more evolved than less helpful people. Helpful people are attractive and therefore more likely to reproduce.

By helping our family we increase our chances of survival and passing on family DNA.

______ refers to the tendency to be unwilling to accept evidence that goes against what we want to believe despite the strength of that evidence. A. Intrinsic anchoring B. Digging in C. Motivated skepticism D. Affective resistance E. Foundational bottoming

C

Jane is on a very successful club basketball team, but she rarely plays and makes many mistakes. ______ explains how she focuses on the team's success and status to build her self-worth. Outgroup homogeneity Self-actualization Ego comparison Collective self esteem Groupthink

Collective self esteem

All but which of the following are considered features of an automatic behavior? A. it is cognitively efficient B. it occurs outside of conscious awareness C. it is uncontrollable D. it is novel or unfamiliar E. it is unintentional

D

John is going to a football game in a city he is visiting for the first time. Even though he's never been there, he has a mental representation of what the stadium will look like and how he will find his seat. John is relying on a ______ for a football stadium to inform his predictions. A. heuristic B. bias C. script D. schema E. concept

D

Taylor is conservative, favors right-leaning candidates, and expresses his political opinions passionately. Taylor's political position would be an example of a(n) ______ attitude. A. automatic B. specious C. controlled D. explicit E. implicit

D

The tendency to rate the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind is called the: A. fundamental attribution error B. means-end analysis C. base rate fallacy D. availability heuristic E. mental set

D

To increase his self-esteem Sam chooses to play in a tennis league with players who are less skilled them himself. This is an example of: Downward Social Comparison Group Polarization Bystander Effect Social Facilitation Mere Exposure Effect

Downward Social Comparison

"If I fail this test I will be sad for WEEKS!" Graham says, but he ends up being less upset than he predicted. Graham's prediction about the emotional impact of the test demonstrates the ______ bias. A. impact B. foresight C. forecasting D. hindsight E. durability

E

A(n) ______ attitude is one that a person does not verbally or overtly express. A. representative B. explicit C. prejudicial D. trait-based E. implicit

E

Karen and Brendon were cheering for opposite hockey teams. Karen's team won and Brendon's team lost. Later, Karen says the game was fun and the food was great. Brendon remembers a boring game and awful food. This demonstrates the power of which kind of memory? A. implicit B. context-determined C. serially positioned D. state-dependent E. mood-congruent

E

Researchers examined people's ability to make predictions by having them use "thin slice judgments," where a very limited amount of information was provided. They asked about people's emotional states, personality traits, and even sexual orientation based on this limited information. What did they find A. Thin slice judgments were only accurate when made about a person of the observer's same race. B. When women made thin slice judgments they were usually highly accurate, but men made far more mistakes in their initial inferences. C. The judgments that people made were often inconsistent with later evaluations of the same individual. D. People were able to make accurate judgments about women, but not about men. E. Judgments made based on very limited information were, in many cases, surprisingly accurate.

E

When he is scheduling his cross-country drive, Harold fails to consider time needed to stop and eat, as well as allowing time for unexpected traffic. Harold's underestimate of the trip demonstrates the: A. affective forecast. B. ultimate attribution error. C. representative heuristic. D. directional goal. E. planning fallacy.

E

______ are general beliefs about a group of people and, once activated, they may guide one's judgments outside of conscious awareness. A. Prejudices B. Discriminations C. Heuristics D. Biases E. Stereotypes

E

A sales rep tells Jackie, "A warranty on your new car is $1,000, but that is cheaper than a $3,000 replacement of your transmission." This salesman is ______ the argument in a way that will convince Jackie to buy the warranty. externalizing monitoring framing anchoring peg-wording

Framing

_______ is the integrity, solidarity, social integration, or unity of a group. Sociometer model Groupthink Mere exposure effect Group cohesion Teamwork

Group cohesion

Most of those attending an anti-war rally left with an even stronger view on gun control due to the concept: Groupthink Diffusion of responsibility Social loafing Common knowledge effect Group polarization

Group polarization

An executive board makes a risky decision based on the CEO's recommendation. ______ occurred because members did not speak out about their concerns. Group polarization Homogeneity Groupthink Social loafing The bystander effect

Groupthink

Which of the following refers to a strategy that is used to simplify decision-making, sometimes at the cost of logic and rationality? a heuristic an anchor an attribution a frame an algorithm

Heuristic

______ refers to the tendency to help blood relatives more than others. Reciprocal altruism Agreeableness Family favoritism Kin selection Other-oriented empathy

Kin selection

Marissa believes that even 30 years after graduation she will be able to name 250 of the 300 students in her graduating class. Later, she is only able to correctly identify 75. This reflects her ______ in her own skill.

Overconfidence

______ occurs when people incorrectly decide that help is not necessary based on others' reactions to the situation. Diffusion of responsibility Negative state relief Costs-benefit analysis Kin selection Pluralistic ignorance

Pluralistic ignorance

______ refers to helping others who have helped us in the past.. Prosocial behavior Reciprocal altruism Other-oriented empathy Debt return Kin selection

Reciprocal altruism

fMRI brain scans of people who were excluded from groups showed: Responses similar to depression Larger ventricles in the brain Responses similar to physical pain An overactive amygdala showing anger Increased activity in the dopamine pathways

Responses similar to physical pain

Although Sheldon wants to go to a book reading, he opts to go to a play with his girlfriend. She would not be upset if she went to the play alone. Sheldon's willingness to (unnecessarily) sacrifice for his girlfriend demonstrates that ______ is bounded. self-interest value awareness willpower altruism

Self-interest

When golfing, Jill plays better when her teammates are watching than when she is by herself. This is an example of: Practice Effect Mere Exposure Effect Bystander Effect Social Facilitation Social Inhibition

Social Facilitation

This stage of Tuckman's theory of group development generally has the most disagreement and conflict. Performing Storming Adjourning Formatting Norming

Storming

What is the correct order of the stages of group development between the formatting and adjourning stages? Norming, performing, storming Storming, norming, performing Storming, performing, norming Performing, norming, storming Norming, storming, performing

Storming, norming, performing

This kind of decision-making is slower, conscious, effortful, explicit, and logical. System 1 System 2 Emotion-focused Problem-focused Defensive

System 2

Which pair of researchers, following in the footsteps of Herbert Simon, conducted research on the existence of cognitive biases that eventually won them the Nobel Prize? Rogers and Perls Adler and Horney Bandura and Rotter Tversky and Kahneman Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi

Tversky and Kahneman

According to Thaler (2000), decision-making is affected by the fact that ______ is bounded; we give greater weight to present concerns than we do to future concerns. self-interest our locus of control our locus of responsibility altruism willpower

Willpower

Mitzi really wants to vacation this July and does not think at all about saving money for retirement. Mitzi's failure to consider long-term effects demonstrates how ______ is/are often bounded in decision-making. profit-loss ratios zero sum games heuristics willpower self-interest

Willpower

When students wear a cap and gown and receive a printed diploma in front of friends and family, this is an example of: a cultural script ceremonial learning self-construal collectivism a ritual

a ritual

When a younger generation adds new things to the culture it has inherited from past generations this is know as: ways of life collectivism accumulated knowledge progressive cultivation enculturation

accumulated knowledge

A letter from a charity requests a donation. It asks if you would donate $100, $50, $25 or some other amount. The first, larger numbers provides a(n) ______ from which you will adjust your donation prime anchor foundation algorithm frame

anchor

Decision-making and judgment research has been applied to which of the following fields outside the area of psychology? neurolinguistics behavioral neuroscience behavioral marketing rational design theory genome mapping

behavioral marketing

People's judgments about various situations are predictably affected by ______ , or mistakes that influence how we evaluate those circumstances. instrumentations attributions prejudices biases comparisons

biases

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the theory of bounded rationality that has been contributed to by different researchers over the past two decades? Bounded awareness Bounded attributions Self-interest is bounded Willpower is bounded Bounded ethicality

bounded attribution

_______ refers to the systematic ways in which we fail to notice obvious and important information that is available to us. Dissociating Affective lability Anchoring and adjusting Bounded ethicality Bounded awareness

bounded awareness

Jason is the coach of his son's team and must select 3 players to send to the all-star game. He chooses his son as one of the players to send. According to the ______ framework, Jason's attempt to think objectively is restricted by a cognitive limitation--in this case a bias toward his own son. external attributional locus of responsibility availability heuristic conformational bias bounded rationality

bounded rationality

Trying to understand why people do not always help a stranger in need is the focus of ______ research. cost-benefit analysis kin selection reciprocal altruism agreeableness bystander intervention

bystander intervention

When groups spend most of their time discussing knowledge they all share, this is known as the ______ effect. groupthink in-group common knowledge confirmation above average

common knowledge

One advantage of using cross-cultural studies to understand cultures is that the researchers can easily ______ . eliminate personal bias compare between different cultures observe cultures in their natural environments account for situational identity use ethnocentric interpretations

compare between different cultures

An explanation for social loafing comes from the term ______ social inhibition group polarization coordination loss in group bias bystander effect

coordination loss

Amy loves all animals so when she sees an injured squirrel she moves it to safety even though she is worried that the squirrel may bite her. What theory of prosocial behavior explains Amy's behavior? negative state relief model other-oriented empathy cost-benefit analysis empathy-altruism model arousal-cost reward model

cost-benefit analysis

When anthropologists study a culture by living with and interacting with its people, this would be an example of a ______ study? cultural cross-cultural individualistic collectivist relativistic

cultural

______ is a collective understanding of the way the world works, shared by members of a group. World-view Enculturation Collectivism Culture Group-think

culture

You are trying to decide what type of vehicle to buy. A bicycle is eco-friendly, an electric car is expensive and a van is the most suitable for your family. According to Bazerman and Moore (2013), the first step you will take to make a rational decision will be to: weigh the rank of each criteria needed to make a decision. make a pros and cons list. compute an optimal decision. generate alternatives. define the problem.

define the problem

The negative state relief model and the arousal: cost-reward model both suggest that people help for ______ reasons. prosocial empathic reciprocal altruistic egoistic

egoistic

The ______ model suggests that people who put themselves in the shoes of a victim and imagine how they feel will help even if it involves a cost to them. empathy-altruism arousal: cost-reward personal distress negative state relief cost-benefit analysis

empathy-altruism

Ian believes that his culture is the best one, and that the norms of other cultures are "weird." Ian is displaying what trait? ethnocentrism cultural relativism collectivism situational ethnicity progressive cultivation

ethnocentrism

What method do researchers use when they want to understand culture in the terms of the members of that culture? collectivism studies ethnographic studies standard scale studies Likert scale studies cross-cultural studies

ethnographic studies

The ______ perspective theorizes that humans are more social due to centuries of natural selection. humanistic biological behavioral evolutionary cognitive

evolutionary

Smoking Brand A carries an 80% chance of developing lung cancer while smoking Brand B carries a 20% chance of not developing lung cancer. Even though the outcomes are the same, the ______ can affect the decisions that people make. framing the up/down heuristic adjustments anchoring the foot-in-the-door technique

framing

Before it collapsed Swissair was once one of the richest airlines in the world. Leaders felt so successful that they quit questioning poor decisions; a practice known as ______ . group polarization heuristics groupthink social facilitation outgroup bias

groupthink

One problem with adopting cultural relativism is that it leaves no room for criticism of ______ . shared learning progressive cultivation collectivism harmful cultural practices ethnography

harmful cultural practices

The people of Mateo's village all work together and share their food. All of the village members have equal status in their community. What type of culture is this? vertical collectivist progressive cultivation horizontal collectivist vertical individualist

horizontal collectivist

In what type of culture is the person more important than the group? shared progressive collectivist individualistic personality-based

individualistic

In the study where students were asked to cheer and clap, thinking they were in a larger group caused ______ . no difference in cheering more groupthink more team cohesiveness individuals to cheer less intensely individuals to cheer more intensely

individuals to cheer less intensely

The ability to understand why members of other cultures act in the way that they do is known as cultural ______ . differences script intelligence ethnocentrism relativism

intelligence

When ______ we often check what others nearby are doing to help us decide whether or not to take action. we lack emergency training it isn't clear if help is needed help is not necessary an obvious emergency is occurring someone calls for help

it isn't clear if help is needed

A new school administrator intimidates those who bring up issues with her new plans. Janis (1982) would say her ______ is causing groupthink. isolation cohesion leadership bias decisional stress confirmation bias

leadership bias

Culture is learned through direct teaching as well as _________ cultural scripts observational learning ethnocentrism individualism situational ethnicity

observational learning

Why would cross-cultural psychologist Harry Triandis be interested to contrast the cultures of Australia and Taiwan? one is an individualist culture and the other collectivist to compare how their economic differences influence culture both are Asian-Pacific cultures as a comparison of immigration and culture to explore how language shapes culture

one is an individualist culture and the other collectivist

Prosocial behavior is... behavior that helps protect the environment one person is in need and the other acts to eliminate the person's need behavior that benefits members on an ingroup behavior that benefits society being social and outgoing rather than cold and aloof

one person is in need and the other acts to eliminate the person's need

When Kevin had to change middle schools, none of the students at his new school accepted him into their groups, a concept knows as _____. reciprocation ostracism resilience stigma social loafing

ostracism

Alex has compassion for suffering, understands what others are going through, and wants to help them. Alex can be described as being high in ______ . helpfulness agreeableness altruism egosim other-oriented empathy

other-oriented empathy

The prosocial personality orientation includes ______ and helpfulness. egoism agreeableness prosocial behavior altruistic personality other-oriented empathy

other-oriented empathy

When a person uses cultural ______ they value the practices of a culture from its members' own point of view. relativism situation evaluation script collectivism

relativism

A cultural _____ is a learned guide for how to behave appropriately in a given society. script attitude intellect role

script

Which meaning of the "culture" emphasizes that it is a process that can be acquired? cultural relativism progressive cultivation shared learning way of life

shared learning

A person's performance should improve in the presence of others in tasks that are ______ . nondominant responses cognitively demanding newly learned responses simple responses being assessed

simple responses

Bella acts differently when she is at work versus with her friends. This difference is an example of what? progressive cultivation ethnocentrism horizontal collectivism situational identity cultural relativism

situational identity

The manager at the movie theater notices that a crew of 4 cleans a theater as quickly as a crew of 6. This is due to ______ . social facilitation groupthink need for affiliation sociometer model social loafing

social loafing

Being accepted into groups affects one's personal value and self-esteem according to the ______ model. triarchic love homeostasis hierarchy of needs sociometer need for affiliation model

sociometer

What motivates altruism? the desire to improve the welfare of others the desire to reduce personal distress the desire for social approval the desire to pass on one's genes the desire to be perceived as helpful

the desire to improve the welfare of others

Alison thinks of herself as a good friend, a big sister, and a loving wife. Which self-construal is she an example of? the interdependent self individualism the independent self horizontalism

the interdependent self

What is one of the key beliefs of people who are high in the characteristic of helpfulness? they feel helping is something they're good at they want to avoid guilt providing help is a way to earn praise they don't want to disappoint their peers helping earns them social status

they feel helping is something they're good at

According to the diffusion of responsibility phenomenon, why would someone be less likely to offer help when in a crowd than if they were alone with a person in need? they are likely to be distracted by others they're more likely assume help isn't needed they feel less capable in a crowd they feel less personal responsibility in a crowd they perceive risk differently in a crowd

they feel less personal responsibility in a crowd

Who helps more, men or women? studies show that men help more men help more often but more superfically research indicates that women help the most they help about the same, but in different ways women help more than men and the difference grows as they age

they help about the same, but in different ways

Why do people help according to the negative state relief model? because it helps them pass on their genes to future generations because they will benefit from helping to make themselves feel better to maintain their positive self-image as a helpful person to benefit the person they are helping

to make themselves feel better

Smiling is an example of a(n) ______ ; people in all cultures naturally do it. observational trait progressive behavior universal behavior cultural trait accumulated ability

universal behavior

Social psychologists try to conduct ______ research, meaning that they attempt to avoid making judgments about other cultures. values-free progressive ethnocentric observational experimental

values-free

Diffusion of responsibility is... groups divide helping responsibilities equally people act more responsibly in a group to gain status people feel safer in large groups we're less likely to help if there are other potential helpers young people defer to older people when help is needed

we're less likely to help if there are other potential helpers

Who is more likely to help a friend with personal problems? Men Young people More highly-educated people Old people Women

women