Social PSYCH exam 3

A major difference between cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory involves the extent to which ____ is necessary to lead to self-persuasion and attitude change.

physiological arousal

As personal involvement regarding an issue increases, the _____________ becomes a more important determinant of persuasion.

quality of the arguments

Perceivers judge accident victims as more responsible for their fate if

the perceiver is more concerned about harm to the self.

An implicit attitude measure would be particularly more predictive than an explicit attitude measure in assessing an attitude toward

committing suicide.

In one study, white participants had to decide as quickly as possible whether an object depicted in a photograph was a handgun or a hand tool. Each photograph was immediately preceded by a picture of either a black face or a white face. The results showed that participants were faster to identify the

handgun when it was preceded by a black face, and a hand tool when it was preceded by a white face.

In class, I described a study (Snyder, Tanke & Bercheid, 1977) where one group of male RP's listened in on a "get acquainted" telephone conversation between another male RP and a female partner. The men involved in the conversations were given photographs of women that were either physically attractive or unattractive and were told that these were the women they were talking to (although this was false; the actual attractiveness of the female partner varied randomly). The men who only listened in on the conversation had no expectations regarding attractiveness. When asked to rate their discussion partners on their social skills, intelligence, etc., the male RPs involved in discussions with "attractive" women rated them________ than did the RPs involved in discussions with "unattractive" women. When asked to rate the women's social skills, etc., the male RP's who only listened to the conversations (but had no expectations about the women's attractiveness) gave ratings _________the ratings of the men involved in the conversations.

more positively; consistent with

Gloria has a negative attitude toward smoking, but she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day. According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that her attitude and behavior are inconsistent could be that her

belief that she can control her smoking behavior is weak.

Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. She wants to ensure that her respondents answer with greater honesty and with less positive spin. She would be well-advised to use the

bogus pipeline.

People who are high in intelligence and/or self-esteem tend to be ____ vulnerable to persuasion when compared to people low in intelligence and/or self-esteem.

equally

All of the following could be categorized as sources of "raw data" for a study of social perception except

accounts given by others about a person.

Which of the following is true about in-group bias?

Even people assigned to groups on a random basis tend to feel more positively about their in-group than about other groups. The more meaningful or cohesive the group is, the stronger the in-group bias.

Which of the following situations should prompt the least cognitive dissonance?

Audrey doesn't like cats much, so she decides that her new pet will be a dog.

The tendency to think that most victims of Hurricane Sandy were irresponsible and naive for not evacuating their homes before the storm hit is most likely to result from which of the following tendencies?

Belief in a just world

Which of the following would not be considered an attitude?

Dalton drives a silver minivan.

Vito finished first in the school spelling bee, Fabrizio finished second, and Luigi finished third. The first-place winner gets a cash prize and the opportunity to compete at the regional spelling bee, but the others get nothing. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Fabrizio will engage in more counterfactual thinking than Luigi.

Which of the following research findings provides the best evidence that a person's responses on the implicit association test (IAT) are likely to be predictive of discriminatory behavior?

IAT scores are significantly correlated with the degree to which participants speak to and smile at a white versus black experimenter.

Which of the following concerning the use of facial electromyography (EMG) to assess attitudes is true?

It can detect muscular changes not observable to the naked eye.

Tanner believes that women are needy and unintelligent. When he meets Leslie, an independent and intelligent woman who does not match his stereotype, he is likely to conclude that

Leslie must be a special exception to the rule.

Which of the following source characteristics best explains why a company might recruit a supermodel to endorse its products?

Likability

Shaniqua plans to use a self-report measure in which people indicate their agreement or disagreement with a list of statements using a multiple-point scale. She must, therefore, use the

Likert scale.

Which of the following is an important conclusion based on research on the link between people's attitudes and behavior?

Our evaluations of an object do not always determine our actions because other factors must be taken into account.

As you probably know, the Olympic Games are held every four years between participants from different countries. Realistic conflict theory would predict which of the following outcomes for the Games?

Participants would feel more positively toward other participants from their own country, and more negatively toward participants from other countries.

Leo has always believed strongly that fidelity in a marriage is very important. After he has an extramarital affair with Annette, he says to himself, "How could I stop myself? Annette was my soul mate. This was meant to be." Which dissonance-reducing technique is Leo using?

Reducing perceived choice

Kirk is a strong Republican who voted for Mitt Romney in 2012. Based on research by Regan and Kilduff (1988), when should Kirk have felt most confident about Romney's chances of winning the 2012 election?

Right after voting

Jerri thinks gossiping is wrong, but she chooses to engage in it anyway because she doesn't believe any harm that could come from it. Why does Jerri not feel personal responsibility for the negative consequences that ultimately come from her gossiping?

She doesn't foresee the negative consequences.

According to correspondent inference theory, in which of the following situations would a personal attribution be most appropriate?

Steve, a Casanova, joins a monastery and takes a vow of celibacy.

Which of the following indicators is not used to distinguish weak attitudes from strong ones?

The amount of perceived behavioral control

Deception is most likely to be detected by attending to which channel of communication?

Voice pitch

Dr. Flintstone, president of Quarry College, needs to convince students that the college must double its tuition beginning in five years. He is hiring someone to promote this idea, as well as developing supportive arguments. Would he need to adopt a different strategy if he instead wanted to implement the change in the next academic year?

Yes. If the change is to happen next year, the strength of the arguments will matter more than whom he hires to promote the idea.

Jack believes Cajuns all like to eat, so whenever he sees his Cajun friend Jill he always asks her if she wants to go eat. She usually says yes, confirming his stereotype of Cajuns. This looks like an example of

a self-fulfilling prophecy

The central route to persuasion requires

ability and motivation.

An attitude that is brought to mind quickly and easily is said to be

accessible

Josie listened to a speech on the radio from a noncredible speaker advocating the increased use of automobiles that are not reliant on fossil fuels. One would expect the sleeper effect to be greatest if Josie found out about the background of the speaker ____ the speech and was asked about his views about the issue ____.

after; a few weeks later

Following are the stages of the interpersonal perception process except

analyzing

An attitude is implicit if you

are unaware of it.

Because communicator trustworthiness is important, people tend to be readily impressed by speakers who

argue against their own interests.

All of the following are necessary conditions for cognitive dissonance specified by Cooper and Fazio (1984) except that people must

assign responsibility for the behavior to an outside source.

Patricia Devine's research indicates that the activation of stereotypes is typically a(n) ________ process, and thus stereotypes ________.

automatic; are difficult for people to control

Sally is a staunch Democrat. She has been arguing with Jim, who is a staunch Republican. In the course of their discussion, Sally is able to withstand the arguments Jim offers for his position, but just barely. She realizes afterward that her own counterarguments to his were pretty weak. Subsequent to this realization, Sally's attitude will

become less certain.

Britney wonders if she would have been happier had she married Justin instead of Kevin. This illustrates

counterfactual thinking.

Hostility between groups was overcome in the Robbers' Cave study by

creating obstacles that neither group could overcome without the help of the other group.

When forming impressions of others, people

differ in the particular traits they are likely to notice.

_______refers to specific positive or negative behavior directed toward a social group and its members, whereas _______refers to positive or negative feelings about a social group and its members.

discrimination; prejudice

I described the 2-stage attributional model (also described in the text) to explain why the fundamental attribution error occurs. According to this theory, when people first observe the behavior of another person, they do the "cognitively easy" thing, which is to make a quick ________attribution. If they process using more cognitive effort, they may then modify their original attribution and take into account________ .

dispositional; situational factors

Kelley's covariation model suggests that three types of information are crucial for arriving at external or internal attributions except

dissonance.

After narrowing their choices to a Toyota and a Honda, Tammy and James have decided to buy a Toyota. It is likely that after making this decision, they will

feel less dissonance if they are told by friends that they have decorated their house nicely.

In 1965, Jones and Davis suggested that people prefer to make internal attributions because

internal attributions are perceived to be better for predicting behavior.

Research by Aronson and Carlsmith (1963) shows that severe punishment

is less likely than mild punishment to inspire cognitive dissonance.

In trying to assess attitudes about particular subjects, public opinion pollsters have become aware that attitude responses seem to be affected by all of the following factors except the

length of the questionnaire.

A classic dilemma in advertising concerning the value of celebrity spokespersons is that the more products a celebrity endorses, the

less trustworthy she becomes in the eyes of consumers.

In their 1993 study, Cacioppo and others presented participants with a list of category words that depicted objects they liked and disliked. The result: Brain-wave patterns that are normally triggered by inconsistency increased more when a

liked stimulus was shown after a string of negative items.

According to cross-cultural research on perception of emotion conducted by Elfenbein and Ambady (2002),

people are fairly successful at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures, but we are better at judging emotions of individuals from our own culture.

Steele's research on self-affirmation and cognitive dissonance indicates that when self-affirmations fail, dissonance

returns

After giving the matter a great deal of thought, Iris declared chemistry rather than physics as her major. Having made this decision, she went out and had a good time with her classmates, who reminded her what a great friend she was. At that point, Iris was able to look at her choice and see both its pros and cons without glamorizing it. Her behavior can best be explained by the concept of

self-affirmation.

The basic prediction of ____ theory is that attitude change occurs when people infer how they feel by observing themselves and the circumstances of their own behavior.

self-perception

The idea that we infer our own attitudes by coolly observing ourselves and the circumstances of our behavior is most consistent with

self-perception theory.

Russell Fazio and others (2000) found that people who were focused on their positive or negative attitudes toward computerized faces, compared to those who were not, were

slower to notice when the faces were "morphed" and no longer the same.

The "anger superiority effect" states that angry faces are detected more efficiently than friendly faces by people who

spot an angry face in a crowd than a neutral or happy face.

Consider the following quote from the work of the social psychologist Dan Gilbert: "Stereotypic beliefs about women's roles, for example, may enable one to see correctly that a woman in a dark room is threading a needle rather than tying a fishing lure, but they may also cause one to mistakenly assume that her goal is embroidery rather than cardiac surgery." This quote illustrates the fact that

stereotypes bias how we construe behaviors.

The process by which a person thinks hard and carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments is called

the central route to persuasion.

Consider a person sitting in a dentist's waiting room, acting nervously (e.g., biting fingernails, acting jumpy or easily startled). Two observers are also in the room, one of whom is paying a lot of attention to the information on their phone, the other of whom is paying attention to what's happening around them and not distracted in any way. According to the 2-stage attributional model, which observer is most likely to make the fundamental attribution error regarding their impressions of the nervous person?

the distracted observer (inferring "That's a nervous person")

Mr. Biggs sets up his fifth grade classroom so that students need to teach each other and cooperate in order to do well. Mr. Biggs is applying

the jigsaw classroom technique.

The process by which a person is persuaded by cues in the persuasion context rather than thinking critically about the content of a persuasive message is called

the peripheral route to persuasion.

Research on motivational biases suggests that if you are a people person, you will

value social skills more in leaders than if you are task-oriented.

People often confirm the expectations we have of them. This is because our expectation influences

which of their behaviors we notice and which we ignore. how we interpret their behaviors, especially those that are ambiguous or unclear. what we remember about them. how we act toward them.

Research on stereotype threat has shown that female students performed

worse on a math test when they were told beforehand that men tend to score higher.