social psych final

At school, Carl falls down the stairs and badly sprains his ankle. When will Carl most likely receive help?

Before school starts when only one other student is in the hallway.

One day you are out biking on a relatively deserted trail. You see a fellow cyclist on the side of the trail with the bike's wheels in the air. When will you be most likely to help?

When you know a great deal about bikes and work at a bicycle repair shop

Jenny, a 5-year-old child, may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing __________ video game. A. any B. a prosocial C. a logical D. a violent

a prosocial

Ron and Elaine are walking down the street when they see someone helping an old man across the road. On the next block, they see a woman having difficulty in trying to get across the street. Elaine says, "We'd better give her a hand." The woman who initially helped the old man A.decreased the diffusion of responsibility. B. acted due to self-monitoring effects. C. acted as a prosocial model. D. helped increase other directed affect.

acted as a prosocial model

One result of desensitization to violence is that individuals who are desensitized to violence are likely to A.respond more quickly to aggressive situations. B. have stronger reactions to violence. C. be more aggressive to others. D. be less aggressive to others.

be more aggressive to others

Which of the following explains why a positive mood can decrease the probability of responding in prosocial ways? A. Being in a good mood can cause us to keep as much positivity for ourselves as we can. B. Being in a good mood can lead us to not notice that there is a situation in which someone needs help. C. Being in a good mood can lead us to interpret emergency situations as not really serious. D. Being in a good mood can cause us to only think about ourselves and our subjective well-being.

being in a good mood can lead us to interpret emergency situations as not really serious.

Frank is a young musician who sometimes earns extra money by playing guitar on a downtown street corner during lunch hour. He sometimes puts a dollar and a few coins in his open guitar case before he starts playing. Frank does this because he A. thinks the presence of the money will encourage those who are unwilling to donate to walk away more quickly. B. believes the money will increase the number of people who are attracted to the music he is playing. C. believes the presence of the money will act as a model for prosocial behavior for his audience. D. feels the money in the guitar case is an incentive to encourage him to give better performances than he otherwise might.

believes the presence of the money will act as a model for prosocial behavior for his audience.

Programs that are intended to reduce bullying in schools or in prisons A. can be effective if bullying is recognized as a serious problem and organizations take strong and appropriate steps to correct it. B. can be effective if a 12-step program is used as the basis for treating the problem. C. are more effective in collectivist societies than they are in individualistic societies. D. are rarely effective in any but the most unusual set of circumstances.

can be effective if bullying is recognized as a serious problem and organization take strong and appropriate steps to correct it

In Texas, a man named Will committed a series of unprovoked murders. Will spent many years in prison but was then executed because the state deemed the ultimate consequence of his action to be A. solitary confinement. B. self-regulation. C. deterrence. D. capital punishment.

capital punishment

The catharsis hypothesis suggests that providing people with an opportunity to express aggressive impulses in a safe manner will decrease their tendencies to engage in unacceptable forms of aggressive behavior. What does research on this hypothesis demonstrate/suggest? A. Catharsis is effective with adults but not with children. B. Catharsis is effective with children but not with adults. c. Catharsis may actually increase aggressive behavior. D. Catharsis decreases inappropriate aggressive behavior.

catharsis may actually increase aggressive behavior

SooHee wants to open her own bakery. She will need at least $50,000 dollars for equipment and a year's worth of rent for a retail space on Main Street in her town. Instead of getting a loan through her bank, SooHee creates a website that asks people she knows, along with strangers, to contribute to her dream of opening a bakery. Each $5 donation can be redeemed for a muffin once the bakery opens. What process is SooHee taking advantage of? A. The diffusion of responsibility B. Social exclusion C. Social media D. Crowdfunding

crowdfunding

Each night at midnight, Daryl's phone buzzes when a text message arrives from an unknown number. The text messages he receives say things like "Watch your back" and "One of these days we're going to get you" and "You'll never see it coming." At first, Daryl tried to ignore these messages, but now he has anxiety about going to school each day. Daryl is a victim of A. teasing. B condescension. C. social exclusion. D. cyberbullying.

cyberbullying

According to the social learning perspective, people learn A. that aggressive behaviors are always punished in the long run, but rewarded in the short run. B. that some groups encourage aggression against their members. C. different ways of inflicting harm on others and what situations tolerate or encourage aggressive behavior. D. that aggressive behaviors are always rewarded with desirable outcomes.

different ways of inflicting harm on others and what situations tolerate or encourage aggressive behavior

While walking down Madison Avenue, Thomas smelled smoke. Soon, Thomas saw flames leaping out of a third story apartment window. In a flash, Thomas saw another man run into the burning building and emerge, only a minute later, with a young girl in his arms. Witnessing this made Thomas feel hopeful about humans and our ability to help each othèr. Thomas felt A. empathy B. sympathy C. elation. D. altruism.

elation

Drive theories of aggression suggest that A. our death wish is redirected outwards towards other, causing aggression. B. external conditions arouse the motive to harm or injure others. C. males aggress against other males in order to obtain access to females. D. a fighting instinct in human males underlies most forms of aggression.

external conditions arouse the motive to harm or injure others

Janice tends to become aggressive whenever anyone slights her or insults her. Her friend Joline, however, never seems to become upset or angry at the same kinds of provocations and is generally not an aggressive person. The ways in which these two people might react to the same provocation is best explained by the A. excitation transfer theory. B. frustration-aggression model. C. general aggression model. D. thanatos hypothesis.

general aggression model

Wayne and Cheryl were at a restaurant eating dinner when he noticed a faint smell of smoke coming from the air conditioning vent. No one else in the busy restaurant seemed to be concerned about the odor, and Wayne was not sure if it was the result of an electrical problem or of food scorching in the kitchen. Wayne's uncertainty, combined with the observation that others were not taking action, means that Wayne will probably

not take any action in the situation.

Jason is the owner of a furniture store in a small Southern town. He donated several hundred mattresses to the Red Cross immediately after hearing about the devastation caused in a neighboring state by a hurricane. He was motivated to do-so by his desire to help others, by thoughts of the income tax deduction he could take, and by the recognition his store would receive from his act of charity. This is an example of

pro social behavior

Two aspects of empathy are ______ and ________ A. sympathizing with another person; the presence of aggressive tendencies B. sympathizing with another person; a belief in a just world C. an internal locus of control; not being egocentric D. taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person

taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person

Suppose Roger, a religious fundamentalist, is told that three individuals--a gay man, an unwed mother, and a college student-are in need of aid due to employment problems. Roger would be MOST likely to believe that aid should go to A. the gay man. B. the unwed mother. C. the college student. D. all three individuals equally.

the college student

The general pattern of results of studies of TV violence suggests that A. research on the effects of TV violence is inconclusive. B. the effects of TV on aggression are minimal to non-existent. C. televised violence counterintuitively reduces aggression in viewers. D. the depictions of violence contribute to increased aggression in viewers.

the depictions of violence contribute to increase aggression in viewers

Miller has been watching a very exciting adventure movie at the theater. His heart rate is still a little elevated as he leaves the cinema. Just as he reaches his car in the parking lot, he sees someone accidentally bump his car as they back out of another parking space. Miller becomes extremely agitated and excitedly begins yelling and pounding on the other person's car fender. This extreme reaction to a relatively minor annoyance can best be explained by A. a hostile attributional bias. B. the catharsis hypothesis C. the provocation theory. D. the excitation transfer theory.

the excitation transfer theory

Samantha is frustrated after waiting in a long line for an hour and ultimately shouts at the person in front of her. According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, Samantha is showing aggression due to A. the fact that frustration always leads to aggression. B. aggressive tendencies that are inherent. C.obvious provocation from others. D. the negative affect from her frustration elicited by the person in front of her.

the negative affect from her frustration elicited by the person in front of her

After watching wrestling on TV for an hour, 5-year-old Samuel went outside to play. When 5-year-old Jamie, who lives next door, came outside, Samuel shoved him and tried to get him in a headlock. This situation can best be explained by A. excitation transfer theory. B. classical conditioning. C. the social learning perspective. D. instrumental aggression.

the social learning perspective

Your friend Gretchen is notoriously rude to her partner. She never says anything nice or complimentary and frequently embarrasses her partner in front of others, Gretchen calls and leaves a very distressed message for you letting you know that her partner has dumped her and she really needs someone to talk to about it. Will you call Gretchen back? A. Yes, you will because you are the only one that can help. B. No, because we prefer not to help if it requires emotional effort. C. No, because you feel Gretchen is responsible for her own predicament. D.Yes, you will because you want to hear how Gretchen is suffering at this loss.

No because you feel Gretchen is responsible for her own predicament.

one difference between bullies and their victims is that bullies__________, while victims __________. A. believe that others act the way they do intentionally or because of lasting characteristics; perceive others as behaving the way they do due to external stimuli B. tend to have higher self-esteem than their victims; tend to have lower self-esteem than do bullies C. are more likely to suffer anxiety attacks; believe they can trust others once dominance and authority has been established D. believe they can trust others once dominance and authority has been established; tend to be manipulative and ruthless when they can get away with it

believe that others act the way they do intentionally or because of lasting characteristics; perceive others as behaving the way they do due to external stimuli

University alumni associations, as a group, have _______ for many of its members. A. considerable entitativity B. little connectedness C. few obstacles to high status D. mostiy a monetary attraction

considerable entitativity

The idea that providing angry persons with an opportunity to express their aggressive impulses in relatively safe ways will lead to a reduction in their tendencies to engage in more harmful kinds of aggression is the A. incompatible response technique. B. drive theory C. catharsis hypothesis, D displacement theory.

catharsis hypothesis

Trina received a poor quarterly appraisal of her work performance, and by the time she gets home from work she is so upset that she wants to throw and break something. However, instead, Trina decides to go for a hard 5-mile run. When she gets back from the run, she feels better and her anger has evaporated. Trina's reduction in aggression can be explained by the A. frustration-aggression hypothesis. B. catharsis hypothesis. C. general aggression model. D. excitation transfer theory.

catharsis hypothesis

victims who are bullied repeatedly and brutally may react by a. committing suicide b. trying to sue the bullies c. pleading with their peers to help them d. reporting the problem to the police

committing suicide

Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater. First, Mark says he's going to donate $5,000, and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that. Mark then decides he too could contribute more than $5,000. What is this called? A. Altruism B. Empathy-altruism C. Competitive altruism D. Negative-state relief

competitive altruism

David sees a homeless person and thinks that "this guy has no one to blame but himself." Thus, David appears to believe that this homeless man's misfortunes are A controllable. B. the end result of chance factors. C. tied to external factors. D. uncontrollable.

controllable

Emily is out for a leisurely drive and has just witnessed the car in front of her on the highway slow to a stop and pull off to the side of the road. The driver got out of the vehicle and lifted the hood. She is very adept at fixing cars and there are not too many other cars on the road. After considering helping for a bit, Emily continues to drive past the stranded motorist. Why? A. Emily thinks that someone else will come along to help soon. B. Emily is not sure she will be able to help. C. Emily thinks there probably isn't really anything wrong. D. Emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick.

emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick

Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs. Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says, "Thank you. The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help, Raphael is motivated to help others later. This scenario is MOST consistent with the A. empathy-altruism hypothesis. B. empathic joy hypothesis. C. inclusive fitness model. D. negative state relief model.

empathic joy hypothesis

Steven sees an emergency and then his empathy is aroused; he then provides help simply because the victim needed help and it felt good to provide help. This example illustrates the

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Who mostly benefits from crowdfunding? A. Entrepreneurs only B. Entrepreneurs and communities C. Consumers and donors D. Fund-collecting sites

entrepreneurs and communities

Among children, girls who bully others are motivated by their desire to a. exercise power over others and their desire to be part of a tough group only B. lessen negative feelings associated with depression and their desire to exercise power over others only. C. be part of a tough group, and their desire to lessen negative feelings associated with depression only. D. exercise power over others, their desire to be part of a tough group, and their desire to lessen negative feelings associated with depression.

exercise power over others, their desire to be part of a tough group, and their desire to lessen negative feelings associated with depression.

Samantha is watching a movie on TV. The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident, Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the character's lines before he say: them, This situation illustrates the type of perspective-taking involved with A an emotional reaction to the emotions experience by a close significant other individual. B. a cognitive understanding of how others must feel in a particular situation. C. feeling empathy for- and identifying with -a fictional character. D. imagining how friends of yours would feel if you were in the same situation as another individual.

feeling empathy for — and identifying with — a fictional character

Sam is playing a challenging video game and is very close to nearing the end Suddenly, his character dies in the game and Sam is forced to start all over. Sam throws the controller across the room and punches the wall. Sam's behavior is best explained by the A. affective states hypothesis. B. thanatos theory. C. situational factor theory. D. frustration-aggression hypothesis.

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Emily, who is always slightly depressed, helps a little boy find his mom at the mall. Emily is surprised to find her mood has improved. This is likely because

helping a person often relieves a negative mood.

A New York City taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress- even though it actually was a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch. The taxi driver probably intervened due to A. a high level of egoism. B. the absence of the bystander effect. C. the fact that he is a New Yorker. D. his feelings of empathy.

his feelings of empathy

Among children, boys who bully others are motivated by a desire to A. hold power over others and to lessen negative feelings associated with depression. B. be seen as part of a tough group and to lessen negative feelings associated with depression. C. lessen negative feelings associated with depression and to gain the respect and admiration of others. D. hold power over others and a desire to be seen as part of a tough group.

hold power over others and a desire to be seen as part of a tough group

When given an opportunity to decide how much punishment should be delivered to individuals convicted of different crimes, research has shown that most people are more strongly influenced by beliefs about ___________ and much less strongly influenced by____________ A. removing dangerous people from society in order to protect others; beliefs about how much punishment is deserved B. the fairness of the judicial system; beliefs about the appropriateness of prison sentences C. how much punishment is deserved; information about the ease or difficulty involved in detecting a crime D. the deterrent effect of the punishment on other individuals; beliefs about whether forgiveness is merited

how much punishment is deserved; information about the ease or difficulty involved in detecting a crime

Marian, who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume, has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance. The fact that she is wearing perfume should A increase her likelihood of receiving help from men only. B. increase her likelihood of receiving help. C. decrease her likelihood of receiving help. D. decrease her likelihood of receiving help from other women only.

increase her likelihood of receiving help

Ahmed belongs to his university's Student Senate, a group that is high in entitativity. It is likely that Ahmed feels that the Student Senate A. is unlikely to be stereotyped. B. is of great consequence to him. C. is polarized in a conservative direction. D. is using too much political jargon.

is of great consequence to him

Janelle wants to begin hosting her own podcast focused on community events. She will need some money to purchase recording equipment and create a small studio in her house. She is thinking of reaching out to other community members to ask for their financial support. Which of the following websites should Janelle use? a. craigslist b. facebook c. twitter d. kickstarter

kickstarter

In the general aggression model, repeated exposure to aggressive stimuli serves to strengthen a person's beliefs, attitudes, schemas, and scripts that are related to aggression. These beliefs, attitudes, schemas, and scripts are a person's A. aggression centers. B. input variables. C. knowledge structures. D. personal factors.

knowledge structures

Which of the following accurately characterizes the common traits of a victim of bullying? A. High status, low social intelligence, many friends B. Lonely, withdrawn, unhappy, with few friends C. Callous attitudes toward others, high social intelligence, high status D. Low status, high social intelligence, well-liked, sociable

lonely, withdrawn, unhappy, with few friends

When Sigmund Freud proposed his theory that aggression stems from a powerful death wish, with him. A. no member of the psychology community agreed B. most psychologists disagreed C. the psychology community agreed D. most psychologists agreed

most psychologists disagreed

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that at least some prosocial behavior is

motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need, even if unpleasant or dangerous situations are involved.

People who tend to think of themselves as being superior to other people in terms of their abilities or qualities, and as being more deserving of respect than others, tend to react strongly to negative feedback, in part because A. negative feedback may threaten their self-image. B. positive feedback may bolster their self-image. C. positive feedback may threaten their self-image. D. negative feedback may bolster their self-image.

negative feedback may threaten their self-image

Allen is running late for his social psychology class. He is hurrying across campus and is thinking about the instructor's reaction to his tardiness on an exam day. He passed by a small group of students clustered around someone who is lying on the ground, clutching his chest and gasping for breath. Allen did not stop to help because he simply was not aware of what was happening at the time. This failure to engage in prosocial behavior was probably due to Allen's

not paying attention to the situation

Oscar is alone resting on a beach when he notices someone who appears to be floundering in the ocean, Since he does not know how to swim, Oscar realizes that he cannot help this individual himself. This example illustrates that people A often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do. B. often fail to recognize emergency situations as such. C. usually want to be left alone and not deal with others' predicaments. D. often do not help others when they are alone.

often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do

On the street, a passerby notices Jeanette's bruised eye and asks if she is okay. Jeanette said that her boyfriend hit her, and the man said he was sorry to hear that but continued on his way. Later, Jeanette's best friend, Ellen, notices that Jeanette's bruise. When Jeanette tells her what happened, Ellen offers to provide help. This example best illustrates that A. the five-step bystander intervention process often does not explain why a person decides to help. B. people tend to realize the importance of helping domestic abuse victims. C. people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger. D. people--both males and females - are more likely to help females than males.

people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger

If people help in order to receive praise from others, then what would be expected under cover of darkness? A People would be more likely to help others without fear of embarrassment. B. People would be less likely to help others. C. People would be equally likely to help others. D. People would not be able to feel empathy.

people would be less likely to help others

A professor, two students, and the president of the student government are all on an elevator. When one of the students passes out, who is most likely to be seen as having the responsibility to help?

professor

James and William are discussing the last presidential election. James, a Democrat, has made some very negative comments about Republicans and the way in which the campaign was conducted. William, a life-long Republican, has told James to tone it down, but this seems to encourage James to make even more negative comments. Eventually, William pushes James away and starts to throw a punch. This situation might best be seen as a case of a. bullying b. provocation c. incompatible responses d. catharsis

provocation

Seeking revenge may harm both the one seeking revenge and the one against whom vengeful actions are taken. This is because A. revenge limits the kinds of cognitive processes a person can use while seeking revenge. B. seeking revenge is generally considered unethical in most societies. C. seeking revenge may lead to an increase in hostile attributional bias. D. revenge may lead to an upward spiral of retaliation, revenge, and further retaliation

revenge may leas to an upward spiral of retaliation revenge and further retaliation

While aggression can be viewed as an adaptive behavior from an evolutionary perspective, lashing out at every single provocation is not adaptive, and therefore is necessary. A. mild aggression B. punishment C. self-regulation D. indirect aggression

self regulation

Danya is in a really bad mood after receiving a low score on an exam. She mopes, complains, and is curt with her friends. Later in the day, Dana goes to volunteer at a local homeless shelter. Why would she do this? A. She feels the need to atone for her bad mood. B. She knows that helping others will make her feel better. C. She needs to take her mind off of her hardships. D. She wants to be around others in a bad mood.

she knows that helping others will make her feel better

Raquel's 3-year-old son has been having intense tantrums when he doesn't get what he wants. Which of the following should Raquel try in order to reduce his anger when he begins to have a tantrum? A. She should encourage him to hit his stuffed animals but not people. B. She should encourage him count to 10. C. She should encourage him to throw things in his room. D. She should encourage him to scream but not hit.

she should encourage him to count to 10

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The empathy-altruism model predicts that Walter will

stop and try to help because he remembers how it feels to be stranded

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store, and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The negative state relief model predicts that Walter will A. keep driving because the motorist is a member of his in-group. B. stop and try to help because he might as well wallow in his negative feelings. C. stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings. D. keep driving because on a bad day like today he can't begin to deal with one more problem.

stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings

According to the general aggression model, repeated exposure to aggressive models in films or video games may increase a person's level of aggressiveness by A. increasing the level of physiological arousal to the point at which people tend to seek catharsis. B. strengthening knowledge structures such as beliefs, attitudes, and schemas that are related to aggression. C, weakening the effects of constraining factors on aggressive behaviors. D. encouraging behavioral patterns involved with competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility.

strengthening knowledge structures such as beliefs, attitudes, and schemas that are related to aggression

What type of provocation involves using a playful nature to issue provoking statements that call attention to a person's flaws or imperfections? A Boasting B Condescension C. Teasing D. Threatening

teasing

While walking through Central Park, Mark sees a man being attacked and mugged. There are many people around the scene, and many of these people are holding phones. Mark is concerned for the man but ultimately does nothing. Mark's actions can be explained by the concept of A. negative-state relief model. B. the diffusion of responsibility. C. empathic concern. D. kin selection theory.

the diffusion of responsibility

Karen knows that her neighbors often struggle to make ends meet. She sometimes offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way. This example most clearly illustrates A. the empathy-altruism model. B. the empathic joy hypothesis C. defensive helping. D. the negative state relief model.

the empathic joy hypothesis

Sarah was driving home after a particularly difficult day at work when someone cut her off and almost caused her to wreck her car. Still shaken from her near miss, she arrived home to find that her spouse had not yet started dinner, as he had promised to do. Sarah angrily accused him of being "a lazy bum" and started an argument with him. This situation can best be explained by a. a hostile attributional bias b. the frustration-aggression hypothesis c. the excitation transfer theory d. the provocation theory

the excitation transfer theory

Paul is studying for a test in biology. He is somewhat concerned about his ability to master the material and is trying to concentrate as much as he can Sam, his brother, has interrupted his studies several times, causing Paul to become frustrated and angry. When Sam again enters Paul's room, Paul pushes Sam hard and threatens to punch him. This situation illustrates A. the fighting instinct. B. the frustration-aggression hypothesis. C. thanatos. D. the catharsis hypothesis.

the frustration- aggression hypothesis

What theory suggests that if a person is impeded in reaching a goal he or she is seeking, then this impediment will lead to a stimulation of a drive whose main goal is to harm some person or object? A The death wish theory B. The general aggression model C. The evolutionary hypothesis D. The frustration-aggression hypothesis

the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Which of the following is the most complex theory of aggression? A. The death wish hypothesis B. The general aggression model C. The overt aggression theory D. The frustration-aggression hypothesis

the general aggression model

Why are violent video games so popular according to the text? A. These types of games are exciting. B. These types of games are enjoyable. C. These types of games allow people to lose control. D. These types of games provide a sense of autonomy.

these types of games provide a sense of autonomy