Social Psychology Chapter 11

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues conducted the Robbers Cave experiment, which generated conflict between two groups of boys. This study showed that

a superordinate goal reduced intergroup conflict.

Patricia Devine's research indicates that the activation of stereotypes is typically a(n) ________ process, and thus stereotypes ________.

automatic; are difficult for people to control

Patricia Devine and her colleagues conducted a study where participants were subliminally exposed to neutral words (e.g., number, animal) or words stereotypically associated with African Americans (e.g., welfare, jazz). Participants then read a story about a person who acted in an ambiguous manner and rated the hostility of this person. Results showed that ________ participants who had been exposed to the stereotypical words rated the person in the story as more hostile than did participants who had been ex-posed to the neutral words.

both prejudiced and nonprejudiced

Which of the following research findings provides the best evidence that a person's re-sponses on the IAT are likely to be predictive of discriminatory behavior?

IAT scores are significantly correlated with the degree to which participants speak to and smile at a white versus black experimenter.

Sarah took the implicit association test (IAT) and found that she responded faster when "strong" words were paired with male names, compared with when "strong" words were paired with female names. What does this finding suggest?

Sarah holds an implicit belief that men are stronger than women.

________ theory posits that a person's self-concept and self-esteem are based in part on group membership and group success or failure.

Social identity

________ is the fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding one's own group.

Stereotype threat

Which of the following is NOT one of the requirements for a situation in which contact be-tween members of different groups will reduce prejudice?

clear penalties if group members show prejudice toward each other

The ________ perspective emphasizes that stereotypes can be useful categories that allow us to process information efficiently.

cognitive

Realistic group conflict theory posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from

competition over limited resources.

Research indicates that automatic, negative associations with members of various stigma-tized groups appear to be more easily activated among ________ than among ________.

contact supported by social norms

Research shows that even if schools are integrated, if children's parents do not encourage and support that integration, children will be less likely to meet and play with children from different back-grounds. In this case, which condition for reducing prejudice is NOT met?

contact supported by social norms

According to the textbook, all of the following are changes that can be made on a societal level to reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination EXCEPT to

foster competition between groups so that each group is motivated to improve.

Stereotypes are

generalizations about groups that are often applied to individual group members.

In one study, white participants had to decide as quickly as possible whether an object de-picted in a photograph was a handgun or a hand tool. Each photograph was immediately preceded by a pic-ture of either a black face or a white face. Results showed that participants were faster to identify the

handgun when it was preceded by a white face. hand tool when it was preceded by a white face

According social identity theory, Jason is more likely to stereotype others and express prejudice when

his own self-esteem is threatened.

The ________ test has been shown to reveal unconscious prejudices of people who say they advocate universal equality for all groups.

implicit association

Experiments that employ the minimal group paradigm show that groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria tend to show

ingroup favoritism.

According to the economic perspective, intergroup hostility is particularly likely to occur when

material resources are scarce.

According to the concepts of distinctiveness and illusory correlation, ________ behaviors on the part of members of ________ groups are particularly distinctive and memorable.

negative; minority

Callie, a college student, believes that all male professors think alike, act alike, and look alike. Callie is demonstrating the ________ effect.

outgroup homogeneity

Research on the principle of paired distinctiveness has shown that people tend to ________ how often a negative behavior is performed by members of a minority group and ________ how often a negative behavior is performed by members of a majority group.

overestimate; underestimate

In experiments employing the minimal group paradigm, a majority of participants are more interested in maximizing their ________ than in maximizing their ________.

relative gain; absolute gain

Jim, who is prejudiced against Jewish people, is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereo-type-inconsistent actions, such as an act of philanthropy, to ________. In contrast, Jim is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereotype-consistent actions, such as self-interested behavior, to ________.

situational causes; dispositional causes

Recall that Steele and Aronson (1995) showed that black participants performed relatively poorly on a test when they were led to believe it was a particularly good measure of intellectual ability. This finding can be explained by

stereotype threat.

The American journalist Walter Lippmann stated that "the real environment is altogether too big, too complex, and too fleeting, for direct acquaintance. . . . We have to reconstruct it on a simpler model before we can manage with it." By a "simpler model," he is referring to

stereotypes.

Janet believes that all Asians are polite and good at math. Janet is engaging in

stereotyping

Bill's belief that all African Americans are good at sports exemplifies ________. Bill's refusal to hire African Americans exemplifies ________.

stereotyping; discrimination

Basking in reflected glory refers to a tendency to

take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom we are associated.

Based on the results of the Robbers Cave experiment, which of the following environments is most likely to foster cohesion across racial groups, and why?

the US military, because soldiers cooperate to accomplish the shared goal of defending the nation

Mr. Biggs sets up his fifth grade classroom so that students need to teach each other and cooperate in order to do well. Mr. Biggs is applying

the jigsaw classroom technique.

Alec thinks that members of a particular group are hostile, and therefore he acts toward them in a guarded manner. As a result, Alec may elicit a coldness in members of that group that he sees as proof of their hostility. This scenario is an example of

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Research suggests that stereotyping can sometimes be ________ because it can ________ our social environment.

useful; decrease the time and effort needed to deal with

Surveys of participants in the Seeds of Peace program, which brings together Israeli and Palestinian teenagers for a three-week summer camp experience, showed that participation in the program led to more favorable intergroup attitudes. Nine months after the program, these attitudes

waned a bit but were still more favorable than they had been at the beginning of the program

In one study, participants listened to a play-by-play account of a college basketball game. Results showed that participants who thought one of the players (Mark) was black, compared to participants who thought he was white, believed that Mark

was more athletic and played better.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates "basking in reflected glory"?

wearing your school's T-shirt whenever its football team wins

Research on stereotype threat has shown that female students performed

worse on a math test when they were told beforehand that men tend to score higher.