Social Psychology Exam 3

Discuss different strategies for reducing prejudice, stereotyping, and stereotype threat, according to your text and class lecture.

"Just don't do it" "Negation training/Attribution truining (carrie camacawy- practice rejecting stereotype and prejudice thinking so it becomes a habit)", Get people together (contact hypothesis), The jigsaw classroom, prejudice stimulations, Education

Discuss findings for experimental

(1970's boys who were in trouble put into group home and made to watch aggressive movies)

the empathy-altruism model

(Batson- believes altruism is real. Helping just because of person in need. You have empathy for them- empathy leads to more altruistic than egoistic (all about me) behaviors of prosocial behavior

Discuss findings for longitudinal

(Heuseamm Asles questions about tv viewing from 8 years old to 30. If you watched a lot of TV the more likely you were to have been convicted for a violent crime.

The negative-state relief model

(Schaller&Cialdini 1988- helping is all about social exchange; all about us help to get rewards even if just to relieve our own distress

Discuss findings for correlational research done by Sinker and Sanger

(sinker/sanger. Tv & aggression. More TV = More Aggression. Weak internal validitycould be other causes)

Discuss findings for archival studies

(what your degree led to. Data that already exists. Looked at old year-books to determine one's major, then looked them up) of the influence of violence in the media on violence in society.

What 5 conditions must be met in order for contact between group members to lead to optimally improved intergroup attitudes?

1. Equal status (jigsaw classroom), 2. Cooperation toward shared goal, 3. Contact is informal, 4. Viewing others as "typical" of their group 5. Contact supported by authorities

What are some of the ways that aggression has been measured in social psychological research?

1. The Aggressive Acts Questionnaire (scenario based type of questions) 2. Bandrua's "bobo doll" study (adults hit dolls and see if kids repeat aggressive behavior) 3. Milgram paradigm (but was it measuring aggression or obedience?)

Inferences about attractive people-

>"halo effect" we assume attractive people are happy, more outgoing, smart, successful - give them more opportunity to prove us right about how great they are >Men value attractiveness more in a relationship >Pressure for women to be beautiful and have success dating >Attractiveness is a good indicator of how often people date. >Job interviews even like more attractive intervviewees. If you are a woman, you are seen more prototypical/stereotyped

What factors are and are not associated with happiness, according to social psychological research?

>Not associated with "making it in the world" - if basic needs are met there are not an overall difference in happiness. Happiness is not based on external gains or losses happiness is based on our psychological set point (mean happiness) - can change baseline of happiness more or less by clinical psychology >Is associated with (9 techniques) savoring the moment/mindfulness (live in the moment, breathing, using the 5 senses) also associated with taking control of your time, activating "happy muscles" pencil study put pencil in mouth forces you to smile activating zygomaticus muscles, "flow"- ability to meet and do high challenges, exercise, sleep, good relationships, reflecting on positive things in one's life, taking care of your soul

Triggers for emotional aggression (hostile):

>Perception of intent to harm (are you trying to start something with me?), Perceived controllability (cut people slack, can they really help it), >Personality differences (how do you perceive/take actions? If someone bumps into you do you swing or say oh sorry), >Frustration-aggression hypothesis (frustration can lead to more aggression ex. Traffic or other negative feelings such as pain, fear, unpleasant heat/cold, stressful noises, crowds, bad smells)

Stereotyping-

Associating people with particular attributes based on their group membership (giving more money to an overweight child- expect them to eat more so need more money)

Attractiveness and courtroom decisions-

Attractive people are given less harsh sentences and found not guilty unless their attractiveness could have been a factor in the crime committed (rape, sexual abuse)

Research suggests that women may not always display gender-based outgroup homogeneity for what primary reason?

Because men have higher status than women, and status trumps group preference. Women have low status there for they do not display gender-based outgroup homogeneity (don't think their group is better than men's because they have lower status).

The Passionate Love Scale: what 3 components comprise the scale, and how do scores on this scale correlate with relationship satisfaction and gender?-

Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components are being measured. Positive relationship with sexual satisfaction (the higher you score on the test, the more satisfied you are in the sexual aspect of your relationship). Positive relationship with overall relationship satisfaction even though it can make us insecure. In lifespan, there is NO difference between male and female. Early on in relationship men seem to show more passion.

Why is aggression difficult to measure?

Difficult to measure because 1. Effects of being watched (if you know you are being watched you will act differently), 2. Ethical issues (you have to work around ethical issues when conducting a study)

Heat and aggression-

Heat conditions lead to individuals acting aggressively because they are very irritable and short-tempered, unless in high temp conditions for a very long time then they focus on relieving their discomfort instead of their anger

Social responsibility norm-

Helping those who are in no position to help us (community service/giving back) *collectivist society

What were the independent and dependent variables in the stereotype rebound studies?

IV- exposure to women faculty behaving in nontraditional ways vs non exposure within second year of college. DV- agreement with gender stereotypes. Those attending a woman's college did not agree with gender stereotypes after exposed to nontraditional behaviors as much as those who weren't.

What is the stereotype "rebound effect," as described in Macrae et al. (1994)?

Information relevant to an activated stereotype is often processed more quickly, and remembered better than information unrelated to it. Stereotypes lead us to pay attention to specific types of information - usually, information consistent with our stereotypes.

What is the difference between instrumental and hostile (emotional) aggression?

Instrumental aggression is aggression used as a means to an end (doing it to achieve a personal need). Hostile aggression (emotional) is aggression used as an end in itself (aggression is the main goal, in order to get your point across or "win" the argument. Ex jealous outrage and hit someone)

What norms promote restraining aggression?

Japanese societal norms dictate that it is often better to yield than to fight (makerv ga kachi "to lose is to win"). In the U.S. and elsewhere there are norms against in-group aggression. We can learn to extend these norms to outgroup members by meeting more people extending our groups

The death of who started the development of prosocial behavior?

Kitty Genovese in 1964 Walking home from work, was stabbed and raped. No one called for help

What are the effects of aggressive models?

Makes violent behavior seem more appropriate, makes people interpret ambiguous behaviors (could be perceived differently depending on the individual) as more hostile, thus promoting retaliation

What are the 3 basic components necessary for helping to occur?

Noticing a need, interpreting the need as an emergency, assuming responsibility for meeting that need

Describe factors that have been found to increase (or not to increase) helping, according to your text and class lecture.

Number of bystanders, models (seeing someone else help will lead others to help), Time pressure (are you as likely to help if you are pressed for time?

Kinds of Loving and the three components whose presence or absence define them, according to Sternberg-

Passion, intimacy, and commitment. The presence or absence of these 3 components yield 8 different types of love have 2, but not all 3 components. Pic on slideshow

Define and explain the difference between prosocial behavior and altruism.

Prosocial behavior is helping others. Altruism is helping others without any selfish of ulterior motives

What are other paths to reducing aggression identified to be effective vs ineffective, according to your text?

Reducing aggression by thinking nonaggressive thoughts. Inducing thoughts or behaviors that are not compatable with aggression (humor, sexual arousal, empathy)

Clinical versus statistical accuracy in predictions-

Statistics show better accuracy than clinical predictions. Past behavior predicts future behavior. (your gpa better predicts your success in grad school rather than an interview will)

Describe theories concerning why intergroup bias (e.g., stereotyping, prejudice) occurs.

Stereotyping and prejudice come from Institutional support, Frustration/Aggression/Threat(negative emotions), Personality traits, and cognitive mechanisms

What is catharsis, and what does social psychological research have to say about its validity?

The view that providing angry people with an opportunity to express their aggressive impulses in relatively safe ways will reduce their tendencies to engage in more harmful forms of aggression. Psychological research suggest that "letting it all out" or "venting" does not reduce the tendency to engage in aggressive behaviors

What are the different triggers for these types of aggression?

Triggers for instrumental aggression: assessment of cost and rewards, personal abilities (if you think you can make it work in your favor), Gender differences (less riskier for men)

Why are we attracted to particular people, according to social psychological research?

We tend to be attracted to people similar to us in personality, political views, values, desires, music, activities, food, etc. Similarities lead to attraction

Are depressed people more or less realistic about life?-

Yes and no, they see life more realistically but tend to have a negative explanatory style contributing things as stable (never gonna change) global (that's just how things are) and internal (I failed because im stupid) You self blame and don't give yourself a break

Equity in relationships/Exchange and communal relationships-

a condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it. People report having happiness if the giving of the relationship is proportionate between partners. what you value as important aspect of bringing to the table. More equity in relationship more happiness

Intimacy-

a feeling of closeness. Big aspect of love

Excitation Transfer theory-

a theory suggesting that arousal produced in one situation can persist and intensify emotional reactions occurring in later situations

discrimination-

acting on one's stereotype and prejudice outgroup homogeneity- a tendency to individuate members of one's own group more than members of other groups (your major/sorotity. We're unique or the better team, they are just here)

Why is it sometimes argued that passionate love turning into companionate love is an adaptive change?-

because passionate love can return in a relationship/marriage (cant think straight you're all I can think about) the "empty nest syndrome" can mean a return to passionate love

Implicit intergroup bias (concept and measurements; e.g., the IAT)

between group membership and evaluative responses can be triggered seemingly automatic manner as a result of ingroup and outgroup categorization (you subconsciously have feelings/thoughts about a person outside of your own group) quicker to shoot an unarmed black on a video game than an unarmed white due to stronger implicit associations (subconscious thoughts) about blacks. IAT measures unconscious feelings that one is not aware of/ones feeling there may or may not be willing to report. IAT is based on the fact that we may associate various social objects more or less readily with positive or negative descriptive words

Consummate love-

combination of passion, intimacy, and commitment

Confirmation bias and hindsight bias in making clinical judgments-

conformation bias selectively attend to info consistent with what we believe confirms our own beliefs (Rosenhan study). Hindsight bias would have known it all along- ex someone commits suicide and you think I should have known I should have seen this coming

The role of norms in aggression-

cultural differences in aggressive norms: norms in mainstream US culture that promotes aggression is 1. The right to bear arms and to use them (presence of gun leads to aggression) 2. The norm of male aggression 3. Family privacy

prejudice-

disliking people based on their group membership (oh shes in kappa delta, I hate her).

stereotype threat-

disruptive concern when facing a negative stereotype that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Claude Steele- brought in his best students. When told they were expected to do well they did, and when told they weren't expected to they didn't (blacks) conformed to the stereotype of blacks

Anxious(insecure) attachment style:

easy to commit, mold to partner, worried about partner leaving you

Egoistic versus altruistic motivations for helping-

egoistic is helping someone to make ourselves feel better and altruistic motivations is helping someone just because they are in need

Secure attachment style

happy, trust in the relationship, positive thoughts of others.

Avoidant attachment style:

hard to commit, worry, hard to get to know, relationship doesn't last.

Reciprocity norm (as pertaining to prosocial behavior)-

help those who have helped us and help those we want us to help in the future *individualistic society/stronger used more in the US

Coping with break-ups: how do men and women differ (Helgeson, 1994)?-

men report suffering more because men get more out of marriage than women. Women never perceive the same level of happiness as men do. In college non-married students Helgeson studied the psychological distress on long distance couples. 35 students had ended a relationship and men experienced more distress from breaking up. Women are more likely to initiate a break up. men experience less distress if they deliver the dumping. It's a power/status thing for men and they aren't as prepared because women have good maintenance skills for relationships and monitor it. They know its coming

Symmetry and attractiveness-

people with very close symmetrical faces are seen as more attractive. But not TOO symmetrical

Self-disclosure in relationships-

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. Leads to more satisfying relationships (has stronger effect on women although it does help men with psychological distress ex. Side by side activities washing the cars/cooking sometimes work better for men. Men love differently than women

Alcohol and aggression-

the consumption of alcohol increases aggression in both men and women mainly because of reduced cognitive function, and enables the individual to process what is being perceived

Attachment theory - implications for relationships/Adult relationship styles and comfort-

the type of attachment style you have as a child will carry over into relationships. Research shows mixed results.

The attractiveness of "composite faces" [faces overlaid creating an "average" face] -

we find a picture of ourselves more attractive because it looks like the image we see in the mirror each day.

Investment theory-

what you value in a relationship- bring to the table