Social Psychology

For any given construction project, the chances of completion on-time and on-budget are minimal. This exemplifies:

Planning fallacy

Which of the following sources of a message would be MOST likely to be perceived as trustworthy?

A senator arguing that senators should receive lower salaries

In order of likelihood, rate the odds of a human saving another human according to kin selection theory:

A close relative, a distant relative, a stranger

The retail price of a pair of pants is $68. It is only full price one day a year; the rest of the time it is on sale for $34. The full retail price is an example of:

Achoring

Which of the following reactions to a situation is likely to improve or preserve the person's self-esteem?

All of the answers are correct

According to the theory of planned behavior, which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the link between attitudes and behavior?

All these answers affect the attitude behavior link

The part of Charlie's brain produces fear and anger perceptions?

Amygdala

The part of Cindy's brain that first registers the perception of emotion is called her

Amygdala

One's feelings of liking or disliking towards a group of people is their:

Attitude

Sam is feeling some psychological tension because he has always claimed to hate reality shows, but he can't help but binge episodes of the reality show Mob Wives. The tension Sam is feeling can be described as

Cognitive dissonance

Sam is feeling some psychological tension because he has always claimed to hate reality shows, but he can't help but binge episodes of the reality show Mob Wives. The tension Sam is feeling can be described as ________________.

Cognitive dissonance

________________ is discomfort that occurs when we behave in ways that we see as inconsistent, such as when we fail to live up to our own expectations.

Cognitive dissonance

A research writing a scientific paper conducts a literature review. Browsing abstracts, they include papers that agree with their premise but skip over papers that do not support that premise. This is an example of:

Confirmation bias

An experimenter gets the best available horoscopes for the day and systematically gives them to people to whom they do not apply, telling the recipients they are accurate. When the recipients believe the information in the horoscopes describes them well, this might be an example of:

Conformational bias

Ellen missed her train by just one minute. She thinks "If I had just run across the street when the traffic light was yellow, instead of waiting, I would have made my train." Ellen is engaging in....

Counterfactual thinking

Having narrowly missed getting a top grade in a course, a student thinks, "If only I had studied a little hard for the final, I could have gotten that A." This exemplifies:

Counterfactual thinking

A driver cuts in front in David's car on the highway. David attributes the driver's behavior to rudeness. What kind of attribution is David making for the driver's behavior?

Dispositional

Some animals have demonstrated a sense of selfhood by passing the dot test. The family dog:

Does not pass the dot test

When facing life challenges, a good coping strategy is:

Downward social comparison

When one knows the signs, narcissists on Facebook are:

Easily spotted

Cindy feels foolish when she sees that the guy, she thought was her boyfriend with an attractive lady at a party turned out to be her boyfriend's brother who resembles him. She feels relieved now as her heart rate and breathing return to normal. What has happed to Cindy?

Her parasympathetic nervous system has been activated

Paul is watching Noah play football when he catches his first touchdown pass. Paul is beaming with pride. In this case, pride is considered

A secondary emotion

Randy is watching Zach play football when he catches his first touchdown pass. Randy is beaming with pride. In this case, pride is considered

A secondary emotion

According to research on cognitive dissonance, which of the following fraternity initiations would be most likely to increase new members' enthusiasm for the fraternity?

A severe initiation that involved considerable time and effort for the new members

Which of the following is an example of someone making an UPWARD social comparison?

Bill gets a C on his calculus exam and notes that his two study partners both got A's on the exam.

During a raucous concert given by her favorite band, Death Metalheads, Sylvie becomes less self-aware and finds herself absorbed in the group of mental of Death Metalhands fans. She normally keeps a distance from strangers in crowds, but in this state, she finds herself willing to be lifted up by other fans to crowd-surf. Sylvie's behavior can be explained by the phenomenon of __________.

Deindividuation

Unrealistically high self-esteem can lead to:

Failure when one set's their goals correspondingly high

Replication is one form of:

External validity

When white-nationalist group Citizens for Constitutional Freedom occupied the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in 2016, they expected support from the public in terms of both praise and material support. They were surprised to receive neither; most people disagreed with their politics, philosophy, and actions. This is an example of:

False consensus effect

The psychologists credited with being the father of social psychology because he approached it as a scientific discipline are:

Festinger

A patient experiencing closed head injury has lost much of their social cognition, including planful action, cooperation, and predicting others' behavior. Their injury most likely affects their:

Frontal cortex

James has been in a relationship with an unfaithful girlfriend. He is always exhausted and has little energy because of this. What would explain James's exhaustion?

General Adaption Syndrome

The exhaustion many feel from the Coronavirus pandemic can be explained using

General Adaption Syndrome

According to social identity theory, some of our identity is wrapped up in:

Group membership

Someone with a complex self-concept:

Has multiple ways of thinking of their self and experiences better life outcomes.

A student takes the same personality test three times in three circumstances over the course of three years. They achieve the same scores all three times. They likely:

Have self concept clarity

Amy feels foolish when she sees that the guy, she thought was her boyfriend with an attractive lady at a party turned out to be her boyfriend's brother who resembles him. She feels relieved now as her heart rate and breathing return to normal. When Amy got upset and her heart rate and breathing increased, what happened to Amy?

Her parasympathetic nervous system had been activated

Amy is at a party and see who she thinks is her boyfriend, who is was supposed to be at work, with a very attractive lady. Her heart begins to race, she notices that she is breathing faster, her pupils dilate, and she feels a little perspiration on her forehead. When Amy sees it is not her boyfriend, she calms down. What is happening to Amy when she is calming down?

Her parasympathetic nervous system has been activated

Cindy is at a party and see who she thinks is her boyfriend, who is was supposed to be at work, with a very attractive lady. Her heart begins to race, she notices that she is breathing faster, her pupils dilate, and she feels a little perspiration on her forehead. What has happened to Cindy?

Her sympathetic nervous system has been activated

"Likes" on Facebook statuses seem to lead to:

Higher self esteem

One reads the results of a study and, recalling many anecdotes that confirm those findings, thinks the study was unnecessary because it was just obvious. This is an example of:

Hindsight bias

Which is the mostly likely candidate for false consensus effect?

I cheat on my taxes; everybody cheats on their taxes

Explicit measures of self-esteem can be subject to various kinds of error. To correct for these errors, scientists can also use:

Implicit measure

People from collectivist cultures are more like than people from individualist cultures to:

Include relationships in their self evaluation

_____________ occurs when the social situation actually causes our behavior, but we don't realize that the situation was the cause.

Insufficient justification

The idea of self:

Is well-studied in social psychology

Which of the following decisions is likely to result in the MOST post-decisional dissonance?

Kate really wants to purchase a blue dress and a yellow dress, but can only afford to purchase one of those dresses

Automatic processing occurs:

Largely unconsciously and quickly

If one has negative cognitions (thoughts) this can lead to __________ _________ which leads to ________ ________ which produces ____________ ___________.

Negative emotions; negative behaviors; negative experiences

William almost got into a wreck on the interstate when a guy exhibiting road rage pulled alongside of him trying to run him off the road. When William returned home, he got into an argument with his wife for no reason. William is exhibiting

Misattribution

Troy almost got into a wreck on the interstate when a guy exhibiting road rage pulled along side of him trying to run him off the road. When Troy returned home, he got into an argument with his wife for no reason. Troy is exhibiting

Missattribution

We tend to have:

Multiple social indentures which can be primes under various circumstances

"Monkey see, monkey do!" best exemplifies:

Observational learning

The Bobo Doll took a beating for science. Which principles were tested with this experiment?

Observational learning

Behaviorists would suggest our social cognition depends on two kinds of learning:

Operant learning and associational learning

Volcanic ash enriches soil. A community built on a dormant volcano knows the volcano will eventually erupt again, but doesn't worry much about it. This exemplifies:

Optimistic bias

Experiments allow careful assertion of causality because of:

Random assignment and control conditions

90% of psychotherapists rate themselves in the top 10% of psychotherapists. This is almost certainly an example of:

Overconfidence

Arlene when on a date with whom she thought was a kind loving gentleman. However, he took advantage of her tipsiness from a few drinks and the night ended in date rape. Arlene cannot sleep without nightmares waking her up, she no longer feels safe after dark, will not go out alone, jumps at the slightest noise, and has significant problems concentrating among other problems. Arlene is most likely suffering from

PTSD

Debbie was in an extremely stressful relationship where there was mental and physical abuse and she felt trapped because she was dependent on Troy for her finances. Debbie now has trouble focusing, she jumps at the slightest sounds, she has nightmares which can all be classified as

PTSD

We probably get more of our self-esteem from:

People like us than people not like us

Which of the following is NOT one of the three sources of covariation described by Kelley's covariation theory?

Popularity

One's positive behaviors can be produced by _________

Positive emotions

The feeling of regret that may occur after we make an important decision that has us choosing between two very desirable alternatives is referred to as _______________.

Post decisional dissonance

A student in college on a sports scholarship experiences clinical depression. During this depression, they drop out of the sports program, citing the unlikelihood of ever going pro. This decision is:

Probably realistic

Today, you wake up feeling cheerful. Most people seem cheerful to you over the course of your morning. You are surprised to learn, though, that your barista is in a bad mood. You thought they were as cheerful as you are. This exemplifies:

Projection bias

Knowing personality characteristics of each of member of a group of friends can be described as having a __________ of each friend.

Schemas

When asked to remember the traits of people in four groups or people in two groups, those with more groups to think about resort to more stereotyping. This supports the idea of:

Schemas as energy-savers

According to the textbook, evolutionary adaptation has provided humans with two fundamental motives. These two motives are _______.

Self concern and other concern

_______________ is when we use our own behavior as a guide to help us determine our thoughts and feelings.

Self perception

Someone has bumper stickers on their car that tell viewers what radio station they listen to, that their child is a high-achiever at school, and that they are married to a service-member. This exemplifies:

Self presentation

Terrell gets along with everyone he meets no matter what the situation. He never shows he is upset even when a rational person would demonstrate frustration. This is because Terrell is very good at

Self regulation

Johnny was hired for a job that he did not have any previous experience for, but he had no doubt that he could perform at a high level. What explains Johnny's optimism?

Self-efficacy

Susan was hired for a job that he did not have any previous experience for, but he had no doubt that he could perform at a high level. What explains Susan's optimism?

Self-efficacy

Mikey has several siblings and is used to being frustrated. Mikey has developed an ability to keep his calm and not get upset when many other children his age would. What has Mikey developed?

Self-regulation

An awkward person who has trouble understanding and predicting the behavior of other people has difficulty with:

Social Cognition

Young people often lose some self-esteem when arriving at college for the first time. While they were top of their high-school classes, they are closer to average in college. Their self-esteem loss exemplifies:

Social comparison

Someone who votes their affiliation group has invested in membership in that group. This is an example of:

Social identity

Research has shown that people find those with symmetrical faces to be more physically attractive. An EVOLUTIONARY explanation for this finding would be...

Symmetrical faces are correlated with good health, so early humans who mated with those who had symmetrical faces were more likely to have healthy offspring.

In a classic study demonstrating cognitive dissonance, Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) asked participants to engage in an extremely boring task. Participants in one condition were paid $20 to lie to the next participant and tell them the study was enjoyable. Another group of participants was paid $1 to tell this lie. A control group was not asked to lie. Afterwards, which group privately reported that they enjoyed the boring task the MOST? You Answered

The $1 group

Plane crashes are international news; car crashes are rarely mentioned. When you are more afraid of flying than driving, this is an example of:

The availability heuristic

Which of the following types of nonverbal behavior tends to vary the LEAST among different cultures?

The facial expressions used to denote specific emotions

A pharmacologist wants to know if their new invention, a smart pill, is effective. They give the pill to one group of children and a placebo to another. Whether a child receives the compound or the placebo is:

The independent variable

Because of counterfactual thinking:

The silver medalist is more disappointed than the bronze medalist

Which of the following is true regarding cultural differences in self-esteem?

Those in individualist cultures tend to score HIGHER than those in collectivist cultures on explicit measures of self-esteem, but about EQUALLY on implicit measures of self-esteem.

A person and three friends have all been trying out for a dance contest. They express hopes and good wishes for each other. When one friend gets accepted to the contest, the other three friends are most likely:

To express happiness but ruminate and feel depressed.

Study tip:

Try to relate course material to yourself.

Eyewitnesses in court tend to be very confident of their testimony. This confidence is:

Unjustified

Jamie feels a sense of pride when she discovers that one of her idols, Bernie Sanders, attended the same high school that Jamie herself graduated from. Jamie's reaction is an example of....

Upward social comparison

Employing classical conditioning, a famous hamburger chain uses bikini models in its advertisements, hoping that the viewer:

Will experience pleasant emotions when seeing their logo in the future

Scientific ideas should:

Withstand scrutiny

In countries with high levels of gender equality:

Women rate their self-esteem almost as highly as men.

Dan hopes to get a 4% raise. First, he asks his boss if he can have a 10% raise, knowing that his boss will deny him, in hopes that the 4% raise will sound more reasonable. Dan is using the ______ technique.

door in the face

Amir asks a friend if he can help him move some boxes into his new apartment. After the friend agrees, Amir reveals that the boxes contain heavy books and the apartment is a 5th floor walk-up. Amir is using the _____ technique

low balling

When he was in elementary school, Joachim loved to read. However, when he got to middle school, he was rewarded by his teachers every time he finished a book. Eventually, Joachim came to attribute his prolific reading habits to his desire to get the reward, and not to his interest in reading for its own sake. This is an example of __________.

overjustification

A self-presentation strategy that involves making oneself appear inept or incompetent in order to elicit help from others is called __________.

supplication