Social psychology second semester 8-14

What are the 3 "w" of persuasion? What are 3 source characteristics? (who) ----What is the sleeper effect? What are 4 message characteristics? (what) ----what is the identifiable victim effect? When does this not work?

(1) who- source characteristics (2) what- message (3) whom- audience 1- attractiveness-physical good look delivering a message, celebrities 2- Credibility- expertise and trustworthiness (sleeper effect) 3- certainty- confidence "this is 100%" "guaranteed" c.The impact of a persuasive message will generally tend to decrease over time. However, under the right circumstances the sleeper effect predicts that a message from a low-credibility source can actually increase in persuasiveness. 1- message quality- strong arguments 2- vividness- colorful, interesting, memorable (identifiable victim effect) (must be relevant imagery to argument) 3- fear- frightening but also with clear message about how to address fear 4- culture- message tailored to culture identifiable victim effect- when yo can see the victim or "thing" vividly with your own to eyes it is much more persuasive than just a number. It doesnt work when it is possible to blame the victim for his plight

What are the 3 perspectives that explain stereotypes? 1- What is the definition of a stereotype? Prejudice? Discrimination? what study demonstrates the behavior of the modern racist? Do stereotypes have to be negative? Is saying that "i love all black people" racist? What is the IAT test?

1- economic- competing interests 2- motivational- psychological needs- the mere existence of group boundaries causes possessiveness 3- cognitive- categorization- enhances memory and organization a. Stereotype- Beliefs about a group b. Prejudice- negative feeling toward a group c. Discrimination- negative behavior toward a group if a black person and white person are in need of help and no one else is around a person goes to the black person but if other people are around and it is excusable they go consistently to the white person no they do not and yes that is racist Implicit association test-A typical IAT procedure involves a series of seven tasks. individual is asked to categorize stimuli into two categories. A score is then given which denotes the time it took to categorize the words with the categories. the categorization that was quickest represents the discriminated group. (group 1 hews-bad, group 2 Palestinians-bad)

What are 3 conditions to have positive relations between groups? What are super ordinate goals? What is said to reduce prejudice?

1- equal status between groups 2-superordinate goals- intergroup interaction around a shared goal 3- broader social norms must support cooperation interaction with the stigmatized group helps but not definitive

What are the forces that pushed the subjects to continue administering shocks in the milgram experiment that demonstrates obedience to authority? (look this up) What 2 manipulations made it much harder for the subjects to obey the command to administer the shocks? What are 3 characteristics of all the subjects in milgrams obedience shock experiment?

1- fair play- they agreed to join experiment, recieved payment 2-advance science 3-normative social influence 4-avoid disaproval 1- the closer they brought the person being shocked the harder it was for the subject to tune out the learner (remote feedback VS voice feedback VS proximity VS touch proximity) 2- when the experimenter was literally in the room VS not being in the room VS a random person in the room VS a contradictory experimenter- (noone shocked in the last case) 1- they tried to disobey but failed 2- they felt a release of responsibility 3- step by step involvement

What are the two names for the "routes" or models of persuasion? What is ELM? What are the 4 core ideas of ELM? 4 things What is the major assumption of ELM? When is central and peripheral thought used ? what are the 3 factors that are looked at in central thought and peripheral thought? What are the two primary factors that determine whether we will engage in primary or peripheral thought? 2- When are strong arguments most effective and when are weak arguments most effective?

1- heuristic- systematic model 2- elaboration- likelihood model-Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo in the mid-1980s. The model aims to explain different ways of processing stimuli, why they are used, and their outcomes on attitude change. 1- The ELM argues that when a person encounters some form of communication, they can process this communication with varying levels of thought (elaboration), ranging from a low degree of thought (low elaboration) to a high degree of thought (high elaboration). 2- The ELM predicts that there are processes that require different amounts of thought 3- The ELM predicts that the degree of thought used in a persuasion context determines how consequential the resultant attitude becomes. Attitudes formed via high-thought, central-route processes will tend to persist over time, resist persuasion, and be influential in guiding other judgments and behaviors to a greater extent that attitudes formed through low-thought, peripheral-route processes. 4- The ELM also predicts that any given variable can have multiple roles in persuasion, including acting as a cue to judgment or as an influence on the direction of thought about a message. a-One of the main assumptions of the ELM is that the attitudes formed through the central route rather than the peripheral route are stronger and more difficult to change 1. Central route-The central route is used when the message recipient has the motivation as well as the ability to think about the message and its topic. (a) high relevence (b) knowledge of subject (c)personal responsibility 2. Peripheral route -The peripheral route is used when the message recipient has little or no interest in the subject and/or has a lesser ability to process the message. (a)length of message (b)the source (c)how distracted or tired we are 1- motivation- personal consequences 2- ability- capacity to process a. Strong arguments- no distraction or low distraction b. Weak arguments when distraction is high

What are 3 other characteristics of an audience? (whom?) What are the possible influences of mood on a persons ability to be persuaded? (whom) What study relates to the relationship between emotion and thought confidence?

1- need for cognition- the degree to which people like to think deeply 2- age- the younger people are the more their attitudes are swayed 3- audience size and diversity- large groups require more general messages Happy with low motivation and ability- people use heuristics (i am happy so i must like X) sad or happy with ability to process- happiness acts as a blocker for processing more so than sadness When motivation and ability are high then the mood strengthens the individuals thoughts in the direction of the mood c. Students read arguments to carry an identity card on campus then wrote there thoughts about it. They then recalled a sad or happy memory and were asked to speak about how confident they are about what they originally wrote. the independent variable was the opinion change ---result--- happiness made the strong argument much more persuasive and the weak argument much less persuasive whereas sadness neutralize the effects of the different arguments Important Note- the opinion change was mediated by the confidence

what are the 3 way to get someone to comply? What are 3 studies that demonstrate the power of norm compliance? What are 2 types of norms? What study demonstrates the most effect way to use them? What are the two reasons a good mood enhances compliance? provide a study? (emotion) What type of bad mood lifts compliance? What is a study that demonstrates reciprocity as a means of attaining compliance? What are 3 sales technique to attain compliance? (provide study for foot in the door)

1- reason based- if someone does you a favor reciprocity is expected 2- emotion based- aimed at the heart, good feeling makes people comply easier 3- norm based- social norms have a large influence. teenagers seeing pregnant teens, retirement plans matching that of your coworkers. 1- power usage in california posted on people doors with a smiley for below average use and a sad face for above average use. 2- hotels that say the majority of people who stayed in this room reused their towels 3- alcohol on campus- pluralistic ignorance- people think their friends enjoy alcohol more than they really do prescriptive norms-what is supposed to be done descriptive norms- description of what is normally done study--a park with signs that said "few people take wood from the park but rather they just admire" or said "many people take wood and it is destroying the park." the former was significantly more effective good mood- (1)mood changes our interpretation of events (2) mood maintenance- feel good for longer (study- some people given a cookie other not then asked to help or hurt a subject on a task. The cookie eaters were more likely to help on help task and refuse on hurt task) Bad moods that include guilt actually raise compliance experimenter sits in front of confederate and subject. in case one confederate goes and gets a soda for himself and for the subject. in the other case the confederate comes back empty handed. the confederate after both cases asks the subject to buy raffle tickets for 25 cents ----result-subjects who were bought a soda bought twice as many raffle tickets door in the face- large request then smaller thats not all- giving a gift foot in the door- making a small request then making a bigger request. Study- most people denied the request to have a big sign in their yard that says drive safe but when asked to have a little sticker in the window they all complied. when those individuals were then later asked to put a sign in the yard they agreed

What are the 4 parts of the investment model of commitment? Can divorce and relationship dissatisfaction have physical effects? What are 2 personality traits that make an individual susceptible to divorce? What is the four horsemen apocalypse in relationships? What are 3 tricks to happier relationship?

1- satisfaction- rewards and costs 2- absence of alternative partners 3- investments in the relationship- time, effort, caring and love expended 4- commitment yes it causes stress and can be physically harmful (immune weakness and heart weakness) 1- neuroticism 2- sensitivity 4 most harmful negative behaviors to a relationship: defensiveness, criticism, stonewalling and contempt 1- share good events with one another 2- be playful 3- look on the brightside

Considering the difference between helpfullness in rural areas (high altruism relative) and urban areas how is it explained? 2 explanations What study demonstrates the fact that lower economic class individuals were more altruistic than their higher counterparts? What study demonstrates the effect of religion on generosity? What 2 other conditions evoked generosity?

1- stimulus overload in urban areas 2- diversity hypothesis- in urban areas there is more diversity and we are less likely to help those that are different study-upper class group and lower class group given points and asked to give some away to a confederate who came late to the experiment. this was done after they had watched a film to elicit compassion. ----result- lower class gave more away study-people are primed with sentences that either have religious words or are neutral. they are then given 10 dollars and asked to give some away to a stranger -----result- in religious prime people gave away half the money twice as often as the neutral prime 1- civic language such as fairness, cooperation etc 2- 3 dots in the formation of 2 eyes and mouth (being watched)

What are two studies that demonstrate that denigrating out-groups can bolster self esteem?

1- two groups (none jewish) one was told they failed an IQ test and the other told they passed. the two groups then were asked to review an interviewee half were told the person interviewed was jewish and the other half werent told anything. the ones who failed the IQ, were told the person interviewee was jewish and reviewed the interviewee negatively had the highest increase in self-esteem 2- subjects received are criticized by a black doctor. after the criticism they take a lexical decision task and react to words. they are quicker to react to words related to the race of the doctor rather than the fact he is a doctor than people who werent criticized by the black doctor

What 2 examples of where stereotyping can be really damaging? What study demonstrates outgroup homogeneity effect? and what are two reasons for the effect? 8- What are three techniques to circumvent stereotype threat as a teacher trying to be careful not to hurt students performance? What study demonstrated the value of stereotyping as a cognitive tool for remembering information? cognitive stereotyping What study demonstrated stereotype threat with blacks and whites? What 2 studies demonstrates stereotype threat with gender? 7- What are 5 things that expose someone to stereotype threat? What feeling cause stereotype threat? According to the explanation that stereotype threat is caused by arousal, when might stereotype threat actually improve performance? what is the relationship between arousal and performance-stereotype threat?

1-if sarah comes from a working class family we might expect less from her academically and demand less 2-assuming a black person has a gun as a policeman and shooting him study between two universities where they asked students about the music they listen to in their own university and at the other university 1- we know more people in the in-group so we are more nuanced 2- we see outgroup members are representations of their group whereas we see ingroup members as individuals a. Reframe task as being group neutral b. Ask for personal info at the end c. Self affirmation some subjects read or listened to information about two different groups. half the subjects were given stereotypical names for the groups. results--- people remebered information much better when a stereotype was attached to the info b. A study with blacks and whites some were asked about their race before performing and intellectual task and other weren't. when asked before blacks performed worse and whites performed better c. Study had 4 groups each one read something different that explained the origins of either male or female superiority in mathematics the result was the women performed better when they read about their superiority and vice versa d. study where half of subjects were said the test has same success for men and women whereas others were told men do better. result when told men did better the women did much worse a. Number of stereotypes b. Identifying with group c. Self complexity d. Stigma consciousness e. Desire to make good impression distraction fear self consciousness trying less hard trying too hard when task is easy mediator

What are the three types of conformity and a famous study where each influence was demonstrated What is the evolutionary explanation for automatic mimicry? 3 studies demonstrate the chameleon effect? why does priming for non conformity have little effect? What study demonstrates differences in automatic mimicry cross cultures study? What is an example of informative conformity have tragic results? 2- What are 9 things that influence conformity? What is a study that demonstrates the influence of minority opinion on majority? (opposite of conformity) What is a feature of this time of influence?

1. Automatic mimicry- (the chameleon effect), our tendency to unconsciously imitate others' expressions, postures, and voice tones, is a form of conformity. 2. Informative influence- people want to be correct- autokinetic effect- laser is pointed at a wall confederates claim it moved but it didn't and the subject then also says it moved 3. Normative- people want to be liked- asch experiment people enter a room with other confederates and each one says out loud the stick that is the same size as the other evolutionary- we mimic as babies so that we should be responded to and loved and taken care of study 1- tests subjects sat in between to confederates, one rubbed his face and the other bounced his leg and the goal of the study was to see how many times the subject did either one of those actions. Study 2-the more times the confederate copied the movements of the subject the more the subject rated the confederate as likeable later on. Study 3- was a priming study in which individuals were primed for conformity or nonconformity and later on were told "wasnt that interesting." Those primed for conformity thought that thing was more interesting but the control and the non-conformity group were equal Important note- priming for "non-conformity" had little effect It is easier to prime for conformity because it is evolutionarily beneficial whereas there is no evolutionary predisposition for non-conformity Hispanics in an interview performed better when the confederate mimicked them and worse when they didnt. Americans didnt care. informative conformity can be tragic if information collected from group is incorrect like everyone running to a single exit during a fire a. Size of group- big group more conformity b. Free thinkers- if there is one free thinker in the group then con formity drops c. Status and expertise of group d. Importance of group e. Difficulty of task- easier tasks are have less conformity f. Anonymous- anonymity has less conformity g. Obligation- less conformity h. Self image- better self image less conformity i. gender- men conform on stereotypically women topics and vice versa people in a group setting called out whether a color was green or blue. a confederate minority consistently said green even though most people say it is blue. after consistently calling it green other began also calling it green. a feature of this influence is that it is informative

3- What are some of the evolutionary influences in who we decide to help? 3 things What are 4 criticisms of the evolutionary approach?

1. kin selection- Studies show that we help those closest to us first (identical twins help each other more than fraternal twins!) 2. reciprocity-We help so we can receive future help (hearing thank you) 3. social compensation- Helper is seen as good and status is elevated 1. These are correlative not causative. The explanations for decisions are not comprehensive. 2. Why is it evolutionarily advantageous? 3. how do we explain why people help strangers according to kin selection 4. the evolutionary perspective eliminates true altruism

What is the prisoners dillema? what is the parallel to an arms race? What is the effect of priming on peoples choices in the prisoners dillema? What is the effect of having been educated in economics? what is the tit for tat strategy?

Each prisoner is given the opportunity either to: betray the other by testifying that the other committed the crime, or to cooperate with the other by remaining silent. The offer is: 1- If A and B each betray the other, each of them serves 2 years in prison 2- If A betrays B but B remains silent, A will be set free and B will serve 3 years in prison (and vice versa) 3- If A and B both remain silent, both of them will only serve 1 year in prison (on the lesser charge) priming effected choices strongly. a variation of priming with words is titling the game "wallstreet game" or "community game" it makes you more selfish the players first move is cooperative therafter the player mimics the other player behavior

What study supports selective attention? What 2 studies supports selective evaluation?

Students listened to arguments in support of marijuana and simultaneously heard a buzz to stop the buzz and hear the argument students had to press a button ----results- students who were pro marijuana pressed the button more often when the argument was in favor of marijuana so they could reinforce their veiwpoint young men and women were given an article to read on correlation between high caffeine drinking women and disease. Women who consumed alot of caffeine viewed the article as less credible young men were given green paper and told to spit on it. some were told that if it stays the same color they are healthy and others were told if it stays the same color they will eventually sick. the people who were told that if it doesnt change they will eventually get sick took much longer to wait for the paper to change colors

1- What is study done by kogut and ritov regarding who we decide to help? Individual VS group? And internal group VS external group? 4- What are the 3 elements that according to Batson deny pure altruism? What study did batson perform to demonstrate a motivating substitute for empathy when it comes to helping someone else?

They tested whether people are going to help more an individual child or a group of 8 children. when they are identified and unidentified ----result-- when identified the individual child is helped more when both are unidentified the larger group is helped more a. "Identifiable victim effect" refers to the tendency of individuals to offer greater aid when a specific, identifiable person ("victim") is observed under hardship, as compared to a large, vaguely defined group with the same need. The effect is also observed when subjects administer punishment rather than reward. Participants in a study were more likely to mete out punishment, even at their own expense, when they were punishing specific, identifiable individuals 1. Social compensation- expectation of power from helping others 2. personal discomfort- we help others to reduce our own discomfort 3. Empathy- we identify with the pain of others d. The experiment involved students listening to a radio recording of another student who was hurt and couldn't take notes. Half the subjects were told to be empathic and help her. The other half were told to forget empathy. some were also told that carol would be in their class and other were told she wouldnt be e. Results- in the group without empathy, the ones who were told that she she would be in class with them responded in the highest numbers to the call to help her and interestingly in the group with empathy the ones who had the easier escape (not being in class with her) responded with highest desire to help (this is contrary to the negative arousal theory that says when discomfort is highest we respond with greater help)

What is the effect of yelling VS being silent on receiving help? what about if someone collapses with or without blood? similar VS dissimilar individuals? What should you do to get help if you need it?

Yelling bring significantly more help without blood people help more because with blood the perceived cost of helping inhibited altruism we are more likely to help similar individuals 1- make your needs clear 2- point out a specific person

What is meta-cognition? What is the self-validation hypothesis? What are 3 things that give someone confidence an opinion is true? What is a study that demonstrated the ability of the self-validating hypothesis to make source credibility have the opposite effect that it normally has? What study integrates embodiment and the self validating hypothesis?

a- Thinking about your own thinking or secondary thought b- feeling confident about our thoughts serves as a form of validation for them. however if we dont feel confident than we might take an opposite stance 1- percieved to be valid 2-easily comes to mind 3- clear 2 groups (1) strong argument for a drug(2) weak argument for a drug. some from each group was that the arguments were written by an non-credible source and other arguments were written by a credible source. ----results- When told it was written by a credible source the strong argument became stronger and the weak argument became weaker. this is the result of self-validation individuals shook their head up and down or side to side and later were tested for how persuaded they were by an argument that was presented to them during their head movement. ----result---when an argument was strong nodding the head enhanced persuasion but when an argument was weak, nodding the head actually made the argument less persuasive

1- What is a group? What is groupthink? example What are the 6 characteristics of a groupthink decision? What are 7 symptoms? What is the motivation? What are 5 precursors? When is the decision of a group best?

a. A bunch of individuals that makes develop a relationship of dependence on one another b. Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome. (cabinet deciding to go to war in second lebanon war) c. Characteristics- lack of: 1-goal 2-alternatives 3-research 4-risk assessment 5- appreciation of alternatives 6- biased processing d. Symptoms- illusion of no harm, collective rationalization, pressure of those who dissent, illusion of consent, self appointed inspectors, self appointed censors e. Motivation- consensus f. Precursor- high coherence, separateness of group, lack of tools, strong leadership, stress and lack of hope It is best when there is one single answer to a given question

1- What is the definition of aggression? What are two types of aggression? Does the effect of viewing aggression get reduced if the villain gets punished? What is the effect of temperature on aggressive behavior? and why (negative effect theory) What is negative affect escape? 6- What is excitation transfer? What is a study that demonstrates this? 2- What is the General Aggression model? What is the frustration aggression hypothesis?

a. Behavior to harm physically or psychologically some else against that persons will b. instrumental aggression- Harm to other in order to receive something in return c. hostile aggression-behavior intended to harm another not really hot weather creates arousal and then when a person is angry the arousal gives rise to amplified feelings of anger (excitation transfer) b. The relation between temp and aggression is an upside down "u" at higher tempertures people stay away from aggression as escape a. One stimulus increases the effect of another stimulus on a response b. Some subjects were shocked at high and other were shocked at low voltages. Some then did exercise and other didn't. after these two independent variable they had to give a shock to some one else c. Results showed that getting shocked at high voltage and doing exercise made individuals deliver the highest shocks to someone else The general aggression model suggests the simulated violence of video games may influence a player's (1)thoughts, (2) feelings and (3) physical arousal and this in turn creates a short-term (and possibly a long-term) effect on an individual's construal of an aggressive or violent act frustration aggression- The theory says that aggression is the result of blocking, or frustrating, a person's efforts to attain a goal

1- What is the definition of conformity? when does it become compliance? when does it become obedience? What is the bennington college study performed by newcomb? 4- What is reactance theory? What are 4 things that lead to non-conformity? List 3 things positive about conformity in general?

a. Change in beliefs or behavior on an individual as a result implicit pressure from other. this becomes compliance when pressure is explicit. this becomes obedience when the power relationship is unequal. a. Asked students at the beggining of college there political backround and at the end of college and found the conservatives to become extremely liberal a. Reactance occurs when a person feels that someone or something is taking away his or her choices or limiting the range of alternatives. c. Trusting someone else to doubt authority d. Someone else to agree with you e. Conscioness of escalation f. Letting the bad feeling get the better of you 1- society needs it 2- it is subtle 3- it is adaptive

5- What are the impacts that similarity has on construals and attraction? What study tested for the impact of similarity on the way we perceive contruals (traits, behaviors) in people similar to us VS people dissimilar to us? What study was done to prove it? 4- What is implicit egotism? Why What are two studies that support this?

a. Construals- we think about other people in abstract ways but we think about ourselves in a much more concrete way b. Attraction- we think more abstractly about characteristics of distant people and concretely about people who are close c. Peole who are similar to us we tend to like positive behavior or concrete things and people who are dissimilar we tend to like good traits or abstract things people read about H and decided how much they liked her. a. We subconsciously love people who have any type of similarity to us no matter how trivial because it activated subconscious associations of self (age, birthday, name, pimple etc). this stems from a classical conditioning that has to do with love for self b. Study 1- people with same surnames disproportionately get married c. Study 2- people were associated with a number and then saw pictures of women with numbers on their shirts and had to rate their attractiveness. Women who wore the number of the men were seen as more attractive

2- What are 3 studies demonstrate that people do not help in certain situations? bystander effect What is the bystander effect? what 3 ways is it explianed?

a. Good Samaritan study- 1/3 subjects are told they aren't in a hurry, other third are, other third are already late and the question is whether they will stop for a man in need b. Results- those hurrying stopped much less c. The seizure study- 5,2,1 people are participating in a discussion on an intercom at one point in the discussion someone has a heart attack. The question is how long till someone offer help and how many people do so d. Result- the more people involved the more time and the more people involved the fewer actually went and helped e. Room full of smoke study- 3 groups- a person alone, person with two confederates, 3 subjects- what % of people will announce the smoke and leave? f. Result- when people are alone they leave but when they are with other subjects or confederates they are much less likely to leave g. Bystander effect- the more people present at an emergency the less chance someone will offer help. Several variables help to explain why the bystander effect occurs. These variables include: ambiguity, cohesiveness and diffusion of responsibility. h. Pluralistic ignorance-the belief that my beliefs are different than the beliefs of others even though we are all behaving the same way i. Diffusion of responsibility- assumption that someone else will act removes obligation

5- Does moral judgement cause a moral conclusion or vice versa? according to kohlberg and Haidt What are the 3 precursors to being able to judge an act as moral according to Kohlberg? What is moral dumbfounding? who is this associated with and why? What is the disgust and hypnosis study?

a. Kohlberg- people think about the results of their actions and then decide If the act is moral or not (judgement then conclusion) b. Haidt-social intuitionalist- people judge morality based on gut feeling not based on reason or results although there might be a strong correlation with reason. the role of reason is to justify the intuitions (system one and two) 1- ability to make logic decisions 2- ability for abstraction 3- being able to take the others perspective moral dumbfounding- feeling that something isnt right but not having a reason. this is association with Haidt it is when intuition (system 1) cant be explained by system two (logic) people were hypnotized to feel disgust when certain nuetral words (that, often) were said and then they read either neutral or immoral stories. people who were hypnotized found everything to be less moral and then they justified it (support for Haidt intuitinalist)

3- What is honor culture? What are 5 results of study in which an experimenter cursed at someone from an honor culture? What does Nisbett and Cohen argue is the reason southerners have added aggression/honor culture? What is a cognitive symptom of aggressive? What study was performed regarding the effect of priming on aggressive behavior and what were the results?

a. Masochistic culture which glorifies honor and status b. Higher testosterone c. Higher cortisol d. More facial expression of anger e. When cursed at they felt as though the experimenter was challenging their masculinity f. They were less inclines to move out of the way when the experimenter passed southerners were herders and bc herding means you can lose your wealth quickly it demands a tough exterior a. Aggression is much more available in the mind b. Individuals were primed in either aggression, politeness or neutral. They were then placed in a position to approach the experimenter who was talking to someone else c. Result- those primed for aggression interrupted the experimenter 60% of the time. The people primed for politeness or interrupted 20%

3- What are the 3 primary theories regarding social facilitation/ arousal when performing in the presence of other? 4- What study was done with cockroaches that further demonstrated that complex tasks are performed worse in a group setting? What study was done to test the evaluative apprehension hypothesis? Why is this experiment flawed? What superior experiment tested the difference the 3 conditions of alone, mere presence and evaluative audience? What is a practical application of these studies? Where is the effect of social facilitation highlighted most significantly in the world of sports?

a. Mere presence- natural inborn b. Evaluation apprehension- group will be critical c. Distraction conflict- we are distracted by the group and the conflict causes arousal a. Cockroaches in a simple or complex maze with a light pursuing them. How long to escape the light In the presence of other cockroaches vs alone a. individuals were shown nonsense words a varying number of times. they were then asked to identify those nonsense words in front of 3 conditions (1) alone (2) blindfolded audience (3) evaluative adience. they were actually shown completely different words and the experimenters just measured the number of dominant responses --result-- they performed best in front of evaluative audience and the same in the alone and presence condition --flaw--- the subjects are never truly alone because they know they are being watched so the blindfold and alone conditions are basicly the same subjects were told to get dressed in lab clothes and wait. then told to get undressed and redress in regular clothes easy task of regular clothes- performed fasted when evaluated, moderately fast when others present and slowest alone. novel task of putting on lab clothes- performed fastest alone and successively slower in following conditions 1-unfamiliar work should be studies alone but familiar work should be studied with others e. This is highlighted in the difference of performance between professional and unprofessional pool players in groups and alone

1- What are the 5 things that impact attraction? What is TMT?What does similarity have to do with TMT? study? 2- What are two hypothesis related to the type of person we are attracted to? (look this up) what are 4 benefits of being physically attractive? what does attractiveness have to do with the halo effect? What might explain the social prowess of attractive people? What are 2 factors we find physically attractive? why What 2 studies demonstrates the evolutionary perspective of attraction over the cultural?

a. Mood/excitation transference b. Physical closeness c. Physical attractiveness d. Similarity e. Constructs TMT- proposes a basic psychological conflict that results from having a desire to live, but realizing that death is inevitable. This conflict produces terror, and this terror is then managed by embracing cultural values, or symbolic systems that act to provide life with meaning and value. Terror Management Theory- our existential fear are eased by meeting someone that thinks like us study--- christians were made to answer questions on death (made them mortality salient) then asked who is more attractive, a christian or a jew a. We distance ourselves from those who are different b. Theory of complementarity- We are attracted to those that complete us 1- more freinds 2- more romantic partners 3- higher salary 4- court judgement from jurors people who are attractive benefit from the halo effect (people think they are good) more than other people the self fulfilling prophecy of expecting thatt they are social 1- bilateral symmetry- seen to be an indicator for health 2- averageness- reproductive fitness 1-women who were close to ovulation found that the t shirts of men who had more symmetrical faces smelled better than those without symmetrical faces 2- men who smelled the shirts of women who were close to ovulation had highest levels of testosterone

3- Is it enough to be exposed to examples of individuals that contradict the stereotype? What 2 studies tested the effect of the effect individuals who were exceptions to the stereotype had on people? When were boomerang effects created? when do they not occur? (2 stituations) What is a study that demonstrates thought suppression done by wenger? 5- What 2 studies demonstrated stereotypes on the rebound regarding skinheads?

a. Not always! We tend to create subgroups or explain situationally the exception to the rule b- The study was done with a feminism making unfeminist comments. c-Study was a PR guy named dave who said he wasnt outgoing ---results--moderate exceptions to the rule reduced the stereotype but extreme exceptions strengthened the stereotype. c. Boomerang effects were created only for extreme-stereotype participants exposed to extremely deviant examples 1- moderate breakage of stereotype 2- internal motivation not to stereotype Study- participants to verbalize their stream of consciousness for five minutes, while trying not to think of a white bear. If a white bear came to mind, he told them, they should ring a bell. Despite the explicit instructions to avoid it, the participants thought of a white bear more than once per minute, on average. Next, Wegner asked the participants to do the same exercise, but this time to try to think of a white bear. At that point, the participants thought of a white bear even more often than a different group of participants, who had been told from the beginning to think of white bears. The results suggested that suppressing the thought for the first five minutes caused it to "rebound" even more prominently into the participants' minds later. 1. People were asked to write about a day in the life of a skinheads after being asked to stay away from writing about stereotypes. While another group was simply asked to write about skinheads without qualification. In the first essay those who were given qualification wrote less stereotypes but in the second essay they wrote more 2. The subject were then escorted to meet the skinhead they were shown and measured where they sat distance from the skin head and on average subjects in the experiment sat further from him that those in the control group who weren't given qualification in their essay

6- What is social loafing and what are two studies that demonstrates it? Why does this happen 3 reasons? What are 6 things that reduce social loafing?

a. Social loafing- Work done in a group is done with less effort study 1- As people were added to a tug of war team each individual worked less hard study 2-People asked to make noise alone make much more noise then when asked to make noise with a group of people c. This happened for 3 primary reasons ------i. Diffusion of responsibility ------ii. Free rider effect- my contribution isn't necessary ------iii. Sucker effect- do the minimum cause other people are d. This is reduced when ------i. Individual effort is monitored ------ii. Task is challenging and interesting ------iii. Belief that each contribution is important ------iv. Other are doing their best ------v. Small group ------vi. Obligation to group

9- What study was performed regarding deliberation without attention? how is the result explained? What were 2 other studies with apartments and car and what were the results? What was a later qualification about the effectiveness of unconscious thought? 10- What are 5 things known about unconscious thought? 11- If an individual has interest in the task does that influence whether it is better to use conscious or unconscious thought? What study demonsrates this? (look this up in text book)

a. Students had to pick 5 posters for there room. two groups one looked quickly and the other took time. The group that looked quickly and chose was more satisfied b. Consciousness is limited in capacity and inferior at processing the best options 1-. Choosing from 4 apartment some were more desirable than others and there were many factors to consider- 3 groups- 1- choose immediately 2- choosing after time to think 3- choosing after a distracting exercise (The third group was most pleased with their choice) 2-. 4 cars some were objectively better half the subjects chose from cars with 4 dimensions and the other half with 12 dimensions. two groups- group one had to think for 5 minutes and group 2 did a different task for minutes (result- for the more complex cars unconscious choice was best and for the simple cars thought was best) Unconscious thought is only effective for people who have a global processing style (global mind sets) a. It is slow b. The more time you give it the better the decision c. Organizes info d. Separates good from bad info e. Goal oriented Interest in a task increases the use of analytic strategy which increases probability of correct decision. a. 3 tasks i. Apartment- unisex task ii. Wedding planning- female task iii. Used cars- masculine task b. Results- when interest is low then unconscious thought is better and the opposite is true when interest is high

7- What is mob action/groupmind? What is the effect thinking in a group has on an individuals thought? Why does this effect exist in groups? 2 reasons 11- Does self awareness reduce the negative effects of deindividuation? What study and its variation demonstrates this? What are zimbardos 3 stages for deindividuation? 9- What Zimbardo experiment demonstrated that when people are anonymous and in a group they are harsher than when they are identifiable? 8- Is suicide baiting more likely when there is larger group? and at what time? what does this tell us about deindividuation? What is the effect of deindividuation in war? What is a positive element of deindividuation? 10- What study tested for the impact of anonymity along with costume? What is the spotlight effect? What study demonstrates the spotlight effect? What is this the opposite of?

a. When people are in a group they cease to act rationally and lose of individuality it takes existing thoughts to an extreme this is known as group polirazation 1- persuasive argument account- more arguments for a single side than an individual alone would have come up with 2-social comparison interpretation- people try to outdo each other a. Holoween study- mirror next to candy basket and instruction to take 1 candy severely reduced the number of candies the children took than without a mirror. Even without a standard set for how many to take the mirror reduced the number the children took variation of holoween study- when children were asked their names (removed deindividuation) they trasngressed less c. Precursors- anonymity, less responsibily, arousal, stimulus overload d. Internal state- loss of individuality, less internal thought, less worry, less control e. Behavioral implication- conformity, impulsiveness a. 4 people tasked with shocking a girl to teach her. One group was anonymous wearing bags over themselves and not identified by name and the other wasn't wearing bags and was identified ---Result--- the anonymous group shocked longer that other group a. People are more likely to push someone to suicide when that person is wanting to die in larger groups and after 6PM (darkness creates deindividuation) wearing facepaint is shown to correlate with higher aggressiveness in war anonymity on the internet allow people to explore important topics a. Expirement administering shocks when dressed at nurses or klu klux klan members b. Results nurses deindividuated were lightest in the shocking whereas deindividuated klan dressed people were most severe people are paying closer attention to you than they really are people made to wear an embarassing T shirt and asked how many strangers noticed. people way overestimated deindividuation

What are 3 things in our surroundings that stimulate aggression? What are 2 studies that demonstrate the effect of a weapon on anger? 8- What are 7 effects of watching violence in the media. When does watching violence not have as strong an effect? What study was done to demonstrate the effects of violent media? 9- What should be done as a parent when it comes to media? What study demonstrates the anger construal of aggression?

d. Weapons around us e. Wearing things that are black f. Entertainment that is violent 1-subject were shocked many times or few time. they were primed with a weapon, a neutral object or no object and then they were asked to evaluate someone else and shock them. ---result--when shocked alot and primed with a gun the most anger was created 2- people get blocked by a car in traffic with 3 different types of stickers (1) gun sticker with freinds (2) gun sticker with revenge (3) no sticker another variable was whether or not the driver was visible (dehuminazation). the test was to see if the driver would honk --result-- the invisible driver and the gun with revenge had the highest percentage of honkers 1- Social learning theory- bandura- its works for other people s so it works for me. model of behavior 2- Copycat violence- adopting specific acts 3.reduces prosocial behavior like altruism 4.increases aggresive thoughts 5. Primes for violence 6. Raises arousal like blood pressure 7. Desensitizes people to pain violent media doesnt have as strong effect when attention is drawn to peripheral or other details f. A study was done to track children over time and found that there is a correlation between violent media and violence a. 1- Subject and confederate give each other shocks based on performance. For some the confederate gives a lot of shocks and for other he gives only 1 shock. Another independent variable is the presence of a violent object or non violent object or no object -----Result---- receiving many shocks and the presence of the gun increased the returned aggression

What is the most important characteristic of leaders? What are 2 core parts of the approach/inhibition theory of power? What study demonstrates how power inhibits individuals from taking someone elses perspective/ empathy? What is the single type of individual who will benefit society if he is powerful?

expertise/knowledge/skill 1- approach-high power individuals are predicted to be less careful and systematic in how they asses others. they are inattentive and unempathic. pursuit of satisfying pleasures 2- inhibition- as people lose power they are more reserved and thoughtful study- people made to feel powerful then asked to draw an "E" on someone elses forehead were less likely to draw it inversed so the person would be able to read it an individual who is concerned about the public good

What study demonstrated the need for belonging? What are 2 statistics that indicate humans need to belong as well? What are two fundamentally different types of relationship characterized by clark and mills? provide 2 examples for each What is social exchange theory? define the following terms: comparison level, comparison level for alternatives, equity theory What is the strange situation done by Mary ainsworth?

harlow and the rhesus monkeys- grown up with a mother than can feed but made of wire or a mother that is soft but cant feed --result--- the monkeys were not healthy mortality rate and rates of psychological problems are much higher for divorcees and windows communal relationship- social responsibility and expect to be long term (asian, catholic) exchange relationship- trade based short term (american, protestant) Social exchange theory- people are motivated to maximize their own feeling of satisfaction comparison level- outcomes people think they deserve comparison level for alternatives- outcomes ppl think they can get from alternative relationships equity theory- too much good is unnatural and therefore unwanted A- a mother and child enter a room with toys. child plays, a stranger enters and mother leaves B- when mother returns she comforts the child C- the mother then puts the infant down anxious avoidant- hard to be calmed avoidant-reject caregiver secure- easily calmed

How was the third person effect demonstrated in a media study? What are 3 areas of media where people are independent minded in other words the media doesnt have a strong effect? according to McGuire What does the media do to our thought? what is the term for this? Why doesnt the media have a stronger effect of persuasion? 5 things (polarizing hypothesis)

people were shown 3 ad campaigns and asked how much it they would be effected and how much other would be effected ----for all 3 people said it would effect other more 1- consumer advertising- no correlation between ads and higher product purchasing but this is not to say that perhaps loyalty increases, good feeling increases and perhaps later purchases increases 2- political advertising- no correlation with more votes. in fact some types of ads (negative one) actually detract voters 3-public service announcements- generally have no effect on behavior Agenda control-The media does something called agenda control- media contributes to the shaping of thought and information. Not for specific items or products but for larger constructs like material wealth is good or the country is falling apart 1- Selective attention- we tune into information that we agree with and tune out when we disagree 2- Selective evaluation- we see arguments that support our view as favorable and vice versa 3- previous commitments and resistance- some opinions might have genetic components, public commitments (thought polarizing hypothesis- supported by a study that demonstrates when people express their thoughts publicly and repeatedly the thoughts become successively more extreme) 4- knowledge and resistance-people who are more knowledgeable are harder to persuade 5-attitude inoculation- small attacks on our beliefs that strengthen them (this may also lead to less certainty about our beliefs)

What were the 3 stages and 3 lessons from the robbers cave experiment regarding ingroup/outgroup dynamics? What theory explains intergroup conflict? What are the 3 legs of the stools which roger brown thinks characterizes intergroup conflict? What is reactive devaluation? What is the minimal group paradigm? study- motivation stereotyping What is social identity theory? how is it different than the minimal group paradigm? What is basking in self reflected glory? What are 2 finding that support this phenomenon?

stage one- two separate groups of camp kids not knowing of the others existence stage two- introduce groups and make them compete for limited resource- the result is extreme tension stage three- make the groups work together- this joined the groups lessons 1- scarce resource causes intergroup conflict 2- working together causer intergroup peace 3- the mere existence of another group causes territorial identity to be created realistic conflict theory-The theory explains how intergroup hostility can arise as a result of conflicting goals and competition over limited resources, and it also offers an explanation for the feelings of prejudice and discrimination toward the outgroup that accompany the intergroup hostility 1- reward in-group and penalize out-group 2- unequal distribution of resources 3- stereotyping reactive devaluation-this is a barrier to peace in which the mere fact that an enemy made a concessions means the concession isnt worth accepting for peace minimal group paradigm- we tend to favor our group no matter how arbitrary the reason for the grouping is. Study---When people are placed in an arbitrary group for an arbitrary reason (estimating high or low) they tend to prefer to benefit those in-group rather than the collective (both groups including out-group) social identity theory-people status and ego is hinged on the success of the group they ascribe this goes beyong minimal group paradigm by explaining the existence of prejudice identifying with a winning team 1- using the words "we" instead of "they" to describe winning team 2- wearing the team colors following a victory

What are two examples from 12 angry men of social psychology concepts learnt in this course? What are some other association from the material learned and 12 angry men?

stereotyping the boy and saying he is guilty assuming out-group homogeneity conformity when making public vote the original "not guilty" juror tries to convince his counterparts using both central and peripheral reasoning (trustworthiness etc.) informative and normative influences

What study demonstrated the influence of the distraction on persuasion? (what) What study demonstrated the influence of source on persuasion? (who) What study demonstrated that optimal use of fear as a message characteristic? (what) What study was performed regarding the most effective way to deliver a message to a larger group? (what) What is a difference in American ads and Korean ads? (whom) What is a difference between American and East Asian advertisement? (whom)

students listened to strong and weak arguments for raising the cost of tuition. while listening to these arguments the students were distractor to varying degrees by having to write the location of an X that appeared before them result-- when there was no distraction the strong argument was much more persuasive but when distraction was the difference between the arguments became much smaller Students read relevant and irrelevant arguments from experts and non experts on whether they should have to take an exam in the future results- when the exam wasnt relevant to the students then expertise of the authors had a large effect on persuasion but when it was relevant the students were much more persuaded by the quality of the argument 3 groups of smokers. (1) read a pamphlet on stopping (2) saw gruesome pictures of lungs (3) both ----results- both was most effective. fear is best combined with a way of addressing the fear 2 groups of persuaders who were tasked one with persuading a group of 20 and the other with persuading an individual about recycling. ----results- when persuading a group general abstract arguments work best American ads focus more on the individual Korean ads focus on the collective American look at positive outcome ads east asian look at negative outcome ads

What is a study that demonstrates the power of proximity when it comes to forging relationships? What are two explanations for the above study? What is a factor that people are willing to look beyond proximity for to establish friendship? study What are 4 studies that demonstrate mere exposure effect? What are 2 reasons we can give for the mere exposure effect?

study- Westgate West housing project had 3 building and it was seen that students who lived closer to one another had become friend as opposed to those further down the hall or in an adjacent building 1- functional distance 2- mere exposure effect- the more you are exposed to something the more you like it Similarity- engaged couples are more similar than random couples on 66 of the 88 characteristics tested for 1- we like our own image in the mirror 2- albino rats raised with different music preferred the music they were used to 3-students rated their roommates and over time they liked them more 4- people were shown a bunch of turkish words varying amounts of times then asked if the words meant something good or bad. the words they saw more often they said was good a. we find fluency pleasureable b. stimuli without anything negative is inherently safer and conditioned to be superior

What study tested for empathy and anonymity in altruism? What does this study debubunk? What are physiological symptoms that predict empathy and altruism? 3 things

subjects received notes from from a girl. (1) I am lonely (2) i am looking for a friend. Subjects were divided one group was told to be objective and the other was told to be empathic. half the particpants had their notes read by experimenter and other half were anonymous. subjects were then asked how much time they would like to spend with girl at later date ----results--in empathy condition subjects said they would spent more time even when they were anonymous study debunks the criticalness of social reognition when it comes to altruism 1- eyebrows pulled in and upward 2- concerned gaze 3- heartrate decceleration

What is paired distinctiveness What is a study that demonstrated the effect of expectation on stereotype? What is attribution ambiguity? 2- What is the lost email technique? What does it teach us?

the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they co-occur. -negative behavior (more distinctive than positive) on the part of members of minority groups (more distinctive than majority groups) is doubly distinctive and doubly memorable. two video clips showed to subjects in one clip white man pushes black man and in the other it is the other way around. when white man pushed it was seen as playing around or something else but when black man pushed it was seen as aggressive Not knowing whether to attribute something to your stereotype or personal merit a. It is a test of unconscious discrimination b. We are more likely to respond to people similar to us rather than minority groups

What are tight and loose cultures? (look this up) What are 4 things correlated with tight cultures?

tight cultures- strict rules of behavior loose cultures- less strict norms and conduct 1- dictator or athoritarian government. 2-higher population density and 3- fewer natural resource 4- threats of food neighbors etc.

What is the dehumanization construal? How do we combat aggression, anger and dehumination? what technique can be used? Does catharsis work? What is a study with stickers that demonstrates the effect of activating construals and aggression? What is a difference between the aggression of men and women? What is the precarious manhood hypothesis? What is rape prone culture?

when people are reduced to subhuman status this unleashes aggression because it is easier to harm those not human 1-take a step back from our anger. 2- talking about your angry self in third person catharsis it is not proven to work 2- IV- sticker with gun on car, sticker that said revenge, sticker that said friend and no sticker IV- can see driver or cant DV how many honks -----Result- revenge sticker + invisible driver= highest number of honks Men- phsycial violence women- emotional aggression Men need to continually assert their manhood bc of competition, economic shifts etc and therefore resort to aggression a culture where violence tends to be high and rape is used as a weapon in battle or a ritual act to keep women subservient