Social Psychology Test 3 :)

Which of the following types of attractiveness seem to be universal between both men and women?

"Cute" and "mature"

What is modeling?

-Learn from observing others and do what they do (Basically, imitation) -Learn from others who already have skills we want to possess (Among children especially) -Occurs in ambiguous situations

"Mate Dollar" Task

-Men cared more about attractiveness than women -Women prioritize status/wealth

Explain how aggression and prosocial behavior overlap.

-Motivation: Both often to boost status -Actions: Some of both involve hurting others -Effects: Sometimes both hurt others Getting tattoos

Define the need to belong and provide evidence for why it is a "need" rather than a "want"

-Need to belong: not a "want"; we have a need to belong socially -Just as important as biological needs -Why might we "need" to belong? -Safety: from an evolutionary perspective, we need others to survive; strength in numbers

Why do we obey? (provide examples)

-People in authority are often able to enforce their requests/commands -What are some examples of this? Ex: scared of what would happen if you say no; parents having the ability to ground their children

Which of the following explains why a positive mood can decrease the probability of responding in prosocial ways?

Being in a good mood can lead us to interpret emergency situations as not really serious.

Zoe has autism and witnesses someone fall down. Other people are also around when this happens. Which of the following statements is true? a. Zoe will experience less empathy than others b. Zoe will have less mirror neuron activity than others c. Zoe won't engage in prosocial behavior d. Both A and B

Both A and B

2. Paul is hanging out with 12 of his friends from class. They start talking about a professor they dislike. Even though Paul likes him, he joins in the conversation how annoying the professor is. The next day, Paul is hanging out with 8 of his friends from class and the same conversation comes up. Paul is _______ likely to conform in this situation. a. less b. more c. just as d. not at all

just as

In general, we are more likely to help those whom we are closely related than others. Which of the following offers support for this?

kin selection theory

Kelly, an FSU student, is on vacation and sees someone wearing an FSU shirt fall down. Kelly is ____________ to help this person because ____________. a. likely; she is a female b. unlikely; she didn't have a social model c. likely; she experienced empathic concern d. unlikely; she experienced empathic concern

likely; she experienced empathic concern

What are some downsides of conformity?

we can conform to do bad things too (example: holocaust) -yielding to social pressures can lead to evil

Why does love exist?

what is love? -broadly we can think of it as, emotions, cognitions, and behaviors (positive) love is NOT having a close friendship with physical intimacy & it is not romantic or sexual interest *why does it exist* -fantasy to make ourselves feel good? (no, there are psychological reasons) -from *evolutionary perspective: pair bonding* -> reproductive success / facilitated desire and commitment (increase their likelihood that they will be committed)

Describe features of physical attractiveness for men and women, and why those things are physically attractive

women: -Two forms of attractiveness: childlike or mature -Childlike features for women: ---Large eyes that are widest ---Small nose and chin -Mature features for women: ---Prominent cheekbones ---High eyebrows ---Large pupils ---Big smile men: -Masculinity -Square jaw -Prominent chin -Heavier eyebrows -Thinner lips -High shoulder-to-waist ratio (waist and shoulders are similarly distanced apart) These are associated with higher levels of testosterone --Women want men who can care and provide for their offspring (evolutionary theory) other physical features: -facial symmetry (sign of good health) -composite faces (we prefer average features) -body type (me make associations between body types and characteristics ex: Round body: easygoing, relaxed, lack discipline)

Which component of Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love deals with the closeness two people feel and the strength of the bond that holds them together?

Intimacy

Your biology class has two TAs who seem equally pleasant. TA Kristina is in class regularly to help the professor with class activities, and TA Colin is only in class to proctor exams. Your professor asks you to fill out a TA evaluation form at the end of the semester. Which TA will you evaluate more positively? Kristina Colin You'll evaluate both positively You'll evaluate both negatively

Kristina

Define prosocial behavior.

-efforts to help others, usually with no immediate benefit to the helper

what do we want in a romantic partner?

-youth and beauty --indicators of reproductive ability, especially for women

According to balance theory, balance is achieved when two people ________.

like each other and discover they are similar in some way

What factors affect conformity?

*cohesiveness*: how strongly bonded you are to a group -when we want to belong to a social group, we tend to follow their norms more. *group size*: conformity increases with group size, but only until about 4-8 members *status*: senior group members feel less pressure to conform, junior group members feel more pressure *culture*: more conformity in collectivistic (Asian/ Eastern) cultures *other factors*: class/economic status/time/cultural changs

Describe the study on the autokinetic effect and explain how it illustrates how social norms develop.

*development of social norms* light source in dark room makes in appear to be moving (even though it isn't) asks participants how much is light source moving? -when people were around other people they influenced each other and came to an agreement -group norm held even when people rated alone later -we want to be correct AND accepted by others

Describe relationships with friends and family.

*family* -parents strongly influence attachment style -extended relatives are also important to development -siblings help us learn about interpersonal behavior (no siblings= more aggressive or more victimized) -siblings provide affection, hostility, and rivalry *friends* -usually begin with proximity -close friends: generosity, sensitivity, and honesty -cultural differences: americans valued spontaneity -gender differences: women place more value on intimacy, men place more emphasis on shared activities *perceived similarity is the basis of friendship*

Describe the factors that increase or decrease prosocial behavior.

*increase* prosocial behavior: -helping people similar to us (better relate to them) -exposure to prosocial models (witness others help and do the same because of that ex: donating in money basket) -playing prosocial video games -feelings that reduce self-focus (more likely to help after viewing beautiful natural landscapes ex: grand canyon) -socioeconomic status (lower status help more often because they know what it feels like & want to form social connections) *decrease* prosocial behavior: -social exclusion (makes us look at others negatively) -darkness (we feel more anonymous in the dark/ less likely to help if wearing sunglasses) -time (plenty of time = will help , in a rush = won't help)

Describe the theories of motivations for prosocial behavior

*negative state relief* -helps reduce our own negative emotions --witnessing others' suffering makes us feel bad (neg. feelings will go away if we help them) -doesn't matter whether neg. emotions were elicited by incident or something else (did bad on exam then see people drop books & help them to feel better) -empathy is not necessary in this case (don't have to take on perspective) *empathic joy* -others feel good when we help them, we like their positive reactions (makes us feel good) -necessary for us to know that our helping had a positive impact (if they don't say thank you, wont feel happy) *competitive altruism* -we help because it boosts our own status and reputation -we benefit from this -why? --helping is costly (takes time) --signals that we're helpful to have around -especially when helping involves public recognition *kin selection* -evolutionary perspective- goal is gene propagation -more likely to help people we're related to than unrelated others. -depends on how closely related -more likely to help young children (bc they will live on and pass on genes) -we do help non-relatives too *group selection* -groups with altruistic members are more likely to survive -more evident in social insects (like ants) compared to humans -humans teach altruism (religion, ethics) to combat our selfish impulses *defensive helping* -ingroups vs outgroups -outgroups sometimes succeed in ways that threaten the ingroups sense of superiority -help the outgroup to make them seem dependent (and consequently inadequate) -goal is not to help, but to take away status (ex: helping other fans of sport team car to make them feel like they need us)

Describe compliance tactics based on friendship/liking, commitment/consistency, reciprocity, and *scarcity*.

- *deadline technique*: sales are effective when they say the deadline is coming up -*playing hard to get*: making it seem like many other people want you (Ex: making it seem like you have a lot of other job offers to get the company to offer you one)

Describe compliance tactics based on friendship/liking, commitment/consistency, *reciprocity*, and scarcity.

- *door-in-the-face*: start with a large request, and once rejected, ask a small request -*thats not all technique*: initial request followed by something that sweetens the deal before someone can answer

Describe compliance tactics based on friendship/liking, *commitment/consistency*, reciprocity, and scarcity.

- *foot-in-the-door technique* - *lowball procedure*: offer a good deal, then "something happens" to make the deal less desirable; people feel like they've already committed so you can't back out - *the lure effect / bait-and-switch*: first ask someone to do something appealing, then say you actually need them to do another task instead (Ex: asking to watch their dog and then asking to watch their crying 1 year old)

Describe Milgrams Obedience Study

- To what extent do people obey authorities? -Participants required to deliver shocks of increasing intensity to a confederate ("Learner") -15 ("Slight shock") to 450 volts ("XXX") -Encouraged by the experimenter to continue -65% obeyed until the end

Describe how emotions are related to prosocial behavior.

-*Positive Emotions and Prosocial Behavior* -People more likely to help when they're in a good mood (If you here someone crying you might think they are laughing if you're in a really good mood) -Mood elevated by some experience But sometimes can decrease helping behavior Less likely to interpret situations as emergencies Helping in a serious situation reduces good mood *Negative Emotions and Prosocial Behavior* Negative moods tend to decrease helping Negative state relief hypothesis But can also increase prosocial behavior Helping others can make us feel good and improve mood Only when negative emotions aren't too intense, if helping emergency is clear and not ambiguous, and if helping act is interesting and rewarding *Feelings of Elation and Prosocial Behavior* Elation: feeling inspired, uplifted, or optimistic about human nature "The world is such a good place I want to contribute to this world" Increases likelihood of engaging in prosocial behavior Seeing others help leads us to want to help

What is symbolic social influence and how does it happen?

-Thoughts of how others will respond affect our actions and attitudes -How does this happen? 1. Schemas of those relationships activated 2. Psychological presence of others activate goals associated with those people

Explain how destructive obedience can be reduced.

-Reminders that people (not authorities) are responsible for their own actions -(If people realize they are responsible for what they do, they are less likely to hit someone even when asked) -Clear indication that at some point obedience can become destructive (e.g., examples) -(Holocaust) -Question expertise and motives of authority figures -(What's their motivation to ask me to do this) -Knowing about power of authority figures -(Lowkey forewarning)

What is the role of hormones in relationships and sexual behavior?

-Sexual desire is linked to testosterone ---Men generally have more testosterone than women, but these levels decrease in men who are in relationships and more once they have children -Oxytocin linked to receptivity to sex and whether or not people have an orgasm ---Also responsible for bonding both to partner and to child ---Women have more oxytocin, might explain why sex and love are more interconnected on average for women

What are some things that happen when women are ovulating?

-They tend to wear more attractive clothes and put more effort into their appearance -They feel sexier and men find them more desirable -Experience neural changes in activation of brain's reward centers -Strippers got more tips when ovulating ---Could be from behavior, outfit, or scent -Birth Control can and does mess this up ---Especially hormonal birth control because they are not ovulating

Define empathy

-ability to experience other people's emotions, feel sympathy for them, and take their perspective. -we help because we feel others negative feelings and want to reduce them -both selfish and unselfish (it make us feel good to help)

Explain why people might decide whether or not to help.

-decisions made very quickly -might be more likely to help when others are around if can see each other directly -hard to interpret emergency situations -have to figure out what's going on and what to do about it

Mere (repeated) exposure effect

-discomfort decreases with familiarity -(cognitive fluency) We process information more fluently when we are familiar with it -exception: when initial reaction is negative, it will remain negative (or even more negative)

Define emotional contagion and explain why it occurs.

-emotional contagion: the ability of moods to spread from one person to another -why might this happen? 1. *mimicry*: we match others feelings (But schadenfreude exists, so not always) 2. *social information*: interpret others' actions as a sign of what we should feel (Particularly for people we are similar to) 3. *mirror nuerons*

Describe compliance tactics based on *friendship/liking*, commitment/consistency, reciprocity, and scarcity.

-ingratiation (getting others to like us so they agree to our requests) -*flattery* -*self-promoting*: telling other people about our past accomplishments (without bragging) -also *improving appearance*, giving positive nonverbal cues, doing small favors for others -*incidental similarity*: draw attention to basic similarities

How do mirror neurons play a role in prosocial behavior?

-mirror what other people are doing back to us -plays a role in empathy and emotion -allows us to feel what others are feeling -we will feel similarly to the way they feel -our brains have a neutral foundation for empathy -higher capacity to experience empathy -> greater activity in brain regions with mirror neurons -people on autism spectrum less able to feel empathy, decreased mirror neuron activity

What is nonconformity, when does it occur, and what are its benefits?

-most people conform to most, but not all, norms *actor-observer effect* :acters experience pressure to conform; observers don't experience same pressure and might become sensitive to restrictions of personal freedom.observers might experience reactance (or want to rebel.) example: watching army march (actor: conforms/wants to be part of group. observer: "they have no individuality!") -power makes us less susceptible to social influence. powerful people are less dependent on others. less likely to take others' perspectives. -desire to be unique. we resist conformity when our uniqueness is threatened. *benefits* -nonconformists seen as being highly autonomous (being able to control their own outcomes) -this leads them to be perceived as higher status

Describe the role of similarity in physical attractiveness.

-most people want an attractive partner --but highly attractive partners are risky (have more alternative partners) -because of this, we go for people who are similar to us in attractiveness (matching hypothesis) even though we'd prefer attractive partners.

Describe normative focus theory.

-norms will only influence behavior when they are salient (relevant and significant) to people involved -we need to recognize them and believe they apply to us (example of not following norm: expensive car parked in two spots; doesnt think norm applies to them)

Describe the concept of minority influence.

-numerical minority (less group members) -minority groups can and do exert social influence -especially likely under particular conditions -one condition is when members are in consistent opposition to majority -need to avoid appearing rigid (need to be flexible) -social context: more influence if arguing for a position consistent with current trends.

Describe the altruism debate.

-one perspective: even when we get nothing physical in return, we still feel good -this is a benefit- not altruism -other perspective: if you don't get anything physical in return, it's altruism -feeling good isn't a benefit

Describe the Stanford Prison Experiment.

-participants arrested from their homes, assigned to be either prisoners or guards -had to end study after 6 days instead of the original 2 weeks -conformed to roles very seriously and became inhumane -humiliated and isolated prisoners

What is the similarity-dissimilarity effect?

-similarity arouses positive feelings, dissimilarity arouses negative feelings. -particularly attitude similarity -don't just like similar people more -judge them to be more intelligent, more informed, more moral, and better adjusted than dissimilar others. similarity leads to liking. -opposities do not attract *higher proportion of similarity, more liking* exception: males acting dominant and females acting submissive (or vice versa)

Describe the empathy-altruism hypothesis.

-some prosocial acts are motivated just by the desire to help someone in need -three components of empathy --emotional aspect (feel emotions of others) --cognitive component (identify what others are feeling accurately) --empathic concern (feeling general concern for others well-being)

Why do we conform?

-to figure out how to behave -informational social influence: our behavior is shaped by the evidence about reality that we get from other people -likely to result in acceptance when you do this

Whom do we like? Why do we like similar others and dislike dissimilar others? Personality and liking?

-we like people that are similar to us -we like to be liked! so we like those who like us -we dislike being disliked (we dislike those who dislike us) -we tend to like those with positive personalities ---agreeableness (high: likable) ---open ---extraverted (high: likable) ---stable narcissism is less desirable -but narcissists can come across as likeable at first

Explain the effectiveness of compliance tactics. (do compliance tactics actually work?) / what do we focus on?

-yes! - we actually might *underestimate* how effective they are -we *focus on the cost of saying YES* (when we ask them something we are thinking about what they are gonna have to do if they say yes) -people on the other end *focus on the cost of saying NO* (whats gonna happen if i say no? feel bad for not following through)

What factors relate to obedience?

1. *Identifying with "cause"* -If they thought they were contributing to science they did the experiment because of that 2. *Authority figures relieve people of responsibility* -Catering and not being the lead 3. *Norms to obey people in charge* -Visible signs of authority (e.g., uniforms) 4. *Gradual escalation of orders* -foot-in-the-door 5. *Power of the situation* -Power of the milgram experiment on people's actions

Explain Milgram's obedience experiment and the roles of the victim's distance, authority figures, institutional authority, and group influence.

1. *ROLES OF THE VICTIMS DISTANCE* -Participants obeyed the experiment more when they could not see the "Learner" (when they had the most distance from the victim) -Obedience declined when participants... -were in the same room as the Learner (40%) -were required to physically shock the Learner (30%) 2. *AUTHORITY FIGURE* -Closeness of Authority Figure -Obedience = 21% when authority figure gave instructions over the phone -Legitimacy of Authority Figure -Obedience = 20% "Clerk" (illegitimate authority) replaces Experimenter 3. *INSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY*: -In the original experiment the legitimacy of Yale increased obedience -When they changed the location to some random ass place in kansas, obedience dropped to 48% -When the study was conducted by the "Research Associates of Bridgeport," Obedience = 48% 4. *GROUP INFLUENCE* -Power in Numbers -When additional "Teachers" (actually confederates) defied the experimenter, 90% of participants also defied the experimenter

What are the basic principles of compliance?

1. *friendship and liking* - more willing to comply with friends or people we like (ex: if your friend asks you to watch your dog you're more likely to say yes than if a random person asked) 2. *commitment/consistency*: - more willing to comply with something consistent with whatwe already committed too (ex: If someone asks you to volunteer at an animal shelter and you are known to like animals you are more likely to comply because it fits your character) 3. *scarcity* : - more likely to comply with requests that focus on how little of something there is (ex: the idea that if you "dont act now" you wont get what you want) 4. *Reciprocity*: - More likely to comply a request when they have done a favor for you 4. *Social Validation*: - We are more willing to comply with a request if we think someone close to us would (Ex: if you're asked to join the softball team and your friends play softball you are likely to say yes) 5. *Authority*: - More willing to comply to peoples request that is coming from an authority figure (Ex: more likely to take out the trash if your parent asks you rather than your sibling)

List the decisions involved in helping.

1. noticing something unusual is happening 2. correctly interpreting an emergency 3. deciding it's your responsibility to help 4. deciding you have the knowledge/skills to help 5. making the decision to provide help (more likely to help if drinking, alcohol lowers inhibitions and makes you less likely to be embarrassed)

Dana's friend Ralph is a chef. She asks him if he would cook dinner for her and a few friends one night. Ralph eagerly says yes. Dana then asks if he could actually babysit her daughter that night instead. This is an example of _____________. a. Lowballing b. Foot-in-door c. Door-in-face d. Bait-and-switch

Bait-and-switch

Describe how balance theory and social comparison theory explain why we like similar and dissimilar others.

Balance theory: we like balance; we dislike things out of balance. Examples: the office employees (it is balanced if you and someone you like both hate the same person) social comparison theory: we look to others to determine whether our views are accurate. We like to compare ourselves to those similar to us. -consensual validation: evidence that they share our views

It has been shown that complementarities are not a good basis for attraction. What is the one pair of complementarities that is the exception to this?

Dominance-submissiveness

Explain gender differences in prosocial behavior.

Don't differ overall, but differ in terms of situations Women are more communal Connect with others in interpersonal relationships More likely to help those they have a close relationship with Men are more agentic Connect with large groups Just as likely to help strangers as they are friends

Gabe (male) and Veronica (female) are walking down the street. They pass by a woman who drops her books on the ground. Who is most likely to help the woman? a. Gabe b. Veronica c. Both are equally likely d. Neither are likely

Gabe

Ellie is 5 years old. Her mom asks her to clean up her toys, so Ellie makes sure she puts them all away. What is one reason Ellie obeyed her mom? a. She respects her mom b. Her mom has the ability to punish her if she doesn't listen c. She also likes her room to be clean d. All of the above

Her mom has the ability to punish her if she doesn't listen

Ralph accidentally started a fire in the kitchen. His grandpa, young niece, and friend are all in the house. Who is Ralph most likely to get out of the house first? a. His grandpa b. His niece c. His friend d. He is equally likely for all of them

His niece

Matt is at soccer practice and his coach tells him to yell at his teammate who keeps messing up. What factor would NOT make it more likely that Matt would obey his coach's orders?

Matt's parents told him to always listen to his coaches

Matt, a college student, is at soccer practice and his coach tells him to yell at his teammate who keeps messing up. What factor would NOT make it more likely that Matt would obey his coach's orders? a. The coach is wearing a uniform b. Matt feels it's important to discipline people who aren't playing well c. The coach first tells him to just give the teammate a dirty look d. Matt's parents told him to always listen to his coaches

Matt's parents told him to always listen to his coaches

Nick, a male, is online dating and looking for a female partner. He goes on dates with 3 women: Natalie, a social worker who is very attractive; Tina, a CEO who is moderately attractive; and Lena, who has a great sense of humor and is average looking. According to research on mate preferences, who is Nick most likely to ask out on a second date? Natalie Tina Nick Any of them

Natalie

Explain the triangular model of love.

Sternberg's triangular model of love: *three main components* 1. intimacy: strength of bond between two people 2. passion: sexual motives and excitement 3. commitment: commitment to maintain relationship map on triangle, shows different types of love: -liking= intimacy alone -infatuation= passion alone (ex: obsessive love at first sight) -empty love= commitment alone (love someone without intimacy or passion) romantic love= intimacy + passion (missing commitment) companionate love= intimacy + commitment (no passion) fatuous love= passion + commitment (no real intimacy) consummate love=intimacy + passion + commitment (ideal complete love, but difficult to attain)

Phoebe went into a Prada store dressed in jeans and a t-shirt. What are people likely to think? a. That she's of high status b. That she's of low status c. That she's rigid d. That she's dependent on others

That shes of high status

Which of the following is responsible for proximity influencing our level of attraction to another person or object?

The repeated exposure effect

Wanda is trying to choose a competent and intelligent partner to work with on a class project. She can choose her very attractive classmate Theresa or her average looking classmate Mary. Who is Wanda likely to choose? Theresa Mary Either one Someone else

Theresa

Research shows that belongingness is ________________.

a need

Jenny, a 5-year-old child, may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing ________ video game.

a prosocial

The Weasley's parents are either screaming at them (for example, through the use of "howlers") or simply distracted. This leads to children who are unsure of where they stand in relationships, always yearning for love, but never confident that they'll actually get it. Ron shows this attachment style in his desire for Hermione, and his doubt that she'll return the interest. Ron's relationship personality becomes one of jealousy, clinginess, and insecurity. secure anxious avoidant

anxious attachment

Define attachment theory and describe the three main attachment styles and their implications for relationships.

attachment: how secure an individual feels in their relationships with other people -developed with parents, then translates to romantic partners --can change across life strong bonds between mothers and offspring are characteristic of all mammalian species -promote newborn survival -children stay close to mother and cry when she leaves *secure-attachment style* - easily expressing affection toward partner and unconcerned about being abandoned (more stable relationships) *anxious/ambivalent attachment style* - becoming visibly upset at any separation from their partner and preoccupied with possible abandonment (emotional rollercoaster: highs, lows, more sexual motivation/ higher demands from partner: attention, time) *avoidant attachment style* - defensively detached from their partner (uncomfortable with emotional intimacy/ don't ask for or offer much support)

Harry's adoptive parents were cruel and abusive. Now, Harry pushes everyone else away, never believing relationships will bring him any comfort. He prefers to do everything by himself. In relationships, he won't admit that he likes anyone, and when he can no longer deny it, his response is to do nothing. His monster crush on Cho Chang leaves him helpless, and it's not until she puts the moves on him that they get anywhere. The same thing goes for Ginny; he simply watches her from afar until she kisses him after a successful Quidditch match. secure anxious avoidant

avoidant attachment

Dana's friend Ralph is a chef. She asks him if he would cook dinner for her and a few friends one night. Ralph eagerly says yes. Dana then asks if he could actually babysit her daughter that night instead. This is an example of _____________.

bait-and-switch

unintentional social influence

changing others behavior without intending to

explain the difference between descriptive and injunctive norms.

descriptive: *describe* what most people do in a particular area -tells us what is appropriate in a situation (might not always be the right thing to do) (example: video of man in elevator turning around to face back/ taking hat off) injunctive: how people should behave in a particular situation -tells us what is approved or disapproved of.

compliance

efforts to change other's behavior through direct requests

conformity

efforts to change others' behavior through norms about how to behave in a situation -doing what we think we're expected to do -norms can be implicit and explicit -explicit norms example: speeding limits -implicit norms example: not talking to loud on phone in public *why does it exist?* -without norms/conformity there would be chaos -ex: black friday stampedes

social influence

efforts to change the behavior, attitudes, or feelings of other people

obedience

following direct orders from other person

reciprocal altruism theory

help other people because helping is usually reciprocated

Ellie is 5 years old. Her mom asks her to clean up her toys, so Ellie makes sure she puts them all away. What is one reason Ellie obeyed her mom?

her mom has the ability to punish her if she doesn't listen

****Halo effect:

if someone is attractive, they are good at everything else (emerges regardless of who we are interested in)

Kaitlin is on vacation in Turkey and is visiting a mosque. She notices that other people take their shoes off before entering, so she does the same. This is an example of _______________. a. normative social influence b. informational social influence c. obedience d. cohesiveness

informational social influence

List gender differences in interpersonal and mate preferences.

interpersonal preference: -some preferences are uniform across genders but depends on context (trust, cooperativeness, and agreeableness) -mate preferences: men: value physical attractiveness women: ability to acquire resources, physical attractiveness is important, but less so

Define the bystander effect and explain why it occurs.

is there really safety in numbers? -not really *Kitty Genovese* -lived in NYC in 1960's -late one night she was raped, assaulted, and killed in busy street in NYC -neighbors all around, but no one called police (neighbors witnessed it) -why didn't they call? -they assumed someone else called the police *diffusion of responsibility*: assume other people will do something when in a large crowd (feel less personally responsible) *Darley & Latane (1968)* -during experiment where people were communicating via an intercom, a student had a seizure. -believed there were different numbers of people on the intercom line --only bystander, one of two bystanders, or one of five bystanders -they found that the more bystanders the less likely they were to help.

Which inherent neurological system allows most people to experience what others are experiencing automatically?

mirror neurons

What are mirror neurons and how do they relate to conformity?

mirror neurons: our brain is activated when we watch others (mirror the world back to us) -can make it more likely that we will conform (think about pianists listening and playing)

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that at least some prosocial behavior is ________.

motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need

Research shows that sexual attraction is a ________ but not ________ condition for being in love.

necessary; sufficient

Explain whether empathy is automatic.

no, but encouraged and discouraged by some factors *encouraged* -positive/good mood (easier to feel empathy for others) -desire for affiliation -social desirability *discouraged* -others' suffering (we might feel sympathy, but don't feel empathy bc we don't want to feel suffering) -costs of experiencing empathy (brings us down)

Explain the difference between normative and informational social influence.

normative social influence: we want to be *liked* so we change our behavior to meet others' expectations (follow descriptive norms) informational: we want to be *right* so we depend on others to inform us on how to behave (follow injunctive norms)

If people help in order to receive praise from others, then what would be expected under cover of darkness?

people would be less likely to help others

In terms of desirable partner traits, men prefer ___________ in women and women prefer ____________ in men.

physical attractiveness; ability to acquire resources

Born of parents who are trusting and supportive without being suffocating, Hermione is confident, feels free to express her emotions, and is happy to trust others. Hermione projects this style onto her own teenage experiments in love. When Ron repeatedly shows that he is too chicken to ask her out, she promptly moves on to someone else (Viktor Krum). She's jealous when Ron starts dating Lavender, but she patiently waits for him to realize that she's a better choice. secure anxious avoidant

secure attachment

People who are ______________________ attached have relatively stable relationships.

securely

What social skills are important?

social skills are beneficial for relationships *social astuteness/perception* : perceiving and understand others accurately *interpersonal influence* : ability to change others behavior or attitudes (persuasive) *social adaptability* : ability to adapt to different social situations and people *expressiveness* : ability to show easily perceivable emotions.

Describe Asch's line experiment

subject would change answer based on group's unanimous decision, despite seeing the evidence with his own eyes. -with one person agreeing with the subjects answer; it breaks the conformity. (dropped conformity to 5%) -once one person breaks it; easier for other to break it -proves that people conform in a unanimous group setting -37% of participants went along w group even when group answer was clearly wrong -generally thought they were wrong because they were outnumbered -also did not want to disagree or stand out

Individuals who are in stressful situations frequently experience an increase in their need to affiliate with others in a similar situation. This may be because ________.

such affiliations provide opportunities for social comparisons

what are two aspects of empathy?

taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person