Social Pysch
What is the bystander effect? According to Latane and Darley, why does this process occur?
(Darley & Latané, 1968). The bystander effect -The greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help. Unsure what is going on (look around and see what other people are doing) that is why not acting they just see blank faces (pluralistic ignorance's) the finding that the greater the number of bystanders you have the less likely someone is going to help you in an emergency. process occurs because of pluralistic ignorance (when given ambiguity, look at others) unsure of what is going on. look to people around you to decide what to do. everyone has blank faces standing around not doing anything = gg. experimentally, caps off at around 6. sometimes can't tell if someone has already intervened, sometimes just don't want to embarrass yourself.
Describe Duck's four -step process of relationship dissolution.
1) Intrapsychic Individual broading (feels unsatisfied). 2) dyadic phase (couple dissatisfied and need to discuss it). 3) Couple in relationship and people around them. Put something out when relationship is over. First Duck's stages have labels for each stage so you need to know those labels. (e.g. Intra-personal, Dyadic, Social & Grave-Dressing) The last stages are also considered interpersonal. 1. intrapsychic: when two partners are in isolation, and each are thinking about problems n the relationship 2. dyadic: one partner confronts the other then they discuss the issues that are in the relationship 3. Social: where they decide what to tell their friends, get legal counsel· Negotiate postdissolution state with partner, create public face-saving/blame-placing account, consider social relationships with friends/family, seek legal counsel 4. grave-dressing: Physically and psychologically end the relationship, rethink relationship to get over it, publically distribute own version of breakup story , start to become independent of other person
Compare and contrast the Kin Selection explanation of helping with those of the learning and social norms perspective.
15. Kin Selection- Behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection. Social Norms: help others, they will help you back. kin selection - the idea that your behavior to help a genetic relative is favoured by natural selection. people will increase the chance that their genes are passed down if they help their relatives over random strangers. make sure their genes proliferate even further social norm - people will help with the expectation that they increase their likelihood of getting help from that person in the future both in line with helping people. both more focused on helping people because it will help you different in terms of HOW it helps you.
Explain how helping can be a "mixed blessing."
28. Cost of Helping (Mixed Blessings) 29. n People do not always want to be helped—if being helped means that they appear incompetent 30. n Required service work may lead to the over justification effect; volunteering should be percieved as a free choice and not an externally imposed requirement people might not want to be helped. if you help they might feel incompetent. or they might not want to appear incompetent. if you're forced to volunteer, you might not come to value it later, just out of requirement to do so.
Describe how Rusbult's investment model extends social exchange theory. Identify three things we need to know in order to predict whether people will remain in an intimate relationship.
3) Anything put in relationship will be lost. 1) how satisfied they are in the relationship, 2) alternative thinking investment is anything that people have put in a relationship that would be lost if they leave it. e.g. time money etc. sees relationships economically. give and take, cost benefit. how satisfied you are with a relationship, what alternatives and how appealing they are. how big the investment is Commitment = Satisfaction + Investment - Alternatives
Outline the five steps that determine whether people help in emergencies.
6. q• Noticing an Event 7. q• Interpreting an Event as an Emergency 8. v• Pluralistic ignorance -People look to see others' reactions (informational influence); when they see that everyone else not responding, they assume there must be no danger. 9. q• Assuming Responsibility 10. v• Diffusion of responsibility- Each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases. 11. q• Knowing How to Help q• Deciding to Implement the Help 1. have to notice the event 2. interpret the event as an emergency - has to do with pluralistic ignorance. when people are presented with an ambiguous situation. tend to look at other people. just stand around and assume some other person is going to deal with the emergency. 3. assume responsibility, has to do with diffusion of moral responsibility, that they might think that it is not their own responsibility to do something. (murder example: people thought that someone else would seek help, solution: refer to people specifically) 4. know the appropriate form of assistance. Know how to help: what are the appropriate actions to take. if you dont know how to help you wont help 5. implement your decision (might be embassed to help, cost of helping is too high) PLURALISTIC IGNORANCE: when ppl are presented with ambiguous situation, tend to look at other people to determine what the action to take should be N (notice) I (inperet) A (assume responsibility) K (know) I (implement)
Elaboration Likelihood Model
A model explaining two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: centrally, when people are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to the arguments in the communication, and peripherally, when people do not pay attention to the arguments but are instead swayed by surface characteristics (e.g., who gave the speech)
Need for Cognition
A personality variable reflecting the extent to which people engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities
Evolutionary Approach to Mate Selection
A theory derived from evolutionary biology that holds that men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other (men are attracted by women's appearance; women are attracted by men's resources) because this maximizes their chances of reproductive success
Describe equity theory and indicate how partners feel when they are over- or under- benefited in an inequitable relationship. How does concern for equity differ depending upon whether the partners are involved in an exchange or a communal relationship?
Alternative to social exchange theory. People feel benefit if they receive awards but have not incurred a lot of cost. Exchange relationships everyone has to be equal and will balance out in the end (normally for new acquaintance) communal is longer term longer term relationships. Governed by responsiveness to other person's mood equity theory: looking at specifically how people give and take, how fair things are you would feel overbenefited if you receive too much compared to what youre giving the other person underbenefitted if you don't receive as much as you give exchanged relationships are governed by equity concerns (short term) communal are long term. has to do with partner's needs. equity doesn't play a big role in the short term.
Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style
An attachment style characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than- average levels of anxiety
Avoidant Attachment Style
An attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships
Secure Attachment Style
An attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked
Affectively Based Attitude
An attitude based more on people's feelings and values than on their beliefs about the nature of an attitude object
Behaviorally Based Attitude
An attitude based on observations of how one behaves toward an object
Cognitively Based Attitude
An attitude based primarily on people's beliefs about the properties of an attitude object
Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion
An explanation of the two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: either systematically processing the merits of the arguments or using mental shortcuts (heuristics), such as "Experts are always right"
Passionate Love
An intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair
Prosocial Behavior
Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person
Out-Group
Any group with which an individual does not identify
Identify the key assumptions of attachment theory and distinguish between the three attachment styles?
Attachment theory relationship with primary care giver is one that you base relationships on (working model for relationships in general in the future). This questions deal with he fact that attachment styles set up our schemas for what to expect and how to relate to others. There are different expectations from relationships depending on your attachment style. You need to add more about the impact of attachment on adult relationships. assumption: relationship with your primary caregiver is the base for your future relationships secure - have attentive primary caregiver avoidant - suppression of attachment because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed in the past anxious/ambivalent - concern that intimacy won't be reciprocated. higher than average levels of anxiety. parents were there sometimes but not all the time.
Implicit Attitudes
Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious
Explicit Attitudes
Attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report
Describe the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype and how this stereotype might produce a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Attributing positive qualities to people who are attractive. You might treat better because how they look and they will treat you better. Say Halo effect. Fork effect (opposite of Halo) also known as the halo effect, refers to the idea that people see positive qualities in attractive people even if they have nothing to do with how they look. being confident, sociable self-fulfilling prophecy - treat them better, they respond better, reinforce that attractive people are nice
Explain how attitudes are formed through the use of classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning.
Classical conditioning works this way: A stimulus that elicits an emotional response is accompanied by a neutral, nonemotional stimulus until eventually the neutral stimulus elicits the emotional response by itself. For example, suppose that when you were a child you experienced feelings of warmth and love when you visited your grandmother. Suppose also that her house always smelled faintly of mothballs. Eventually, the smell of mothballs alone will trigger the emotions you experienced during your visits, through the process of classical conditioning In operant conditioning, behaviors we freely choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are followed by a reward (positive rein- forcement) or punishment. How does this apply to attitudes? Imagine that a 4-year- old white girl goes to the playground with her father and begins to play with an African American girl. Her father expresses strong disapproval, telling her, "We don't play with that kind of child." It won't take long before the child associates interacting with African Americans with disapproval, and therefore adopts her father's racist attitudes. Attitudes can take on a positive or negative affect through either classical or operant conditioning, instrument conditioning => operant conditioning instrumental -> perform a behaviour, reward or punished based on that behaviour, reuslting in incr or decr of freq of behaviour operant classmates : girl's father expresses strong disapproval for girl to hang out with classmate. as a result, girl stops hanging out with friends?? ======= classical (Two stimuli) , and third US, CS => CS thorndikes law of effect eg: classical: feelings of warmth and love in grandmother's home because of her presence.
Persuasive Communication
Communication (e.g., a speech or television ad) advocating a particular side of an issue
Explain why, according to the urban-overload hypothesis, people in rural environments are more helpful than people in urban environments.
Environment: Rural versus Urban 25. Ø➢ People in rural areas are more helpful. 26. Ø➢ Milgram's urban-overload hypothesis - People living in cities are likely to keep to themselves in order to avoid being overloaded by all the stimulation they receive. If you put someone from urban areas into a rural area, they are roughly as helpful as someone from rural areas. i.e. it's not the people, it's the environment people in urban environment are constantly being bombarded by sensory input. things you might not want to pay attention to so you just keep to yourself. if you see a stranger in need of help you might not be inclined to help because you want to... filter out the sensory input?
Attitudes
Evaluations of people, objects, and ideas
Define an attitude and identify its components.
Evaluations of people, objects, and ideas. They have identified three components of attitudes: the cognitive component, or the thoughts and beliefs that people form about the attitude object, the affective component, or people's emotional reactions toward the attitude object, and the behavioral component, how people act toward the attitude object.
Describe the underlying variable that links attractiveness, propinquity, and similarity.
Familiarity, propinquity
Identify the differences in men and women in characteristics involved in mate selection and the different strategies for men and women in romantic relationships.
Females have high cost of production in time, cost, energy. Women look for men who can provide, men look for women who can reproduce men: look for attractiveness - ability to produce healthy offspring/reproduce women: look for economic status ($.$.$) $.$ ability to provide
How do working models of attachment contribute to stability of patterns of relationships over time? What kinds of information are organized by these models?
Find hard to develop intimate relationships and were neglected as a child and did not get attention as you wanted. Will yu says it wont show up. but then again hes not trustworthy whether or not you can trust your partner whether or not you can be intimate with your partner secure - can be intimate without fear avoidant - pushing people away, unable to be intimate with people anxious/ambivalent - tend to be intimate, but be insecure about whether or not that intimacy will be returned mostly stable but be willing to change your model about how relationships work
Distinguish between implicit and explicit attitudes.
Implicit attitudes are unconscious and explicit attitudes are conscious
Describe the typology of love proposed by Robert Sternberg.
Intimacy, passion, decision/commitment (triangle theory of love). sternberg - triangle theory of love love has 3: intimacy (liking), passion (infatuation), decision/commitment (empty love D: ) passion + commitment = fatuous intimacy + passion = romantic love intimacy + commitment = companionate love all 3: consummate love eg. couple that stays together only for kids = commitment only. (usually doesnt come up :)) eros (passionate, physical and emotional) ludus (game playing love : do activites or what) storge (love that grows slowly out of friendship) pragma (love based on receptions of love and practicality: convenience/pragmaticism?) mania: love based on desire to hold ones partner in high self esteem and wanting to be loved and love this way? agape: altruistic, unconditional selfless love
Attitude Inoculation
Making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position
Describe the facial characteristics that are associated with high attractiveness in males and females. Describe the evidence for a universal standard of beauty.
Males large eyes, prominent cheek bone, big smile. Femalse: Large eyes, small noes, high eyebrows, big smile. People from a variety of backgrounds have agreed on attractiveness of people male - large eyes, prominent cheek bones, large chin, big smile females - large eyes , small nose, small chin, prominent cheek bones, narrow cheeks, large pupils, high eyebrows, big smile universal standard - cross cultural experiment, but like, she's definitely not mentioning anything specific
Distinguish between passionate and companionate types of love proposed by Hatfield. Discuss cultural differences in the importance of these two types of love.
Passionate is intense longing for people (reciprocation leads to fulfillment and happiness). Companionate love is intimacy. Passionate love is not long lasting but companionate love is. passionate love: intense longing for person with physical arousal. if reciprcated, will be happy. if lack of it, be sad. companionate love: intimacy and affection which comes from taking care of a person, no passion/arousal in the person's presence collectivistic: compassionate love individualistic: passionate love
Comparison Level
People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship
Comparison Level for Alternatives
People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in an alternative relationship
Fear-Arousing Communication
Persuasive message that attempts to change people's attitudes by arousing their fears
Differentiate between altruism and prosocial behavior.
Prosocial behavior- Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person. Altruism- Any act that benefits another person but does not benefit the helper Often involves some personal cost to the helper. Prosocial: Behavior that helps others (includes behavior motivated by say $$ to you) Altruism : altruism also has a condition that its not motivated by self interest. more like volunteering.
Exchange Relationships
Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e., for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)
Communal Relationships
Relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs
Identify the basic concepts of social exchange theory. Distinguish between the comparison level and the comparison level for alternatives.
Run on economic model of cost and benefits. Comparison level is what you expect the outcome of the relationship to be with cost of rewards. The comparison level for alternatives are the likely that you can replace your current relationship with another one. relationships operate on economic model of cost and benefit. the comparison model is what you expect the outcome to be in terms of the outcomes and rewards for alternatives; perceptions of likelihood that you can replace your current option.(with an alternative partner)
Discuss the importance of similarity in attraction. Describe three reasons why we like people whose characteristics and beliefs are similar to our own.
Similarities draws people together more so than the mere exposure effect. People who have similar experiences with make same decisions. Like people who agree with you. Like people who have similar appearance to yours. a. similarity is what draws people together (people like people who think like them) b. propinquity -mere exposure effect. (exposed more, like more) c. people like people who look like them similarity casues propinquity. make same choices in life, end up in the same places socially validating assume similar people to us like us. agree with them, similar personalities. people like people who have similar appearance.
Describe the Yale Attitude Change Approach. Identify and define the three factors in an influence setting emphasized by this approach.
The Yale Attitude Change Approach studies the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to a persuasive message. What: The Nature of the of the Communication • People are more persuaded by messages that do not seem to be designed to influ- ence them (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986; Walster & Festinger, 1962). • Is it better to present a one-sided commu- nication (one that presents only argu- ments favoring your position) or a two- sided communication (one that presents arguments for and against your position)? In general, two-sided messages work bet- ter, if you are sure to refute the argu- ments on the other side (Crowley & Hoyer, 1994; Igou & Bless, 2003; Lumsdaine & Janis, 1953). • Is it better to give your speech before or after someone arguing for the other side? If the speeches are to be given back to back and there will be a delay before people have to make up their minds, it is better to go first. Under these conditions, there is likely to be a primacy effect, wherein people are more influenced by what they hear first. If there is a delay between the speeches and people will make up their minds right after hearing the second one, it is better to go last. Under these conditions, there is likely to be a recency effect, wherein people remember the second speech better than the first one (Haugtvedt & Wegener, 1994; Miller & Campbell, 1959). To Whom: The Nature of the Audience • An audience that is distracted during the persuasive communication will often be persuaded more than one that is not (Albarracin & Wyer, 2001; Festinger & Maccoby, 1964). • People low in intelligence tend to be more influenceable than people high in intelligence, and people with moderate self-esteem tend to be more influence- able than people with low or high self- esteem (Rhodes & Wood, 1992). • People are particularly susceptible to atti- tude change during the impressionable ages of 18 to 25. Beyond those ages, peo- ple's attitudes are more stable and resist- ant to change (Krosnick & Alwin, 1989; Sears, 1981). when people will be persuaded 3 factors: who coming from, what is, to whom its going source of communication, nature of comunication, to whom the communication is to source: credible, having obvious expertise. attractive over unattractive. nature: messages that dont seem that they are aimed at persuading to (subtlety) what is 1sided vs 2sided? 1sided is you only present your side of arg. SAT STYLE 2 sided = balanced arg GP STYLE one sided vs two sided: in general, two sided communication more persuasive nature of audience: distracted audience more easily persuaded. ^ why? dont have as many cognitive resources to analyse what youre saying low intelligence more influenceable. moderate self esteem is more easily influenceable (as opposed to high or low). ^ why? for high self esteem, they hold their own opinions very highly? so they wont listen to you, etc low self-esteem :not easily influencable because they what ? people aged 18--25 very changeable opinions, after that its hard
Empathy
The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them
Define empathy and describe the empathy-altruism hypothesis.
The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them n Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis n When we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help purely for altruistic reasons, that is, regardless of what we have to gain. empathy is the vicarious experience another's feelings?? experience how other people are feeling hypo: when we experience empathy, we will help ppl regardless of what we have to gain (altruistically) if we dont experience empathy, social exchange theory comes into play and you will only help if there is something in it for you
Evolutionary Psychology
The attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection
Peripheral Route to Persuasion
The case in which people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by peripheral cues
Central Route to Persuasion
The case in which people elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments, which occurs when people have both the ability and the motivation to listen carefully to a communication
Pluralistic Ignorance
The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not
Altruism
The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper
Norm of Reciprocity
The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future
Attachment Styles
The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants
Companionate Love
The feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal
Bystander Effect
The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help
Mere Exposure Effect
The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it
Propinquity Effect
The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
In-Group
The group with which an individual identifies as a member
Kin Selection
The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection
Equity Theory
The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal
Social Exchange Theory
The idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else
Theory of Planned Behavior
The idea that people's intentions are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviors, which are determined by their attitudes toward specific behaviors, their subjective norms, and their perceived behavioral control
Reactance Theory
The idea that when people feel their freedom to perform a certain behavior is threatened, an unpleasant state of reactance is aroused, which they can reduce by performing the threatened behavior
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain
Yale Attitude Change Approach
The study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages, focusing on the source of the communication, the nature of the communication, and the nature of the audience
Classical Conditioning
The phenomenon whereby a stimulus that elicits an emotional response (e.g., your grandmother) is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus that does not (e.g., the smell of mothballs), until the neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus
Operant Conditioning
The phenomenon whereby behaviors we freely choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are followed by a reward (positive reinforcement) or punishment
Diffusion of Responsibility
The phenomenon wherein each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases
Altruistic Personality
The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations
Attitude Accessibility
The strength of the association between an attitude object and a person's evaluation of that object, measured by the speed with which people can report how they feel about the object
Urban Overload Hypothesis
The theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it
Investment Model
The theory that people's commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship in terms of rewards, costs, and comparison level and their comparison level for alternatives, but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by leaving it
What evidence is consistent with evolutionary theories of love? What are the criticisms of this theory?
Women will be very picky with who the date (want man who can provide for them) in online dating. Women increase odds of getting resources. Men taught by society to look for beautiful women. Female will increase resources for offspring by having multiple partners. Males taught be society to value beauty. For evolutionary theories women invest more time in offsprings too than men do so they are more picky with mates than men are. In general we look for mates who can help our chances of having healthy offsprings so looks become important as a sign of health. consistent evidence: traditional dating / online dating/ speed dating: women are picky wrt dates, because larger time investment/cost investment: CRITICISTS of theory state that this also applies to males. society might have taught people to value beauty, not because it is evolutionarily better
Subliminal Messages
Words or pictures that are not consciously perceived but may nevertheless influence people's judgments, attitudes, and behaviors
Describe the characteristics of people who are most likely to help others.
gender differences type of situational whether or not you feel empathy: if you feel empathy for ingroup members you might go to help them. for outgroup you might help them to feel better about yourself or get something in return. Across culture, people are more likely to help in-group based on empathy than out-group Cultural differences: Cultures that value being friendly, polite, good-natured, pleasant
Identify the two routes to persuasion identified by the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Identify the factors that determine the route people will take.
o Central Route-Carefully consider the merits of the argument o Peripheral route-Focus on cues external to the argument o Motivation and ability are key in determining the route used central and peripheral route. (hw) ("KNOW THIS" -- Will Yu) factors that influence decision between 2: motivation to pay attention to arguments how important is a topic to you capability to pay attention to arguments whether ppl are tired, distracted, or issue is difficylt to analyse. if post in newspaper arguments why marijuana should or should not be legalised (and the arguments are tough to understand),we might resort to peripheral factors like no. of arguments, length of arguments college students experiment, listen to argument that seniors that have to pass test?? peripheral factors: length of arugment rather than actual arguments itself because of overwhelming information
Discuss the influence of different moods on persuasion. Under what conditions do fear appeals foster or inhibit attitude change via the central route.
positive mood: tend to pay more attention to things that go against your beliefs negative mood: tend to pay more attention to things that agree with your beliefs fear - people must be sufficiently frightened, but not overly so after you get them scared to present a way out of the fear. if you scare them too much, their emotions take over and wont be able to think rationally about the subject if you dont scare people enough, theyn they wont even bother searching for more information about the issue must present them with the way to reduce fear. (eg smoking ads, with message on how to mitigate damage ie quit smoking seek help)
According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, what factors determine whether or not an individual will follow through with an advocated message or action?
spontaneous behaviour .: result of different process, dependent on attitude accessibility (how easily attitude comes to mind) deliberative beahviours. planned to do, think about doing. how to predict deliberative behaviour: look at 3 things: person's specific attitude person's subjective norms (What they feel people around them think), perceived behavior person's perceived behaviour control = whether or not they think they can do the behaviour
Describe the relationship between gender and forms of prosocial behavior.
Ø➢ Eagly and Crowley (1986) meta-analysis found that men are more likely to help in chivalrous, heroic ways, and women are more likely to help in nurturant ways involving long-term commitment. males are in the classic western stereotype seen as more chivalrous or heroic. go into life threatening situation to protect a stranger from... danger...? CAPTAIN AMERICAAA females: nurturing , caring, values long term relationships, likely to volunteer and help ppl over long periods of time
Identify the purpose of attitude inoculation. What is the role of reactance when persuasion attempts "boomerang"?
• Attitude inoculation: give you a change to practice your own attempts...attack person of mild verision that they will see later on and when they see the real thing they will generate own defensives • Boomerang: can't have it you do it (elephant idea). Makes them feel like they are threatening freedom. attitude innoculation means somehting similar to vaccination. prevent attitude change by presenting small bits at first. (when someone is given an entire arugment they are able to come up with counter arguments easily) reactance theory: when people feel like their freedom is encroached upon, thell react by performing the opposite of the message youre trying to persuade them of. justout of spite. experiment: put please dont write on these walls, and don't write on these walls under any circumstances foudn that people write on the walls with a harsher warning than a less harsh warning "boomerang" = if persuasin too strong, cause interest in prohibited activity
Describe the aim of attitude change models like Petty and Cacioppo's Elaboration Likelihood Model and Chaiken's Systematic-Heuristic Persuasion Model.
• Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty and Cacioppo) o Central Route-Carefully consider the merits of the argument o Peripheral route-Focus on cues external to the argument o Motivation and ability are key in determining the route used o Chaiken's Heuristic- Systematic Model- When we are not motivated we use heuristics to decide about a message Systematic processing (critically thinking) or heuristic sometimes we are paying attention to the message and sometimes we don't aim of models inpterure, perceive, and proces the models
Discuss the relationship between attitude strength and attitude accessibility and resistance to attitude change.
• Strength: Stronger attitude more likely you will act consistent with it • Accessibility: time to make decision is in the forefront of your mind (think priming effect) • Attitude Change: stronger attitudes are resistant to change. More accessible attitude means more likely to think about it and hence less likely to change. strongly held attitudes are resistant to change but accessibility is also related to it. highly accessible are more strongly held. strong attitude but not accessible easier to change if someone s attitude isnot as accessible, its easier for you tochange their attitude
Evaluate the claim that subliminal messages are effective.
• There are arguments that say that are effect and are not but (Lipton Ice vs. water people chose Lipton but it is more about priming than anything else). People thought subliminal messages are very effective and terrifying flash words to people and get them to do something => ineffective (disproven) works more through priming*? recent research shows if you were to show lipton ice in front of someone, when they are thirsty they will be more likely to choose lipton ice over water. thats probably cos it tastes better than water
Discuss the impact of good and bad moods on helping.
• q• People who are in a good mood are more likely to help. • q• Good moods can increase helping for three reasons: (1) make us interpret events in a sympathetic way (2) helping another prolongs the good mood, whereas not helping deflates it (3) increase self-attention- Leads us to be more likely to behave according to our values and beliefs (which tend to favor altruism). • n Negative-State Relief: Feel Bad, Do Good • n When people feel guilty, they are more likely to help. • n Cialdini's Negative-State Relief hypothesis - People help in order to alleviate their own sadness and distress. people in a good mood are more likely to help (might look at things in a sympathetic way) - maintain their good mood/streak people in a bad mood: encouraged to help people (motivation to relieve themselves from a negative state, but less frequent) want to feel less bad and helping makes you feel good