Social Studies SAE K-6

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Guglielmo Marconi

successfully transmitted radio signals over a distance of one and a half miles, and in 1896 was granted the world's first patent for a system of wireless telegraphy. By 1901, in order to prove that Earth's curvature did not affect transmission of radio waves, he transmitted trans-Atlantic signals between England's Cornwall and Canada's Newfoundland, a distance of 2,100 miles. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/

martial law

type of rule in which the military is in charge and citizens' rights are suspended

Yellow Journalism

type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of attracting readers

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

15th Amendment (1870)

Prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery)

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

Babe Ruth

"Home Run King" in baseball, provided an idol for young people and a figurehead for America

blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome Italian city-states avoided the economic crisis in Europe by remaining trading partners with Byzantium and the Islamic Mediterranean. Italian scholars therefore had access to classical and Islamic texts. This led to a renewal (or Renaissance, meaning rebirth) in literature, art, politics, science, and philosophy.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Magna Carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom For the first time, a written document placed limits on English royal power: the Magna Carta stipulated that the king would uphold English Common Law. It went on to state that the king could no longer collect taxes that were not approved by a group of officials, nobles, and bishops known as the Great Council. Also, nobles accused of a crime were guaranteed the right to a jury of their peers. The signing of the Magna Carta is viewed as a step towards constitutional democracy.

Marco Polo

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period. was an Italian merchant who traveled to China and stayed for 17 years; his accounts document the wealth and splendor of the East and illustrate that China was more advanced than Europe at this time.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532. Fueled by the desire for a male heir, Henry sought a legal divorce from Catherine of Aragon; pressured by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Catherine's nephew), the Pope refused to grant Henry's divorce. Despite the Pope's refusal, Henry divorced Catherine and married Ann Boleyn. He also confiscated church lands, denied the authority of the Catholic Church, and established the Protestant Church of England.

Ivan the Terrible

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. Russia for 51 years, consolidating central authority and expanding Russia's borders in all directions, although he never succeeded in securing a year-round, ice-free seaport. He set up a bodyguard which has been described as Russia's first secret police and sent many of his subjects to death via purges.

Henry IV

(1589-1610) - Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Surrived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass." Born a Catholic, Henry of Navarre became a Huguenot. After marrying the Catholic king's sister, he became heir to the French throne. Catholics protested his succession, which led Henry to reconvert to Catholicism in order to unite the country. He restored peace and prosperity after decades of civil and foreign wars, and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted religious freedom to Huguenots.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Calvin Coolidge

(1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact

Shang Dynasty

(1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior. The first Chinese dynasty, the Shang, built their cities along the Huang He (Yellow) River. Their accomplishments include founding the first capital city; developing a written language, and a calendar based upon the lunar cycles; and developing techniques for working with bronze, silk, and clay. , the Shang dynasty began building their civilization along the Huang He (Yellow) River. Stratified by rank and occupation, the Shang were noted for casting magnificent bronze vessels for use in religious rites. Around 1029 BCE, they were succeeded by the Zhou. In order to justify overthrowing the Shang, the Zhou formulated what was known as "The Mandate of Heaven," the idea that a universal cosmic power bestowed right of rule.

John Brown

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. the five major powers of Europe— England, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and France—met to restore peace and stability to the continent after the Napoleonic wars. The Congress established the Quadruple Alliance of England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria, while France was required to make territorial reparations for Napoleon's incursions.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize. During this period, Russia claimed parts of the crumbling Ottoman Empire, leading to a declaration of war by the Ottomans in 1853. Fearing that Russia would control the Black Sea and gain access to the Mediterranean, France and England entered the war in 1854. The war took place in the Crimean Peninsula in the Black Sea. Allied forces captured the port of Sevastopol in 1855 and the Russians sued for peace. The war concluded in 1856, with the Treaty of Paris

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

V.I. Lenin

(1870-1924) The Bolshevik leader who made the Marxist revolution in November 1917 and modified orthodox Marxism in doing so.

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

World War I

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. After a long, uneasy peace in Europe, World War I was touched off by the assassination of Francis-Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. Shortly thereafter, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, causing Russia to mobilize. Alarmed, Germany issued ultimatums to Russia and France, and then declared war on both countries. This brought Great Britain into the war. The combined forces of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy fought against Great Britain, France, and Russia. Eventually America entered the combat in aid of the latter countries and helped them win the war.

Herbert Hoover

(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933.

Han dynasty

(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity The Han created a strong central government and military; their civil service system was based on Confucian idea that ability, not birth, should lead to promotion. Art and trade thrived during this dynasty.

Gupta Empire

(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta. the Gupta empire expanded its rule in northern India, while southern India expanded its trade with southeast Asia. The Gupta also established a strong central government and oversaw advances in science, art, and literature. Indian mathematicians developed the decimal system during this period. Hinduism surged in popularity during the reign of the Gupta, becoming firmly established as India's main religion.

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. The Tang expanded Chinese territory and ushered in a golden age of literature and art. It was an age of technological achievement, as well, with the invention of gunpowder and moveable type. After the Tang dynasty, the country fragmented, with five dynasties in the north and 10 kingdoms in the south The T'ang returned the rule of China to the Chinese. This dynasty reorganized the government, established state colleges, and continued work on the Great Wall.Art and trading were important components of T'ang culture.

the battle of tours

(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe. Charles Martel led the Franks (originally a confederation of Germanic tribes, who moved east into what is now Belgium and France and converted to Christianity around 500 C.E.) against Muslim invaders in southern France, defeating them at Tours and later pushing them back into Spain. Thus, this battle was one of the factors ensuring that Europe would remain Christian.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

(FDI) A United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank

d-day

(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Joan of Arc

(c. 1412-1431) French peasant girl, a heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions; rallied French troops during the Hundred Years War to resist the English and to have Charles VII crowned king She convinced him to send troops to Orleans. Accompanied by Jeanne in battle armor, the troops won at Orleans and next won several field engagements. Jeanne then persuaded the dauphin to be crowned as Charles VII. Seized by Burgundian troops, she was turned over for a price to the English, who burned her at the stake in 1431 as a witch. Her memory continued to inspire French troops and contribute to national unity.

James A. Garfield (1881)

* 20th president of the U.S. * Republican * Key Issues: Civil service reform, Chinese immigration * Assassinated by a man who was angry because he did not get a job in the government * His assassination led to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

Enlighment

-18th century European intellectual movement attempted to discover natural las governing science & society As new discoveries in science were made and new ways of manufacturing were developed, a philosophical movement known as the Enlightenment arose. A group of French thinkers called the philosophes—Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot—focused on bettering the lives of human beings and improving society in practical ways. The French philosophes had their counterparts in Great Britain, Germany, Italy, and the American colonies, making the Enlightenment an international movement.

The Minoan civilization

-An Aegean civilization -Minoan civilization of Crete (c. 4000-1400 B.C.) based its prosperity on extensive commerce One of the first Aegean civilizations, the Minoans lived on the island of Crete; their language and culture are related to early Egyptian and Fertile Crescent civilizations. Their capital was the city of Knossos. 2000-1400 B.C.E.

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

First Crusade

1099 CE, Jerusalem fell the Christian crusaders; the only successful crusade. it was proclaimed by Pope Urban II as a holy war against the Seljuk Turks, Muslims who held Christian shrines in Palestine and who were threatening the Byzantines. The army of the First Crusade captured, but did not hold, Palestine. Crusaders returning home had been exposed to Eastern luxuries, thoughts, and customs; this was a major factor in the future development of medieval Europe.

War of Roses

1455-1485; A war between the York family and Lancaster family of England for the crown. This struggle was ended when Henry Tudor, who was on the Lancaster side, won. He became Henry VII, the first Tudor king. was a civil war between two powerful families in England, the Lancasters (whose badge was a red rose) and the Yorks (whose badge was a white rose). Eventually a Lancaster noble defeated the Yorks and become King Henry VII; he married Elizabeth, a York, to unify the families. Henry worked closely with Parliament to win the favor of the people. Because many English nobles had died during the wars, few were left to challenge Henry, who founded the Tudor dynasty.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

The Mycenaean civilization

1500-1100 BCE -Centers of Aegean civilization; depended on the Aegean Sea to develop and extend their culture -The Mycenaean civilization (c. 2000-1150 B.C.) developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare -The Dorians conquered the Peloponnesus (peninsula of southern Greece) and ushered in a "dark age" characterized by violence and instability -Iona became the birthplace for the Hellenic civilization The Mycenaean culture developed on the mainland of Greece. These powerful seafarers developed heavily fortified cities and were antagonists in the Trojan War. They eventually gave way to the Dorians from the north because they lacked the Dorian's iron technology.

The Olmec civilization

1500-400 BCE The Olmecs have been called America's first civilization. Their society arose in Mesoamerica, present-day central and south Mexico and north Central America. They were the first Americans to build large architectural complexes. They developed a system of writing and sophisticated iconography. It has been argued that they were a "mother culture" influencing later Mesoamerican Aztec and Mayan cultures the first major civilization in Mexico following a progressive development in Soconusco. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in the present-day states of Veracruz.

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. was proclaimed by Henry IV of France. This law allowed both Huguenots and Catholics equal access to education and state positions, as well as guaranteeing the Protestant Huguenots the freedom to practice their religion. Although it was eventually repealed, the Edict allowed France to re-build after the country's religious wars.

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.

Treaty of Utrecht

1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire ended the Spanish War of Succession, in which England, the Netherlands, and Austria had allied to prevent the grandson of Louis IV, Phillip V, from ruling both Spain and the territories comprising the European part of its empire. The treaty recognized Philip as Spain's king on the condition that France and Spain should never unite under one throne. Spain ceded control of the Netherlands to Austria, and of the Isle of Gibraltar to England. In addition, France recognized England's claim to Newfoundland and mainland Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick)

The Code of Hammurabi

1750 B.C.E. The Amorite king Hammurabi unified the Mesopotamian city-states and established Babylon as a capital and trade center, but he is most noted for his collection of 282 laws which represented a large step forward towards a formal system of justice.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain. Thomas Jefferson was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. The signing of the Declaration put the 13 American colonies on the path to a war of independence from the rule of George III of England, a war known as the American Revolution. Drawing on Enlightenment ideas concerning liberty, natural rights, and the mutual obligations of citizens and government, the Declaration set in motion a test that Enlightenment ideas could work in the real world.

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Mexican-American War

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.

Franklin Pierce

1852-1856 *Fourteenth President *Democratic president from New Hampshire *Supported Manifest Destiny despite Northern concerns that it would leas to the spread of slavery *Signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act *Sent Commodore Matthew Perry into Japan to open the country to diplomacy and commerce (Treaty of Kanagawa) *Opened Canada to greater trade *Pierce's diplomats failed in their attempts to purchase Cuba from Spain, leading to the drafting of the Ostend Manifesto

Robert La Follette

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Richard Wright

1908-1960 *African American author who wrote about racial oppression His novels included Uncle Tom's Children (1938), Native Son (1940), and Black Boy (1945) *He joined the Communist Party for a brief time in the early 1930s

franklin Roosevelt

1933-1945, Democrat, "forgotten man," broke two term rule, platform - prohibition, help farmers, prevent fraud, balanced budget, decrease public spending, third election - two groups: "Defend America by Aiding the Allies" and "America First"

Lend-Lease Act

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Women suffrage

19th amendment Although women in the United States had been granted the right to run for political office since 1788, they were denied the right to vote. In 1893, New Zealand became the first country in the world to grant women the right to vote. Women in Europe and the United States had to wait till the 20th century for the right to vote.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Horatio Alger

19th-century American author, best known for his many formulaic juvenile novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

James Fenimore Cooper

1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

The rise of Indus Valley civilization

2500 BCE Based in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, this civilization developed a written language based on pictograms, an advanced architecture, and a complex religion

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

William Tecumseh Sherman

2nd most important Union General who introduced total war in "the march to the sea." He destroyed crops, towns, and farms everywhere he went.

The rise of Sumer

3000 BC The Sumerians developed what many believe to be the oldest writing system, cuneiform, consisting of wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets. Their civilization stretched from the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Persian Gulf.

Causes of Exploration

3 G's - gold, a desire for wealth; God - to spread Christianity; Glory - national competition

The Bronze Age

3000-2500 B.C.E. the period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze The Sumerians mixed copper and tin to create bronze tools, notably plows. gave way to the Iron Age, elites and political leaders often encouraged the worship of one god, while still permitting belief in more than one god. This trend towards monotheism helped unify small nation-states. The foremost example of this trend was the exclusive god of Israel, Yahweh, whose worship in the form of Judaism would eventually give rise to Christianity.

The unification of Egypt

3100 BCE The separate cultures of the lower and upper Nile were brought together by a king whom later historians identified as Menes, leading to a dynastic period that lasted almost 2,000 years.

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States , He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Old Copper Complex cultures

4000-1500 B.C.E. In the Great Lakes region Native North American cultures extracted copper from gravel beds and quarries for use in tools and weaponry and later, around 1500 BCE, for personal ornamentation. Copper was also traded for a variety of other materials. comprising societies which extracted copper for use in weaponry and ornament; the nomadic Hohokam in what is now Arizona; and the Norwood culture, noted for their fiber-based pottery, in what is now northern Florida.

Early settlements in the Middle East

4000-3500 B.C.E. Banding together for protection and to pool their food supplies, small farming settlements developed into growing urban centers in the Fertile Crescent region of the Tigris and Euphrates river valley in Asia Minor

The fall of Rome

476 A combination of over-expansion and a wave of invasions by aggressive Germanic tribes weakened Rome. Finally, a mercenary in the service of Rome, the German general Odoacer, deposed the Roman emperor in C.E. 476. This is considered the "official" date for Rome's collapse (although by this time Rome's decline had been taking place over hundreds of years) .when the German mercenary Odoacer deposed the emperor. Rome's decline came from within, from corrupt and incompetent emperors, and from without, under attack by Germanic tribes. Its empire finally became too far-flung. A religion that was on the rise as Rome fell was Christianity

League of the Iroquois

5 tribes join the most democratic nation of its time. Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. (1570) Six Native American tribes joined in a confederation known as the League of the Iriquois to peacefully resolve their border disputes and discuss problems; the League was essentially a confederation of sovereign Indian nations, and is considered by some scholars a model upon which the framers of the Constitution drew in establishing our government

Muhammad

570-632. Born in Mecca, died in Medina. Founder of Islam. Regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God. Teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book. Under this new religion, Arab tribes united most of the Arab peninsula. Muhammad's successors pursued conquest to the east as far as India and to the west as far as Spain, defeating the Persian empire and absorbing a majority of Byzantine provinces. Muslim scholars and innovators synthesized international technical and scientific developments, while Arabic mathematicians developed algebra. Muhammed was born in Mecca (located in present-day Saudi Arabia) around 570 C.E. Around the age of 40, he experienced revelations, or visions, that led to the founding of Islam; Islam's holy book, the Qur'an, collects the messages Muhammed received from this experience. Written in Arabic, the Qur'an emphasizes the Five Pillars of faith. These include believing that there is no God but Allah and that Muhammed is his prophet; praying to Allah five times daily; giving alms; fasting; and making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once.

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe This Frankish monarch unified provinces in Germany, France, northern Spain, and Italy; encouraged the formation of schools in churches and monasteries; preserved classical writings; and decreed that scholars make new and accurate copies of ancient Church manuscripts and Roman classics. He encouraged scholars to write in Latin, which helped unite all of Western Europe under a common set of ideas

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. was a German Catholic monk who believed that faith and not good works benefited the believer; when he nailed his 95 theses protesting the Catholic Church's selling of indulgences to the door of a church in Wittenberg, he sparked the Protestant Reformation, which split Christendom in two. His ideas found a sympathetic audience in northern Europe. Excommunicated by the pope in 1521, he continued to work on developing a new church, eventually known as the Lutheran Church.

Charlie Chaplin

A "silent comedian," this movie star continued to lengthen the silent film style and offer an alternative to the sound film with his trademark tattered suit, derby hat, and cane, playing the "little tramp" who made audiences laugh with his silent jokes.

Pontiac's War

A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

national debt

The amount of money a national government owes to other governments or its people

Lustitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by German submarine or you - boat on May 7, 1915

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Brigham Young

A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

George Washington Carver

A black chemist and director of agriculture at the Tuskegee Institute, where he invented many new uses for peanuts. He believed that education was the key to improving the social status of blacks.

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

Tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Fishbone Chart

A cause-and-effect diagram

Royal Colony

A colony controlled directly by the English king

Matthew Perry

A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

Equal Rights Amendment

A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Sphere of Influence

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

Republic

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Berlin Wall

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

Federal Trade Commission

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

Common Wealth of Nations

A group of countries, mostly former British colonies that now have independence under the symbolic protection of the British crown. The countries work together to promote better trade, health care, and education, etc. the successor to the British Empire, is a voluntary association of nations once governed by Great Britain as colonies.

Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia ended Mongol rule in China and reopened government to the Chinese. Under Ming rule, China began a policy of expansionism and sought to become a sea power, which brought great prosperity. This in turn made important new construction projects possible. In the later Ming period, a fear of new ideas encouraged isolationism and an increasingly distant and corrupt nobility led to the Mings' political downfall.

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

island hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

the rule of Saint benedict

A monk named Benedict founded a monastery at Monte Cassino, where he wrote his famous Rule setting forth guidelines for monastic life: monks should be celibate and lead simple lives; along with worship and prayer, work was to be an integral part of their lives. Benedict is considered the 'father' of Western monks. Christianity in Western Europe was largely influenced by the Benedictines.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s The profusion of new inventions and new work methods, and the speed with which they entered everyday life, had profound social implications for workers. Men turned from sheep-herding and farming to mining and factory work, and women turned from weaving and spinning to mill work—not always willingly. This period marked the shift from labor performed by humans and animals to work performed by machine power and from a mostly rural existence to an increasingly urban way of life. A new class of factory owners arose, as did a rising middle class and a new working class of industrial laborers, who demanded a voice in government.

Sharecropper

A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Speakeasy

A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during prohibition

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Expansionism

A policy that calls for expanding a nation's boundaries.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

Medicare

A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

sweatshop

A shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. When England's James II, a Catholic, attempted to consolidate royal power, Protestant leaders invited the king of Holland, William of Orange, to overthrow James. James fled to France. The throne passed, with no bloodshed, to William (who was married to James' Protestant daughter), upon the condition that William sign a Declaration of Rights stating that the king could not collect taxes or raise an army without Parliament's consent.

social reform

A reform movement is a kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society, rather than rapid or fundamental changes. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Nuremberg Trials

A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

The fall of Granada

A siege of Granada fought over months until the city's surrender. The last outpost of Islamic control and brought an end to 780 years of Islamic rule in Islamic Iberia. the last Muslim outpost in western Europe, Catholic forces successfully ousted its Muslim rulers. This completed the reconquista, the restoration of Catholic authority to Spain, and united the entire country under the rule of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. The 1492 Treaty of Granada, signed by Ferdinand and Isabella, provided guarantees of religious tolerance for Muslims who chose to stay in Spain, but seven years later the treaty was revoked by Church authorities

jazz

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

Glided Age

A term invented in the 1920s describing the late nineteenth century as a period of ostentatious displays of wealth, growing poverty, and government inaction in the face of income inequality. Commentators suggested that this era had been followed by a Progressive Era in which citizens mobilized for reform.

literacy test

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Golden Age of Athens

A time in a culture of high achievement in arts, literature, and science. Generally occurs in times of peace. Under Pericles, a series of government and financial restructurings made massive public works projects possible in Athens; democracy took root during these reforms, giving nearly one-third of the citizens access to democratic participation. Thinkers such as Socrates, Aristotle, Plato, and Herodotus, and playwrights such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes lived during this era. 450 BCE brief, lasting about half a century, between the end of the Persian Wars and the beginning of the Peloponnesian Wars. Rome was founded around 753 BCE. It began as a monarchy, became a republic, and ended as an empire.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany. he Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, sought to uproot Lutheranism from Germany, but was unsuccessful largely because the French and the Ottomans threatened his borders. Charles was forced into a treaty known as the Peace of Augsburg, which allowed local princes the right to choose whether their territories would be Catholic or Lutheran. Dissenters were allowed to emigrate. The treaty excluded Calvinists and Anabaptists.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

A well-known case in which two Italian-American anarchists were found guilty and executed for a crime in which there was very little evidence linking them to the particular crime.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

states' rights

According to the compact theory of the Union the states retained all powers not specifically delegated to the central government by the Constitution.

Nazis

Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Balfour Declaration

After British victories in the Middle East, Arthur Balfour, the British Foreign Minister, wrote a letter calling for a Jewish national home in Palestine. This declaration indicated Great Britain's favorable attitude toward establishing the state of Israel (which did not occur until after World War II, in 1948)

Brazil

After Columbus claimed the West Indies for Spain in 1492, a papal bull decreed that lands discovered 100 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Spain, while lands discovered east of that demarcation would belong to Portugal. This delimitation angered Portugal. In 1494, the two countries signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which set the demarcation 270 leagues farther to the west. This effectively gave control of Brazil and the Indian Ocean to Portugal, and in 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered and claimed Brazil for Portugal. Spain went on to claim South American territories west of the line.

Weimar Republic

After World War I, elections took place in Germany to establish a democratic republic with a constitution. Its governing body, the National Assembly, met in Weimar, presiding over a country wracked by inflation and split by political dissension. As the Weimar government faltered, Adolf Hitler's National Socialist (Nazi) Party rose to prominence.

Mussolini

After World War I, war debt and a much-reduced workforce factored into rising economic and social stress in Italy. In 1914, a young journalist, Benito Mussolini, had founded a new fascist party. By 1922, his political power was such that he cabled King Vittorio Emmanuele II demanding to be made Prime Minister. The king and the social democratic government acceded, and on October 31, Mussolini became Italy's youngest prime minister. By combining propaganda, nationalist fervor, and force, he established a fascist dictatorship nearly a decade before Hitler's rise to power. In World War II, Italy allied itself with Germany, becoming one of the Axis powers.

Republic of China

After the Boxer Rebellion's failure, China drew closer to revolution. Sun Yat-Sen, a republican leader in exile, founded the United League, dedicated to ending both Manchu and foreign rule. Revolution broke out on October 10, 1911, and by late November, 15 of 24 Chinese provinces had proclaimed their independence. In 1912, the child emperor Puyi abdicated. To avoid conflict, Sun agreed to the demands of Yuan Shikai, the commander of the imperial army, to unite China under Yuan's leadership; Yuan was sworn in as the first provisional president of the Republic of China.

Spanish-American War

Against the background of a Cuban independence movement and pressure to protect American interests in Cuba, Congress passed a resolution proclaiming Cuba "free and independent" of Spanish rule. Shortly thereafter, on April 25, war was formally declared between Spain and the United States. In the war's first engagement, in the Phillippines, the Spanish squadron was defeated within six hours. During the course of the war, the U.S. annexed Hawaii. By July the Spanish had surrendered. At the December 12 signing of the peace treaty, Spain renounced possession of Cuba, granting its independence, and ceded Guam and Puerto Rico and sold the Phillipines to the U.S.

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

19th amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Roger Sherman

American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (1721-1793)

Fredrick Douglas

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published the autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

John Philip Sousa

American bandmaster and composer who wrote comic operas and marches such as Stars and Stripes Forever (1897).

Liberty Bonds

American citizens were lending money to the government to pay for the war.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Patriots

American colonists who fought for independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War

loyalist

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Thomas Edison

American inventor Thomas Edison developed the first practical lightbulb. Electric light eliminated the need for using gas or burning coal or wood to generate light, and enabled Edison to invent systems for commercial electricity. His Edison General Electric Company became today's General Electric.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

John C. Fremont

American military officer, explorer, the 1st candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the US & 1st presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery; founded & explored CA in preceding decades; "Pathfinder"- mapped Oregon Trail; 1845 report on explorations encouraged westward movement

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. The Portuguese navigator Christopher Columbus was seeking an overseas western passage to Asia in his 1492 voyage to the Americas, sponsored by Spain's Ferdinand and Isabella. In all, Columbus made four voyages to the New World, exploring the Caribbean islands and opening the door to further European exploration and colonization of North and South America.

free enterprise system

An economic system in which individuals depend on supply and demand and the profit margin to determine what to produce, how to produce, how much to produce, and for whom to produce. The quest for improvement financially and materially motivates consumers and producers.

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

Human Genome Project

An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome. . This was a project that "revealed a total of 3.12 billion base pairs in the human genome" (Bennett, 2000, para.3), and one that would not have been possible without supercomputers "capable of performing more than 250 billion sequence comparisons per hour" (Bennett, para. 5). Along with the potential benefits of this project come privacy concerns, the question of investment and gene-patenting, and the social effects of human engineering.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

primary source

An original document containing the observations, ideas, and conclusions of an individual. It is a firsthand account presented by someone present or actively participating in the event. Examples include manuscripts, photographs, oral histories, and personal journals. Identify the source of the account. Who created it? When and why? Decide if he or she has firsthand knowledge of the event. Judge how reliable the source is. Look for evidence of bias. Recognize how emotions, points of view, and opinions affect the telling of the story. Does the document contain emotionally charged words? Determine which words indicate facts. What's the main idea? Separate facts from opinions. Are there enough facts to make the speaker reliable?

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Bataan Death March

April 1942, American soldiers were forced to march 65 miles to prison camps by their Japanese captors. It is called the Death March because so may of the prisoners died en route.

Gothic Architecture

Architecture of the twelfth-century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires, and pointed arches One of the most dramatic expressions of faith during the medieval era came via architecture. In the high Middle Ages, new architectural techniques such as flying buttresses allowed the construction of soaring ceilings and tall windows that filled the new Gothic cathedrals with light. Pointed arches and slender columns characterized the style.

Domion of Canada

As England's other colonial possessions moved toward independence, Canada took a major step toward self-rule with the British North American Act of 1867. Canada became a Dominion with four provinces (other provinces joined later). Each province was to have a seat of government, a law-making body, and a representative to the British Crown. The act also established a bicameral federal government, with a governor-general representing the Crown. Canada's example was later followed by Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, and Pakistan.

Russian Revolution

As World War I raged, internal stresses in Russia intensified. The Duma appointed a government without tsarist approval, and in March 1917, Nicholas II abdicated. In October 1917, the Bolsheviks, a radical party led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power from the existing government. (In 1918, Nicholas and his family were murdered on Lenin's orders.) Lenin eradicated the traditional class system and established the Communist Party, which controlled all production, ownership, and political life in Russia and the future Soviet Union.

Latin America Nationalism

As cities and industries grew, the political leadership in Latin America countries tended to support urban workers instead of the landed elite. Latin American nations sought to limit outside intervention, especially that of the United States

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

The Fall of Bismarck

At odds over German domestic policy, Kaiser Wilhelm II and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck were engaged in a power struggle which ended when the Kaiser accepted Bismarck's resignation. Many believed that the Kaiser's dismissal of Bismarck left no one to prevent the foreign policy blunders that precipitated German involvement in World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

At the end of World War I, France, Great Britain, and the United States brokered this treaty, in which Germany lost much of its land and all its overseas colonies, and was required to reduce its military. The treaty's Clause 231 required Germany to admit responsibility for starting the war and pay heavy reparations to France and Belgium. Other treaties were signed at this time, in which Austria-Hungary was divided into two nations, and Bulgaria ceded lands to Yugoslavia. The terms of the treaty angered Germans.

Taika Reforms

Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army. In Japan, pro-Chinese nobles sought to centralize the government and bring about reforms to allow officials to advance based upon merit; their reforms divided Japan into easier-to- manage provinces.

Victory in Japan

August 15, 1945, marked the unconditional surrender of Japanese forces. President Harry Truman had dropped two atomic bombs, the first on Hiroshima and the second on Nagasaki, before the Japanese surrendered.

Alexander the Great

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. At the age of 20 Alexander became the ruler of Macedonia and Greece. At the head of a large army combining Greek and Macedonian forces, he crossed to Asia Minor and conquered Persia, Egypt, the Tigris-Euphrates, and eventually the Indus river basin. He died at the age of 33. His conquests helped to introduce eastern ideas to the west, and vice versa.

Norse Expeditions

Between 800 and 1000 CE, seafaring warriors from what we now think of as Scandinavia—Denmark, Norway, and Sweden—expanded into the North Atlantic, in a possible attempt to escape population pressures in their homelands. These were the Norse ("Northerners"), or Vikings. Fully occupying Iceland by 930 CE, from there they founded settlements around the year 985 in Greenland, a colony that lasted almost 500 years. Around 1000, these colonists began to explore North America, landing at the northern tip of Newfoundland and possibly even as far south as present-day New York. Newfoundland's L'Anse aux Meadows is the only authenticated Norse site, probably a place for ships to overwinter, where the outlines of a longhouse and several workshops remain

Hiram Revels

Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

Zora Neale Hurston

Black writer who wanted to save African American folklore. She traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners. Her book was called Mules and Men.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Alexander Graham Bell

Born in Scotland, brought up in Canada, settled in Boston. In 1876, he invented an "electrical speech machine"—the first telephone—which made voice transmission over electric wires possible.

Stonewall Jackson

Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

sea level rise

Causes erosion of shorelines and rainforests, flooding of wetlands that house freshwater ecosystems. Caused by global climate changes that is melting sea ice

Aztec Empire

Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. By the 1400s, by virtue of their conquests, the Aztec ruled more than five million people in what is now southern Mexico. Their achievements in architecture and mathematics rivaled those of Europe. In the 1521, Hernando Cortez conquered their capital city of Tenochtitlan with the help of dissatisfied subjects of the Aztec.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

climate change

Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place" Two major factors in climate change are consumerism and industrialization in the developed world. This has led to dangerously high levels of carbon dioxide emissions, which are implicated in climate change and sea level rise.

Sequoyah

Cherokee who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843)

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

John J. Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace

Settlement Houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Battle of Shiloh

Confederate forces surprised union troops & drove them across the Tennesee river; union got back up and won the battle but it was one of the most bloody battles in the civil war

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Protectorate

Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power

John Jacob Astor

Created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company. He bought skins from western fur traders and trappers who became known as mountain men. Astoria was named after him.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Bear Flag Republic

Declaring independence from Mexican control, this republic was declared in 1846 by American settlers living in California; this political act was part of a larger American political and military strategy to wrest Texas and California from Mexico.

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

Wilmot Proviso

Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Morse Code

During the decade of the 1830s, the American inventor Samuel Morse developed a relay system of electric telegraph wires for sending messages and invented a language of dots and dashes—Morse Code—that could transmit over the system.

Munich Pact

Earlier in 1938, Hitler had merged Germany with Austria, in what was known as the Anschluss. He then turned to the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, claiming oppression of Germans there. Czech allies France and England advanced the policy of appeasing Hitler's appetite for expansion by giving him control of northern Czechoslovakia. The Munich Pact, which was supposed to stop German expansion to the east, permitted immediate occupation by German troops. The next year, Hitler invaded Poland, Czechoslovakia's next-door neighbor.

Adolf Hitler

Effects in Germany of the Great Depression and the resulting political turmoil aided Adolf Hitler's rise to power. In the early 1930s, the Nazi Party made steady gains in the ever-shifting German parliament, and in 1933, Hitler was elected Chancellor. Shortly after purging his Party of any rivals, he began a military buildup and enacted the anti-Jewish Nuremburg Laws, setting up a network of concentration camps. His Gestapo police suppressed any dissent. Hitler's first move in expanding Germany's borders was to send troops to the demilitarized Rhineland in 1936, in defiance of the Versailles Treaty

Republic of Rome

Elected leaders, 12 tables of law, goddess of justice After overthrowing the Etruscan monarchy, the Romans established a government where patricians, or aristocrats, shared power with citizens who could vote; executive and legislative assemblies were established to set policy. 509-513 BCE

End of Tudor Dynasty

Elizabeth was the last Tudor monarch Raised her cousin's son, James Stuart, as a Protestant James Stuart was the King of Scotland; when Elizabeth died, he became also the King of England (James I, founding the Stuart Dynasty). After Elizabeth I died without a husband or heir, England's throne passed to the Stuart line under James VI of Scotland; this united England and Scotland under a common leader. However, the spendthrift James was an unpopular monarch, whose high-handed belief in the divine right of kings alienated his subjects. By the time of his death in 1625, he had badly damaged the prestige of the Crown.

Song Dynasty

Empire in southern China (1127-1279) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. Previous to this dynasty, China had fallen into the hands of military warlords. Reform-minded Chinese leaders established the Song dynasty. The era was noted for the inventions of gunpowder and the compass, and saw the rise of a merchant middle class. It was a time of peaceful prosperity; military spending was channeled to public works and public schooling.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic marked the end of the Thirty Years War, fought between Catholic and Protestant princes in Germany. The treaty divided the Hapsburg Empire into 300 principalities, ending any dreams of a united Germany. After the treaty was signed, France became the dominant power in Europe.

proprietary colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Partition of Russia

European countries had been exploring and colonizing Africa for hundreds of years, but with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, these activities intensified. Most of the major western European countries (Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Holland, and Spain) met in Berlin in 1884 to discuss dividing the African continent into colonies or "spheres of influence" from which to harvest raw materials for industry. This resulted in tremendous wealth for Europe, but exploitation and misery for divided Africa.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Britain invades Egypt

Facing financial problems, the khedive of Egypt, Ismail, sold his 44 percent share of stock in the Suez Canal to Great Britain, putting the Canal under British control. As Egypt's economy fell increasingly into foreign hands, the "Egypt for the Egyptians!" movement gained support. After riots broke out in Alexandria, the British bombarded the city. In response, the leader of the movement, Ahmad Urahbi, declared war on Great Britain, but was crushingly defeated at the Battle of Tel al-Kabir. Decades of indirect British rule followed, along with a growing Egyptian nationalist movement.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Final Solution

Final solution of the Jewish question-murder of every single Jew-had begun-mass arresting, and trafficking of Jews to the concentration camps-mass killings occurred as well in the gas chambers

Fall of Constantinople

Finally overcome by the Ottoman turks in 1453 after constant attack by Germanic/European tribes, Persians and Muslims A combined force of Ottoman and Anatolian Turks, outnumbering Byzantine forces defending Constantinople by 10 to one, conquered the heavily fortified city, and re-named it "Istanbul."

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

St. Augustine

First spanish settlement. Florida 1565 Pedro Mendez

Wright Brothers

First to achieve a sustained, controlled flight in a powered airplane

Darby

First to use coal instead of charcoal Using coal to smelt iron was cheaper and more efficient than previous methods of iron-making; Darby's smelting process helped make coal and iron, both of which England had in abundance, the principal raw materials of the Industrial Age.

Age of Caudillos

Following independence, many Latin American economies collapsed. The void left by the overthrow of colonial rule was filled by the caudillos, so-called "strong men" or military dictators, many of whom had been leaders in the independence movements in their nations. The caudillos often controlled local militias and consolidated their power by force.

Italian Unification

For most of its history since the fall of Rome, Italy had been carved into small city-states and kingdoms. Trade problems, outside threats, and internal revolutions led to a series of unification efforts; the success of these efforts resulted in a new constitutional monarchy under Victor Emmanuel II in 1861.

Seminole War

For seven years the Seminole Indians, joined by runaway black slaves, waged a bitter guerrilla war that took the lives of some fifteen hundred. Their spirit was broken in 1837, when the American field commander treacherously seized their leader, Osceola, under the flag of truce. The war dragged on for 5 more years, but the Seminole were defeated.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966, called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Siddhartha Gautama

Founder of Buddhism Born into a life of luxury, this Indian prince left home and threw away his fortune to seek the truth. As the Buddha, he created a new philosophy and founded a religion; his followers became missionaries and the religion took firm root in east Asia. 500 BCE

increase in slave trade

From the mid-15th century to the end of the 19th century, the transatlantic slave trade forced between 12 to 15 million people from their homes in Africa. Demand for slave labor increased along with demand for the sugar, coffee, cotton, tobacco, rice, indigo, and cacao the colonies produced. Direct European involvement in production of these goods (which eventually accounted for a third of the value of European commerce) meant that the Americas were Europe's most convenient source for them. The slave trade played a key role in the economic development of Britain, the U.S., and major European countries. That the early Industrial Revolution took the shape it did was in large part thanks to technologies developed for the textile industry, dependent on raw cotton produced by slave labor.

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

General Andrew Jackson

General from Tennesee, won a series of battles that gained him fame, Federalist and aid to washington, deals with nations finances, combines states debts to make national debt

Communist Manifesto

German political theorist Karl Marx proposed that factory owners, whom he called capitalists, exploited the labor of the working class; he believed in an inevitable revolution in which workers would gain control of industrial factories and businesses; private ownership and exploitation would disappear, bringing equality and fulfillment in a classless society. The ideas Marx had briefly set forth in the earlier Communist Manifesto were developed more thoroughly in his monumental three-volume Das Kapital, a critique of capitalism.

U-boats

German submarines used in World War I

Axis

Germany, Italy, Japan

Emma Lazarus

Granddaughter of German Jews; wrote "The New Colossus"; wanted immigrants to come to America; glad to accept them and welcome them into the country

Greek Independence

Greece won independence from Turks with help from Great Britain, France and Russia Since the capture of Constantinople in 1453, Greece had been subject to Ottoman rule, but in 1821, a nationalist uprising supported by England, France, and Russia secured Greek independence. Turkey did not recognize Greece's independence until 1829.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Joseph Pulitzer

He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.

Tsar Alexander II

He was a Russian Tsar who attempted reform ("Emancipator") but his appeasement (emancipation of serfs and the establishment of Zemstvos) led to his assassination by the People's Will wide-sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing Russia took place: emancipation of the serfs, an expanded educational system, introduction of trial juries into the legal system, and mandatory conscription for military service.

George McClellan

He was a Union general that was in charge during the beginning of the war. He defeated Lee, at Antietam, securing a much needed Union victory.

J. Pierpont Morgan

He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Taiping Rebellion

Hung Hsiu-ch'üan was a scholar who, in combining his personal interpretation of Christianity with traditional Chinese values, started a movement in southern China to create a new society based on equality and shared property. Famine and drought may have been factors driving followers to Hung's movement. The Taiping Rebellion, sparked when the Manchu government began a campaign of systematic harassment, lasted from the late 1840s to 1864, during which an estimated 20 million people died, including Hung himself.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

New France

In 1497, John Cabot and his crew, who had been authorized to sail by the British crown, may have been the first Europeans to see northeastern coast of North America since the Norse presence around 1000 CE. In 1534, Jacques Cartier reached the Gulf of St. Lawrence and claimed the surrounding land for France. This territory became known as New France. Returning in 1535, Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River to a location that became the city of Québec. In 1608, Samuel de Champlain established a trading base at Québec. From here, he continued to make inland expeditions, reaching Lake Huron in the Great Lakes and expanding New France's territories. Although France ceded Canada to Britain at the end of the Seven Year's War in 1763, France's New World colonial presence lasted till the early 19th century, when the United States made the Louisiana Purchase.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Gramme

In 1869, Zenobe Theophile Gramme, a Belgian inventor, designed the direct-current dynamo (a generator using electromagnets). In 1873, Gramme showed that his dynamo could run in reverse and act as a motor. This set the stage for the development of commercial electric power.

NACCP

In 1909, a group of blacks led by W.E.B. Du Bois formed the national association of the advancement of colored people. The NACCP called for an end to racial discrimination, attacked Jim Crow laws, and fought to overturn the 1986 Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. Led by middle class blacks, the NAACP continues to advocate integration and equal treatment for American blacks.

Gandhi Salt March

In 1930, India's Mohandas Gandhi began a campaign of civil disobedience towards British rule. Focusing on the Salt Act, which required Indians to buy salt from the colonial government, Gandhi led a march to the sea, where Indians would collect their own salt. Thousands joined the march, and the British launched reprisals. As world opinion began to align with Gandhi, representatives of the Crown met with him in 1931. They agreed to withdraw oppressive laws and not to prosecute protestors. Indian independence, achieved in 1947, was greatly spurred by the 1930 resistance.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Philippines (Spain)

In March 1521, Ferdinand Magellan reached the Philippines and claimed the islands for Spain. A little over a month later, he was killed in a local conflict, while the crew he had captained sailed on to make the first successful circumnavigation of the globe. The first permanent Spanish settlement in the Philippines was established in 1565, giving Spain access to China and Japan, as well a share in spice production and trade. Spanish rule of the Philippines lasted 333 years, until the conclusion of the Spanish-American War in 1898, when Spain ceded control of the islands to the United States.

Liberation of Latin America

In March 1808 Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain with more than 100,000 troops, with the aim of controlling all of the Iberian peninsula. After capturing Madrid, Bonaparte replaced the Spanish king, Charles IV, with his own brother, Joseph. This move was met with insurrection and a period of instability that led Spanish colonies overseas to seize their chance for independence. Simon Bolivar led Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia to independence. Benito Juarez helped make Mexico a constitutional democracy. Jose Marti became the head of the Cuban Revolutionary party

Nuremberg Law

In Nazi Germany, these laws placed heavy restrictions on the lives of Jews. Jews were excluded from German citizenship, universities, and state employment, and were forbidden to marry outside of their religion. In public, they were forced to wear the yellow Star of David identifying them as Jewish. Jewish businesses were officially boycotted. After the laws were passed, violence against Jews intensified, as on Kristallnacht ("the night of broken glass") in 1938, when Nazis destroyed Jewish shops and synagogues.

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Stephenson Rocket

In the Rainhill Trials, the Rocket, the first working steam-powered locomotive, designed by the English inventor George Stephenson, reached speeds of up to 24 miles per hour. The trials were held by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company in order to find the best locomotive to run on a track between the cities of Liverpool and Manchester. Due to its multi-tube boiler which generated more steam and thus greater speed, the Rocket won

Long March

In the late 1920s, Mao Tse-tung built up the Communist Red Army. Soon after, Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists began a campaign against Mao's army. In 1934, Nationalist troops forced the Communists to flee. The Long March had started. Mao led some 80,000 Communist fighters on a 6,000-mile-long retreat. Despite the 10 percent survival rate of his men, Mao had cemented his position as the foremost Communist leader by virtue of his leadership.

Silla Kingdom

Independent Korean kingdom in the southeast part of the peninsulal defeated Koguryo with the help of their chinese Tang allies; sumbitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; united Korea by 668. The peoples of the Korean peninsula were united during this period. Silla culture borrowed heavily from the Chinese; Confuciunism was a strong influence.

secondary source

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event based on information that has originally been presented before, usually in a primary source. This information is not based on first-hand experience. For example, a history written in the 1800s can provide evidence of the worldview of that period.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Whitney Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields Before American inventor Eli Whitney devised the cotton gin, a skilled worker could remove the seeds from six pounds of cotton per day; Whitney's gin was 50 times faster. This efficiency doubled the yields of raw cotton and increased the demand for land in the southern United States to grow cotton and for slaves to pick the crop.

The Mongol conquest of Russia

Isolate Russia from Western Europe Russian peasants became serfs Moscow prospered These invaders from central Asia captured the Russian capital of Kiev; after establishing control, the Mongols allowed Russians to practice Christianity and govern themselves. During this period, Russians developed a sense of being one people; however, they remained isolated from the rest of the world.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Islam

Its founder, Muhammed, was born in Mecca (located in present-day Saudi Arabia) around 570 C.E. Around the age of 40, he experienced revelations, or visions, that led to the founding of Islam; Islam's holy book, the Koran, collects the messages Muhammed received from this experience. Written in Arabic, the Koran emphasizes the Five Pillars of faith. These include believing that there is no God but Allah and that Muhammed is his prophet; praying to Allah five times daily; giving alms; fasting; and making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once.

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Meiji Japan

Japan grappled with an unequal balance of power with the West. Sweeping changes were enacted to address this imbalance. The government underwent democratic reforms, strictures on religion were lifted, the educational system was realigned, and compulsory education was enacted. In an effort to transform an agrarian economy to an industrial one, some Japanese went west to study science, and foreign experts were invited to teach in Japan. Japan's military was redesigned on western models, and compulsory conscription was introduced.

Institues of the Christian Religion

John Calvin's seminal work on the Protestant theology. As did Luther, Calvin criticized the deficiencies of the papacy and the Catholic Church. The work also embodies Luther's idea of justification by faith alone. The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith. Calvin particularly emphasized some of main doctrines of Calvinism, such as God's total sovereignty and predestination.

Stalin

Joseph Stalin became Secretary General of the Soviet Union's Communist Party through ruthless infighting. Once in control, he accelerated industrial productivity in a series of Five-Year Plans; collectivized Soviet agriculture, killing about 14 million as farm yields dropped and famine struck; and rearmed the Soviet military. He instituted a policy of coercion and terror based on the Cheka, the Soviet secret police, and the Gulag, a network of state concentration camps. He ruled the U.S.S.R. until his death in 1953.

Battle of San Juan Hill

July 1, 1898-One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt, the Rough Riders and Pershing's Buffalo Soldiers defeated Spanish on Kettle and San Juan Hill.

Battle of Bull Run

July 21, 1861. Va. (outside of D.C.) People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Battle of Stalingrad

Known as the bloodiest battle in history, with one million casualties, Stalingrad was a turning point in the war. German forces reached Stalingrad in the summer of 1942. Although they captured much of the city, they became bogged down as fighting continued into winter. Badly outnumbered and hampered by snow and ice, the Germans surrendered on February 2, 1943. This was an important victory for the Allies psychologically: the formidable Nazi war machine had begun to crack.

Southeast Asia

Large islands, sometimes visible from one another, created a sort of "voyaging corridor" from the tip of mainland Asia to Near Oceania's Solomon Islands. Alternating trade winds and monsoons eased the difficulty of traveling and the similarity of food types on the islands (seafood and native plants) aided both expeditions and eventual settlement. Around 25,000 years ago, at the end of this first wave of migration in the Pacific, a daring age of seafaring began as explorers and colonists ventured into remote ocean reaches, from Melanesia to Fiji to West Polynesia and finally to East Polynesia's most distant islands, such as Hawaii and Easter Island.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Toltec Empire

Lasted until 1150; Destroyed by nomadic invaders; centre of population shifted to Valley of Mexico established their central city, Tula, in central Mexico; they were a militaristic culture and eventually controlled most of Mexico, Guatemala, and as far south as the Yucatan Peninsula, which had previously been Mayan territories. They established an extensive trade network. Like the Mayans, the Toltecs built their temples in the form of step pyramids.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

League of Women Voters

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa. captured Constantinople and renamed it "Istanbul," the emperor Suleyman made the city the center of Islamic civilization, enriching it with palaces and mosques of high technical brilliance. Istanbul became a center of Islamic poetry, philosophy, art, and music.

Revolutionary Era

Maturing colonial economies, increasing tensions with England, independence and war, creating a new government

Victory in Europe

May 8, 1945 marked the unconditional surrender of German forces to the Allies. This was the end of World War II in Europe.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Troppau

Meeting in 1820 of the Concert of Europe to quell revolutions in Italy and Spain against the restoration of Habsburg monarchs by the Congress of Vienna restated the goals of the Congress of Vienna. Focusing on peace and stability, the Protocol stipulated that states which experienced a revolution would cease to be members of the Alliance. The Protocol was signed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria; England refused to sign. Due to its anti-revolution clause, it was later used as a justification for intervening in Spanish and Italian uprisings.

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Most epic naval turnaround in history. Spain's large ships could not land troops on English shores. Swifter English and Dutch ships outmaneuvered Spain. In an attempt to reduce attacks of English privateers on Spanish ships and undermine Queen Elizabeth's policies, Spain's Phillip II sent 130 ships and 33,000 men to invade England. The English repulsed this attack with their faster, more maneuverable ships which had cannons with a longer range. The Armada's defeat is considered the beginning of the end of Spain's primacy on the world's stage.

William Tweed

N.Y. political boss (did not hold a political office) controlled the Democratic political machine known as Tammany Hall; Stole $200 million form New York City

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher

collective bargaining

Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.

New Lanark

New Lanark was a model village built by Scottish cloth merchant David Dale around his new mill factories that used the new water frame to drive hundreds of spinning machines (as opposed to single looms operated by individual families). Use of the water frame turned cloth manufacturing from a cottage industry to an industrial process. New Lanark's mills made good profits. Dale's son-in-law, Robert Owen, expanded his father-in-law's work by putting into practice the then-revolutionary idea that children should not work before age 10 and establishing a school to educate them. New Lanark was one of the earliest experiments in improving laborers' housing and working conditions.

Lone Star Republic

Nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

Cesar Chavez

Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

Franco-Prussian War

Objecting to a German prince's candidacy for the Spanish throne, France declared war on Prussia. In six months, the combined armies of Prussia and the German states defeated the French on their home territory of northern France. When France's Emperor Napoleon III was captured, a bloodless revolution occurred, and France (once again) became a republic. Toward the close of the war the German states unified under Prussia's king, thus founding the German Empire. German unification was largely due to Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Other European states were made uneasy by the new, powerful Germany; this unease was a factor in World Wars I and II.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

United Nation

On April 25, 1945, 50 nations met in San Francisco to draft a charter for the United Nations, an organization dedicated to international policy, resolution of international disputes, and overseeing the global fight against poverty, ignorance, and disease.

Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941, in an attempt to neutralize American sea power in the Pacific, Japan carried out a sneak aerial attack on the United States Navy Base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack killed 2,403, of whom 68 were civilians, and wounded 1,178. Twenty-one ships of the US Pacific fleet were sunk or damaged. In the next few days, America entered World War II, declaring war on Japan on December 8, and on Germany on December 11.

Normandy Invasion

On June 6, 1944, Allied forces under the command of U.S. Army General Dwight Eisenhower invaded a 60-mile stretch of French shoreline in Normandy and opened a western front against the German occupation of Europe. D-Day involved the largest amphibious assault ever launched.

W.E.B. DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Originally proposed as a treaty outlawing war between France and the United States, the Kellogg-Briand Pact (also known as the Pact of Paris) generally outlawed war. Signed by 15 nations, it was eventually ratified by 62 nations, but it provided no enforcement measures and was meaningless in practice. The pact did not prevent undeclared wars on the part of Japan, Italy, and Germany in the 1930s, for example.

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

civil war

Political and economic differences between the industrial North and the agrarian South eventually led to war between the two regions. Whether new states admitted to the union would permit slavery was one issue that brought the nation to war; whether government would grow more centralized or whether more power would be granted to the states was another. In 1861, delegates from southern states which had seceded formed the Confederate States of America. In April 1861, U.S. president Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers. With the war underway, both sides suffered heavy losses. At Gettysburg, in July 1863, Union troops turned back the CSA advance. Also in 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that all slaves in seceded states were free, and delivered the Gettysburg Address, restating the national principle that all men are created equal. In 1864, Union General William T. Sherman led troops in a destructive march across Georgia and South Carolina to hasten the end of the war, causing much bitterness in the South. In January 1865, Congress passed the 13th amendment, ending slavery; in April, CSA General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, and Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.

West Africa Portugal

Portugal made early advances in voyaging due to a longstanding maritime culture and a stable monarchy, as well as the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460). Although Prince Henry did not accompany his ships, he was nevertheless the guiding spirit behind early European exploration of West Africa. Portuguese ships sailed farther and farther down the African coast until in 1488 Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached the Indian Ocean. As exploration continued, Portuguese sailors brought back African captives to Lisbon. Portugal dominated the African slave trade for much of the 16th century, extending it to their colony of Brazil. The Portuguese Crown claimed much of the West African coast.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese navigator who left Spain with 270 men on five ships to establish a western passage to Asia. Although Magellan was killed in the Philippines, 18 survivors of the expedition returned to Seville in their ship, having made the world's first circumnavigation of the globe.

Warren G. Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Emily Dickinson

Reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Fulton (Clermont)

Robert Fulton, an American painter turned inventor, designed the first successful steam boat, the Clermont. As steam technology advanced, steam-powered ships, faster than sailing ships, became common. They were limited by the amount of coal needed to fuel their engines.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture. The Kingdom of Mali was established after the fall of the Ghana's empire in West Africa; its capital of Timbuktu on the Niger River became an important center of Muslim trade and learning. Mansa Moussa, Mali's greatest ruler, traded in gold for any books he could acquire and built one of the world's largest libraries. By the end of his reign, scholars were setting up universities in Timbuktu. Scroll down to "A Golden Pilgrimage".

American Spain

Sailing from Spain on August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus and his crew caught sight of an island he called San Salvador (now called Watling Island, in the Bahamas), on October 12. He believed he had reached Asia. Later that month, Columbus sighted Cuba and in December he discovered Hispaniola (the island that now comprises Haiti and the Dominican Republic). On a second voyage he landed on the islands of Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Antigua. The closest he came to "America" was Puerto Rico. On the same voyage, he sighted Jamaica and surveyed the Cuban coast. On his third voyage to the New World, he landed on Trinidad and sighted Venezuela. On his fourth and final voyage, he sailed past Honduras, searched the Central American coast for a westward passage, and landed on Panama and Jamaica. Columbus's discovery began an exchange—of ideas, populations, food crops, and disease—that in its consequence still reverberates today.

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Russo-Japanese War

Seeking to increase its empire, Russia invaded Manchuria and Korea. Japan, considering these areas under its sphere of influence, retaliated by attacking Russian fleets and ports along the Pacific and winning the war's decisive engagement, a naval battle at Tsushima. Russia, defeated and wracked by political unrest, signed the Treaty of Portsmouth, restoring Manchuria to China and recognizing Japan's control of Korea.

Osceola

Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s. He died under suspicious circumstances after being tricked into surrendering (1837).

Daniel Webster

Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

October Manifesto

Shortly after the Russo-Japanese War, Tsarist troops killed or injured more than 1,000 protestors in St. Petersburg. As unrest continued, Tsar Nicholas II unwillingly signed the October Manifesto, which in theory granted basic civil rights, expanding the right to vote and allowing formation of political parties. It also established the Duma, previously a consultative body, as the central legislative body. However, in 1906, the Tsar dissolved the first Duma, and social conditions remained the same until World War I and the 1917 Revolution.

poll taxes

Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. Poll taxes were declared void by the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964.

Spanish Civil War

Spain experienced extreme divisions between its right and left political wings in the 1930s. At the outset of the war, Spain was a republic; by the war's end, it was a dictatorship. The country was split into the Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, and the Loyalists, who supported the democratically elected republic. Franco received support and troops from the Nazis, who saw an opportunity to test new battle tactics and equipment. Franco emerged victorious; Spain lay in ruins.

Hernado Cortes

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the King of Castile, in the early 16th century. Sailing from the Spanish possession of Cuba to Mexico, Hernando Cortes reached Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) and used his superior firepower to overthrow the Aztec empire and plunder much of its wealth for personal gain and the enrichment of Spain's treasury.

Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form author of Don Quixote, which some critics consider the greatest novel ever written. It has been interpreted as a satire on chivalry and romance, as a meditation on the contrast between reality and illusion, or as a criticism of the Catholic Church or Spanish politics

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

Rise of Abbasid

The Abbasids were an Islamic dynasty that united Persia and Arabia; their capital at Baghdad grew to a population of 1.5 million. Unlike previous Muslim rulers, Abbasid rulers encouraged Muslims of all nationalities to participate in government. The Abbasids established permanent borders, leading to an era of peace; increased trade and public works; and encouraged study in both Eastern and Western traditions.

Ancient Pueblo

The Ancient Pueblo civilization was located in what is now known as the Four Corners area (southern Utah, northern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southern Colorado). Notable features of their civilization were cliff dwellings, pottery, petroglyphs and pictographs, and a road system that may have combined economic and religious purposes. 1200 BCE The Pueblo were noted for their cliff dwellings and pit houses sheltering hundreds to thousands of people, often situated around planned community spaces.

Aryan

The Aryans were warrior-shepherds of central Asia who spoke Sanskrit, an Indo-European language. They invaded the Indus Valley (in present-day Pakistan) and enslaved or pushed out Indus natives. Their strict social hierarchy led to a caste system; their religion slowly evolved into Hinduism 1200 BCE

Impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Haitian Independence

The French possession of Haiti, then known as San Domingue, was a rich colony with an agricultural economy based on slavery. In 1791, a slave revolt became a revolution; Toussaint L'Ouverture, a former slave, became its leader. By 1800, Toussaint had become governor-general of San Domingue. In 1801, he set forth a new constitution abolishing slavery, but professing loyalty to France. Angered that France's approval had not been sought, Napoleon Bonaparte, then First Consul, sent troops. By subterfuge, Toussaint was captured and sent into exile in France, where he died in 1803. Incensed, Haitians intensified their fight, and on January 1, 1804, Haiti declared its independence, becoming the second republic in the Americas.

Cattle Kingdom

The Great Plains from Texas to Canada where many ranchers raised cattle in the late 1800's

Battle of Chancellorsville

The Union was defeated again with the Confederacy being led by Robert E. Lee. General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was accidentally wounded here by one of his own men.

Battle of Fredericksburg

The Union, led by Major General Ambrose Burnside, was defeated and lost 12,000 men. General Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, was the Confederate general who led in the defeat.

Work Progress Administration

The WPA gave people jobs to help build roads, bridges, dams, airports, surge treatment plants, hospitals, medical clinics, and schools. In addition, artists, sculptors, musicians and actors were employed.

Freedman Bureau

The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.

Black Death

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. was a form of the bubonic plague transmitted by fleas that infested rats which carried the disease. The plague spread from the Black Sea region southwest to the British Isles, killing about one-fourth of thepopulation of Europe.

Global Financial Crisis

The economic crashes that happened internationally due to the globalization of the world's economy. Problems in some countries (Europe and the United States), caused financial problems in countries that trade with them.The collapse of a strong housing market in the United States, which began in 2006, indicated stresses in global financial markets and banking systems. Much of this crisis centered on banks and other lenders making risky loans to short-term investors in search of quick profits as well as to borrowers who previously might have been considered unqualified due to low income. Foreign banks also participated in this boom market. This led to increased borrowing by the banks themselves in order to expand their lending. When this volatile housing market broke down, investors began to pull their money out of banks; in turn, financial institutions around the world began to fail. Investment halted.

Heian Period

The era in Japanese history from A.D. 794-1185, arts and writing flourished during this time is considered the height of the Japanese imperial culture; as the power of the emperor declined, a feudalism arose in which military warlords, or daimyo, disputed among themselves over territory and resolved issues through combat led by their samurai.

Coloumbian Exchange

The exchange of plants animals diseases, and technologies between the America and and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

National Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia Formed for the purpose of trading in cotton, silk, indigo, salt, tea, and opium with the East Indies (most of southeast Asia), the English East India Company was granted a royal charter in 1600. By the end of the century, the company's focus was primarily in India. Settlements such as Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta began as trading posts supplying a worldwide demand for inexpensive fabrics and became major commercial towns. The East India Company became a force that dominated South India with its private armies, setting the stage for the rise of the British Empire in the rest of India and other parts of Asia

Battle of Argonne Forest

The largest battle in U.S. history involving over 1 million soldiers, they would be successful in breaking through the German defenses. It was part of the 100 days offensive that would lead to the end of World War I. The U.S. soldiers were led in battle by John J. Pershing.

Australia

The loss of English penal colonies in America after 1776 and overcrowding in English prisons were primary factors in England's colonization of Australia. Founded in 1788, the Colony of New South Wales remained a penal colony till 1823, at which time the New South Wales Act created a legislative council and supreme court to supersede the governorship, an office which had had virtually unlimited power over the colony. The Act was an important step toward Australia's system of representative democracy. As colonization pushed westward, Australia became an important agricultural producer, especially noted for fine wool. By the end of the 19th century a federation movement arose, and Australia became a commonwealth in 1901. It was not till 1986, with the passage of the Australia Act, that Australia gained its final independence from England.

Abolition

The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s.

Kingdom of Israel

The name of the northern kingdom that split with Judah after the death of Solomon During his reign, King David of Israel united his kingdom, established the capital at Jerusalem, and conquered the coastal region from Gaza to Phoenicia, ultimately controlling the Euphrates, an expansion that represented the greatest extent of the Israelite empire. 1000 BCE

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799 .By the late 1700s, France was experiencing overpopulation, high food prices, mounting national debt, and growing tensions between commoners and the nobility. This set the stage for revolution. The Estates-General, a national governing body, first set up a constitutional monarchy, but events quickly led to the imprisonment and execution of Louis XVI. The leaders of the revolution then established a republican government. The American Revolution was an important influence on the French Revolution.

Ashikaga

The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. A feudalism similar to that of western Europe arose in Shogunate Japan. Under a weak emperor, daimyo warlords divided their land among loyal samurai who pledged their loyalty and military service. Despite this political turmoil, the Japanese economy grew to include an increasingly important merchant middle class.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

scopes trail

The trail where 24 year old John Scopes was convicted of teaching the theory of evolution in the classroom. In this case the defence attorney Clarence Darrow put up to the questioning stand William Jennings Bryan the prosecution attorney as an "expert on the bible." In this transaction Darrow was able to make bryan's view on the bible silly. This lead to the retreat of fundamentalists in the United states.

Inca Empire

The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532 The Inca developed the largest empire (its area almost on a par with the Roman Empire) in pre-Columbian America, partly by military means, partly by assimilation. The Inca were an extremely wealthy society; their capital city Cuzco, in Peru, was the richest city in the New World. Subjects of the empire paid "taxes" via their own human labor on the widespread system of roads, crop terraces, canals, and fortresses. Gold and silver were abundant, an attraction to the invading Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro, who captured and executed Atahualpa, the final Inca ruler, in 1532.

Mark Twain

The writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910); used "realistic fiction".

Asoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. Asoka is the most famous of the Mauryan emperors of India's Ganges plain. After engaging in successful wars of conquest, Asoka converted to Buddhism and advocated the peaceful and compassionate spread of his religion.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

This Act was passed by Congress which was vetoed by President Johnson. This Act invalidated the state govn'ts formed under the Lincoln & Johnson plans and all the legal decisions made by those govn'ts.

Federal Reserve Act

This act established the Federal System, which established 12 distinct reserve to be controlled by the banks in each district; in addition, a Federal Reserve board was established to regulate the entire structure; improved public confidence in the banking system.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

The Wealth of Nation

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies. Scottish economist Adam Smith believed that labor brings wealth and that individual self-interest is the best guide for a market economy; he also believed that the "invisible hand" of market forces is superior to state regulation in promoting the social good. His influential book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations expresses these ideas.

Langston Hughes

This man was well known for making the Harlem Renaissance famous because of his poems.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. challenged the very idea of monarchy. The government this revolution established was based upon principles of the European Enlightenment: separation of powers, the will of the people, and contract theory. Tenets of English law also played a part. The American Revolution made Europeans question the basis on which they themselves were governed.

Treaty of San Stefano

This treaty, forced by Russia on the Ottoman Turks, concluded the last of the Russo-Turkish Wars by redrawing the political map of the Balkan peninsula: the borders of Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro were enlarged, and the Ottomans ceded part of Armenia and other territories to Russia. At the international Congress of Berlin called in 1878 to discuss the terms of the treaty, England and Austria-Hungary insisted upon its revision, a demand Russia complied with only after Great Britain threatened to declare war.

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed. The centralized political regime which replaced the earlier, more democratic government of the French Revolution arrested 500,000 French citizens and executed anywhere from 18,000 to 40,000 people for opposing the policies of the revolution. The revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre was primarily responsible for this harsh repression, which was first known as the Terror; as the Terror continued and increased in cruelty, it became known as the Reign of Terror.

Peter the Great

This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. In his quest to make Russia a modern European power, Peter the Great sent Russians abroad to study at the world's elite schools and return with western expertise. He required Russia's nobility to serve the state for a period of time either in political or military roles. Under his rule, Russian borders expanded to the Baltic coastline.

The Spirit of the Laws

This work by Montesquieu called for a separation of powers and heavily influenced the formation of American government a two-volume work by the French thinker Montesquieu, classified three kinds of government: monarchy, republic, or despotism. Monarchies are ruled by kings, despots rule by fear, while republics give all citizens a voice in government. Montesquieu believed in having a balance of power and advocated the division of government into three branches (executive, legislative, and judicial). His ideas strongly influenced the framers of the United States Constitution

Dorthea Dix

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).

Treaty of Sevres

Turkish involvment in World War I was on the losing side. The Treaty of Sèvres formally ended the Ottoman Empire, compelling Turkey to relinquish most of its European territory and putting control of the Bosporus under Britain and France. Turkey's territory shrunk to a small part of Asia Minor, which was occupied by foreign troops. The conditions imposed on Turkey led to a Turkish nationalist movement.

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Mexican Revolution

Under the repressive President Porfirio Diaz, Mexico's wealth and land holdings were concentrated at the top. A supporter of democracy, Francisco Madero, began an opposition political party. When Diaz was re-elected, Madero fled to the United States, declared the election a fraud, and proclaimed himself president pro-tem, promising universal voting rights and term limits, and to return confiscated land to the peasants. His call for an uprising marked the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. "Maderista" troops led by Emiliano Zapata defeated Diaz's army. Upon Diaz's resignation and exile to France, national elections were held, and Madero was elected president.

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Scott Joplin

United States composer who was the first creator of ragtime to write down his compositions (1868-1917)

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

James Naismith

United States educator (born in Canada) who invented the game of basketball (1861-1939)

Mary McLeod Bethune

United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)

Winfield Scott

United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)

Will Rogers

United States humorist remembered for his homespun commentary on politics and American society (1879-1935)

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Monroe Doctrine

United States president James Monroe delivered a message to Congress stating that the American continents should not be considered for future colonization by Europe, and that any such attempt would be seen as "dangerous to our peace and safety." The Monroe Doctrine dovetailed with British trade interests, so, with the backing of the British navy over the next 100 years, the policy was a success.

Twenty-One Demands

Using World War I as a distraction, Japanese diplomats secretly pressed China to accept 21 demands, making it clear that if China refused, war would result. In effect, these concessions made China a protectorate of Japan, solidifying Japan's position as a world power.

World War II

War fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Allies and the Axis, involving most countries in the world. The United States joined the Allies in 1941, helping them to victory. In 1939, having made a nonaggression pact with Stalin, Hitler invaded Poland. This act was essentially the first salvo of World War II. Germany proceeded to conquer most of Western Europe, until Allied air power prevented the invasion of England. Hitler's decision to invade the Soviet Union and the entry of the United States into the war in 1941 foretold the German army's ultimate defeat in 1945. Germany, Italy, and Japan formed an alliance called the Axis, while France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States constituted the Allied powers.

Hussite Wars

Wars between the Catholic leaders of Bohemia and those who advocated reform of the church (Hussites). The wars broke out in response to the execution of John Huss, a founder of the reformist movement in Czech. Jan Hus, a Czech priest and reformer in Bohemia, spoke out against the sale of indulgences and other Church practices of the time; branded a heretic, he was burned at the stake in 1415. His followers, called Hussites, launched an uprising and won a series of victories against German armies sent to suppress them. In 1434, they were able to broker a peace with the Church, and Hussite ideas spread to other parts of Europe.

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Viking Invasions

Waterborne invasions from Scandinavia that hit and raided villages and monasteries in Medieval Europe. Caused widespread disorder and suffering until the invaders converted to Christianity and became farmers. These raiders from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden were skilled seafarers and warriors. They invaded England, northern France, and the southeastern Baltic coast, threatening the economic stability of these regions as they plundered monasteries and towns.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Good Neighbor Policy

When he took office, President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced a policy of nonintervention toward Latin American nations, in an attempt to distance the United States from previous US military actions in the region that had fostered ill will.

Sutter's Mill

Where gold was first discovered in 1848; marked the beginning of the Gold Rush

Boxer Rebellion

With the Phillippines as a base, American business interests looked to China. When U.S. Secretary of State John Hays proposed an "open door" policy giving all nations equal trading and development rights in China, the Chinese empress Hsu Tsi wished to shut this door. She encouraged a secret society nicknamed the "Boxers" in their attacks on Christian missionaries and other Westerners. When the Boxers marched on the foreign diplomatic compound at Beijing, U.S. troops joined an international force and quashed the uprising. Hay's renewed call for an open door policy was successful.

Great Depression

Within eight weeks in 1929, stocks lost over 40 percent of their value, reaching bottom on October 29, the day the stock market crashed. The crash ushered in a more widespread economic depression that would sweep the United States and affect most of the industrialized world, causing bank failures and mass unemployment. Although President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policy helped blunt the economy's worst failures, it was not until the United States mobilized for the Second World War that the depression finally ended.

Kamakura

Yorimoto's capital during his shogunate, destroyed in 1331 The Kamakura period is noted for three aspects. First, there was a great deal of feuding and infighting for dominance by the nobility; second, the Mongols attempted to invade, but were repulsed by typhoons, which the Japanese called kamikaze, meaning divine winds; finally, Buddhism gained a wider audience, spreading from the palaces of the nobility to the countryside.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Zen Buddhism

a Buddhist sect that emphasizes enlightenment through meditation and stresses simplicity and discipline became established in architecture and landscape gardening, and in the theater, with Noh, a combination of music, dance, and drama featuring stylized masks. By the 1400s, the period of peace ceded to regional wars, and in 1477, the great Onin war saw Kyoto devastated and the Ashikaga shogunate become a central government in name only.

Gottlieb Daimler

a German engineer, developed the first small portable internal combustion engine fueled by light oil, considered the forerunner of the modern gasoline engine.

Timeline

a diagram that shows when events took place during a given period of time is that they can be personalized to an individual student's life. They are also flexible: they can span any segment of time, "ranging from a day, a year, a century, or the span of an individual's life or of an era" (Timelines, n.d., par. 1). Ambitiously, they can span the whole of world history. One of their strengths is that they present sequences of events simply and clearly. They are an effective way for students to learn about chronological time and to connect specific information nuggets to historical eras and larger historic themes.

American Federation of Labor

a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955

Federalism

a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states

victory garden

a garden planted by civilians during war to raise vegetables for home use, leaving more of other foods for the troops

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

Mayan Civilization

a member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics. The Mayan civilization arose in southern Mexico and northern Central America. Mayans were ruled by priests and nobles. Their capital city of Tikal had six temple pyramids and a population reaching 100,000. They made advances in mathematics and astronomy, and developed an accurate calendar and the first written language in the Americas.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

Democrat

a person who believes in the political or social equality of all people

Trancendentalism

a philosophy that requires humans to go beyond (transcend) reason in their search for truth. it assumes that an individual can arrive at the basic truths of life through spiritual insight if he/she takes the time to think seriously about them.

Ideology

a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy." As such, democracy, communism, capitalism, and conservatis

Habeas Corpus

a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.

Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

a. Atomic bombs dropped (1945) b. Yalta Conference (1945) c. The beginning of the Baby Boom (1945) d. Truman Doctrine (1947) e. Marshall Plan (1947) f. NATO formed (1949) g. Cold War (1946-1991)

13 Amendment 1865

abolished slavery, freedmen gained freedom and had to figure out how to start a new life and find their families

Alien and Sedition Acts

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

Indian Mutiny

also known as the Sepoy Revolt. In its conquest of India, the British East India Company employed native Muslim and Hindu soldiers (sepoys), who fought next to British troops. By 1849, the East India Company ruled nearly all of India. Eventually, there was widespread Indian objection to foreign control. The mutiny was touched off by a rumor that pork and beef fat were used to grease the cartridge papers of the sepoys' ammunition (this was offensive to both Hindus and Muslims on religious grounds). The revolt, though decisively crushed, ended the sway of the East India Company in India. In 1858 administration of the country passed to the British Crown.

Mughal Empire

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century. was established by nomadic warriors descended from Turks and Mongols. This empire formed a strong central government and established a favorable environment for trade and the arts. Its early rulers were tolerant and curious about different cultures, as shown by the Taj Mahal, which blends Persian and Indian styles. The fall of the Mughal Empire enabled the British to enter the country and gain control.

Mother Cabrini

an Italian nun who came to the US to work with the poor

Armistice

an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.

mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Mongol Empire

an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe. Nomadic warriors from northern steppes, the Mongols first invaded China under Ghengis Khan (now known as Chinggis Khan); his successors established the largest contiguous empire in history. The Mongols made Buddhism the state religion, but were tolerant of other religions. Under Mongol rule, the Chinese were forbidden to participate in state affairs so many intellectuals turned to art and culture. However, Mongol rulers encouraged contact with outside cultures.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security

Homer

ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC) Homer was a (possibly mythical) blind poet-bard who composed epic poems about Mycenean heroes, the Illiad and the Odyssey, which are considered to be the earliest masterpieces of Greek literature and among the greatest works of literature of all time 800 BCE

Mesoamerican Civilizations

began around 700 B.C. among the Olmec people who lived along the Gulf of Mexico. One of these Mesoamerican cultures, the Olmec, became the first major civilization in Mexico. They developed trading networks, built pyramids and large ceremonial centers, and produced giant stone heads.

Winslow Homer

broke the Old World traditions in art, and was vigorously American in his paintings of New England maritime life and other native subjects.

Flapper

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Christianity

central figure is Jesus Christ. "For Christians, Jesus is...the Son of God and Messiah as prophesized in the Hebrew scriptures [and] the savior of humanity[, and] is considered both fully human and fully divine. Christianity also teaches that Jesus' death and resurrection paved the way for humans to overcome sin and be reconciled with God." Adherents of Christianity number approximately 2 billion, making Christianity the most widely practiced religion in the world

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Boston Tea Party

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Justinan

emperor of the Byzantine empire under which the empire reached its greatest size. Justinian was emperor of the Byzantine empire at its height; his seat was Constantinople. The Byzantines inherited the eastern Roman provinces of Greece, Asia Minor, and Egypt. They modeled their culture after that of the classical Greeks; their church was the Eastern Orthodox Church. Under Justinian, laws were codified and art and architecture assumed a prime place in Byzantine culture. However, his rule led to a clear split between western Europeans and Eastern Romans; by paying tribute to the Persians in exchange for peace, he weakened the Eastern empire.

Philip IV of France

enemy of the Pope; wants more state power; moved the Papacy to France (Later Medieval Europe) aid the groundwork for a national government in France, as he consolidated royal authority over France's nobility and expanded taxation to include the clergy. He increased French territory and influence by successfully fighting England and Flanders

Ku Klux Klan

founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American

Battle of Belleau Wood

in 1918 and was the first major battle outside of Paris. it lasted for 3 weeks and America finally won

Newcomen

invented a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines In early steam engines, steam pressure forced a piston up and atmospheric pressure drew the piston back down. Steam engines were used to remove groundwater from the deep coal mines of England. Steam power's importance to the Industrial Revolution grew as it began to be used in shipping, transportation, and manufacturing

Hargreaves

invented the spinning jenny The spinning jenny allowed a person to spin as many as 80 threads at once; it was inexpensive to build and small enough to fit in a cottage.

Stephen Austin

known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.

Classical Civilizations

large civilizations with massive size and political strength, complex cultures, numerous and qualitative written records, complex long distance trade, increased contacts with other people, and more direct influence on modern civilization; in the Mediterranean, the Indian subcontinent, and East Asia.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

George Pullman

made his fortune by designing and building sleeper cars that made long distance rail travel more comfortable. Built a company town near Chicago for his employees.

Methods of navigation

mapping, and shipbuilding advanced during the age of exploration. With Prince Henry the Navigator's patronage, Portuguese sailors took the lead in using quadrants and astrolabes for celestial navigation, useful for measuring latitude. (It would not be till 1761 that the invention of a seagoing chronometer allowed longitude to be determined.) Ship design improved: better sails and stronger and sleeker hulls meant greater maneuverability in rough Atlantic waters.

Egyptian Independence

movement had strengthened since the British occupation of 1882. In March 1919, the British deported three independence leaders; this set off an uprising that became a paralyzing strike. Egyptians rejected proposals for limited self-government. After further violent demonstrations, in February 1922, England unilaterally declared Egypt independent. In April a new constitution was approved and a law passed setting up parliamentary elections. However, British troops stayed on to protect Great Britain's interest in the Suez Canal.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Emperor Napoleon

nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte; formerly Louis-Napoleon made himself Emperor Napoleon III after winning presidential election; he was accepted with popular favor; France experienced real prosperity under his rule; public works, industrialization, answered social question Napoleon Bonaparte, who rose from brigadier general to become dictator (or Consul) of France, ultimately crowned himself as Emperor, having conquered much of Europe. He took control of Catholic institutions and those of the nobility and replaced them with institutions based on the principles of the French Revolution. The foremost of these was the Napoleonic Code, which reformed the French legal system. After the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon, the monarchies and clergy of Europe never regained their former power.

cause and effect

noting a relationship between actions or events such that one or more are the result of the other or others.

Judaism

oldest monotheistic religion. "Tradition teaches that the origins of Judaism are found in the covenant (divine agreement) between Abraham and God, dated to 2000 B.C.E." The covenant was a three-part promise consisting of the promised land (i.e., that the land, Canaan, would be divinely granted to Abraham's descendants); the promise that Abraham would have many descendants and found a nation; and the promise that Abraham and his descendants would be blessed. Much of Judaism centers on its holy writings, which include the Hebrew bible, known as the Tanakh, and the first five books of the Tanakh, the Torah, which records the laws given to Moses, including the Ten Commandments

soup kitchen

place where food is provided to the needy at little or no charge

capitalist

person who owns or controls the means for producing wealth

Hinduism

polytheistic with no single founder; it comprises various philosophies and beliefs, some of which date back some 4000 years. As a life pathway, it is based on four goals (Puruṣārthas): Dharma, the right way to live; "Artha: the pursuit of material prosperity through constructive work"; "Kama: the pursuit of pleasure and happiness through the exercise of desire and passion...regarded as one facet of a well-rounded spiritual life"; and Mosha, the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment

John F. Kennedy

president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the Cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about the crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet union to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. wanted to acquire California. wanted to incorporate Texas into the union.

mass production

production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines

Judicial Review

review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.

Nikita Khrushchev

ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Bootlegger

someone who makes or sells illegal liquor

Operation Overlord

the code name for the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy on June 6, 1944; also known as D-Day

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Battle of Hastings

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest Laying claim to the English throne, William, Duke of Normandy (the duchy of northern France), crossed the English Channel with an army of 5,000 men, defeating the most powerful English noble and establishing his lineage in England.

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. was based on maintaining a system of fortified castles as well as a knightly warrior class (along with the expense of maintaining warhorses and providing training and specialized battle equipment). Feudalism rested on the mutual obligations between free vassals (the knights) and their lords, and between serfs and their lords, with the lords granting plots of land for the serfs to work in exchange for their services.

Monopoly

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

Dehli Sultanate

the government and state erected by the conquering afghani muslims after 1500 was established by Turks who sought to replace Hinduism with Islam; many Hindus of India's lower castes converted to Islam because of its message of equality.

New Mexico Territory

the huge region owned by Mexico in the early 1800s that later became the southwest United States

Choson Dynasty

the last and longest-lived imperial dynasty (1392-1910) of Korea; followed confucianism; stratified society, large slave class; economy not as strong as Japan or China was based in the city of Seoul. Under the Choson, a Korean alphabet was developed, and Buddhism was discouraged in favor of Confucianism. After a series of invasions, first by the Japanese in the 16th century and next by the Manchus in the early 17th century, Korea strictly limited its contact with other countries. The Choson dynasty lasted until the early 20th century, when Japan annexed Korea as a colony.

Holocaust

the planned and methodical attempt by Hitler and his Nazi forces to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe. More than 12 million people died in concentration camps and were slaughtered in death camps, of whom half were Jews. Other victims included ethnic minorities such as Gypsies, people with disabilities, and those whom Hitler considered social deviants. The program of killing ended when Allied troops entered the camps in 1945

Domino Theory

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

Ghana Kingdom

the principle state of west Africa at the time of the Muslims' arrival; situated between the Sengel and Niger rrivers; regional state like Benin and Ife; when trade across the desert increased, Ghana became the most important commercial site in west Africa because it became the center for trade in gold; kings procured gold nuggets from lands to the south and brought it into Ghana; By contolling taxation and trade, the kings enriched and strengthened their realm; merchants also provided ivory and slaves from north Africa; in exchange they received horses, cloth and salt; the kings of Ghana converted to Islam which improved relations with Muslim merchants from north Africa as well as Muslim nomads from the desert who transported goods across the Sahara; declined from attacks by nomadic people who wanted the Kingdoms wealth and dwiddling sources of gold

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

interstate commerce

trade between states, a hot topic of America especially when the USSC case "Gibbons vs. Ogden" --> which took interstate commerce into federal rules/ interest groups and no longer state legislatures

Louisana Purchase

treaty between the USA and France where the US bought territory that stretched from the west bank of the MIssissippi River to the Rocky Mountains was one of the largest land acquisitions on record, made possible when revolution in Haiti and impending war with Great Britain forced Napoleon to give up his dream of an empire on the North American continent. The 800,000-square-mile territory was sold to the United States for $15 million in 1803. The purchase helped establish the concept of extra-constitutional authority: there was no provision in the Constitution for a transaction of this magnitude. In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte (who would next year crown himself Emperor Napoleon I of France) sold the Louisiana territory, a vast tract of land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, to the United States for 15 million dollars. The purchase effectively doubled the size of the fledgling country.

interchangeable parts

uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

Decembrist Uprising

was a revolt led by younger Russian military officers who saw the death of Tsar Alexander I as an opportunity to introduce western liberal ideas, such as abolition of serfdom and a democratically elected legislative body. The rebellion was easily crushed by Tsar Nicholas I, and the Decembrists were exiled to Siberia. Their ideas, however, took root and inspired further calls for government reform.

William Henry Harrison

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

women rights movement

was an organized effort to improve the political, legal, and economic status of women in American society

Buddhism

who left his palace home to follow a six-year regimen of ascetic and meditation practices, in pursuit of enlightenment. Upon achieving his goal, he became known as the Buddha, the awakened one, and spent the next 45 years teaching disciples and lay people. Buddhism evolved into two schools, one stressing personal liberation (the Hinayana) and one focused on attaining enlightenment in order to help others (the Mahayana). Founder is Siddhartha GautamaChr

Dolley Madison

wife of president Madison, who rescued documents and George Washington's portrait before it could be burned in White House by British

Secede

withdraw formally from membership in a federal union, an alliance, or a political or religious organization.

Stephen Crane

wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears