Socialism and Mass Politics Pt. 1 (AP EURO)

Saint-Simon

1760 - 1825; France A utopian socialist and one of the early French founders of socialism. He helped define the movement by advocating public ownership of factories. He believed modern society would require rational management and thus private wealth, property, and enterprise should be subjected to an administration other than that of its owners. His ideal government would have consisted of a larger board of directors organizing and coordinating the activity of individuals and groups to achieve social harmony. He wanted professional management to run factories.

Robert Owen

1771 - 1858; United Kingdom A utopian socialist and self-made cotton manufacturer who became a partner in one of the largest cotton factories in Britain at New Lanark, Scotland. He was a firm believer in the idea that if human beings were placed in the correct surroundings, they wand their character would improve. At Lanark, he provided human working conditions, such as shorter workdays, decent housing, and free education. His plant made a fine profit. His conditions served as a model for capitalists who wanted to make a profit without exploiting workers.

Charles Fourier

1772 - 1837; France A commercial salesman who was Robert Owen's counterpart as a utopian socialist. He believed the industrial order ignored the passionate side of human nature. He advocated the construction of communities, called phalanxes, in which liberated living would replace the boredom and dullness of industrial existence. He urged that no person be required to preform the same kind of work for the entire day. People would be happier and more productive if they moved from one task to another. He was never successful in attracting the same kind of public attention as Owen. Through his emphasis on the problem of boredom, he isolated one of the key difficulties of modern economic life.

Ettene Cabet

1788 - 1856; France A French philosopher and utopian socialist who applied the principles of Christianity to the extreme social problems of the day. he was the founder of the Icarian movement. His goal was to replaced capitalist production with workers' cooperatives. he wrote "Voyage to Icaria" where he describes an imaginary city that is clean and peaceful. he started his own communist newspaper

Surplus Value

1800s A concept in Marx's critique of politics. It refers to the translation of the German word "Mehrwert", which simply means value added (sales revenue less the cost of materials used up). Marx referred to the return on production capital in which a worker could put in a certain amount of effort into production and be paid less than he is worth, increasing the producer's capital and ability to construct new factories and hire more workers who will then elevate his wealth even further based on how much he reinvests. Marx's point is that the whole purpose of producing is strictly to increase capital, therefore, the drive of capitalism gets its stimulation through maximizing this.

Flora Tristan

1803 - 1844; France A socialist writer and activist on women's rights. She contributed to early feminist theory, and argued that the progress of women's rights was directly related to the progress of the working class. She applied Fourier's ideas, combining socialism and feminism, and envisioning equality between men and women in the Women's Union (1845) in order to achieve true economic equality. However, she was ignored and socialist men remained traditional in their views on women

Marshall McMahon

1808 - 1893; France A French general and politician, beloved for his military actions against the Germans and his position as a leader of France. He made a name for himself during the Crimean War, appointed to the French Senate. He was battered relentlessly by the Germans, and qas eventually captured. He was elected President of the French Republic with only one vote cast against him. He the fought a war against republicanism in politics die to German propoganda and intervention

Louis Blanc

1811 - 1882; France A French utopian socialists whose approach was more practical than early French utopian socialists. He urged workers to fight for universal suffrage and to overthrow the state peacefully. He believed the government should set up workshops and factories to guarantee full employment. He published "The Organization of Labor" in which he demanded an end to competition, but did not seek a wholly new society. He called for political reform that would give the vote to the working class. Once so empowered, workers could use the vote to turn the political processes to their own economic advantage. A state controlled by a working-class electorate would finance workshops to employ the poor. In time, the workshops might replace private enterprise, and industry would be organized to ensure jobs. He recognized the power of the state to improve life and the conditions of labor. The state itself could become a great employer of labor. His ideas had an opportunity to be tested when he briefly became a leader of France after the Revolution.

Chamber of Deputies

1814 - 1940; France A group of several parliamentary bodies in France, elected by suffrage that served to discuss laws and propose taxes. It was eventually formed into the National Assembly, and helps elect the French President. Each deputy is elected for 5 years and had to be over 30. The king met with the chamber every year and either extended the session or dissolved the chamber, however he needed to come up with a new one within 3 months.

Karl Marx

1818 - 1883; Germany and the United Kingdom The Father of Communism, he was a Prussian-born philosopher, economist, sociologist, and revolutionary socialist. He studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy. He shaped the outlook on distribution of wealth equally throughout a society. This was revolutionary for its time period because the upper crust of society has had the money ever since the Middle Ages. Only recently the middle class has manifested into a self-driven wealth that has only sparingly been accepted by the true landed aristocracy. The primary proponent of the "class struggle" model of history. His essay "Communist Manifesto", written with Friedrich Engels during the Revolutions of 1848, called for radical solutions to the dilemma of mass poverty in the industrialized world. The first volume, "Das Kapital", was published in 1867, and offers a complete analysis of capitalism and an explanation of communism.

Friedrich Engels

1820 - 1895; Germany A member of the aristocracy he denounced because he was tried of having everything he wanted. He contributed to the spreading of communism throughout Europe because he saw the working class and how permanently destitute their situation was. He decided to help design a society where all could be theoretically equal. He published "The Condition of the Working Class in England", which presented a devastating picture of industrial life. Eventually, he became friends with Karl Marx, and late in 1847, they were asked to write a pamphlet for a newly organized and ultimately short-lived secret Communist League. In Marx's and his eyes, the class conflict had become simplified into a struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. They thought proletarian revolution was inevitable.

General George Boulanger

1837 - 1891; France A general and politician with a large backing from Catholics and royalists. Pushed for aggressive nationalism which he would use to propel his agenda for reclaiming lost land. He strongly opposed the unification of Germany and called for the rectification of loses in the Franco-Prussian war. His movements known as Boulangisme and Revanchism both called for strict nationalism in France in order to succeed. He was viewed by some as the prototype for right wing Fascism, and was conversely seen as an extremist leftist for his convictions in protesting the individual rights of the French, pulling away from the strong influence of royalty.

Brook Farm

1841 - 1847; Massachusetts (but for AP Euro's sake, France) A utopian community that ran for about six years founded in Massachusetts by twenty transcendentalist intellectuals, but ultimately put into practice by George Ripley. The community was inspired by Fourier's phalanxes. Though it was never practiced in France, this community in America shared a similar principle, a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle. The community failed when a fire engulfed an almost completed building in 1846, and the community when into debt. The community inspired "The Blithedale Romance" by Nathaniel Hawthorne, who had stayed at the community for a short time

The Condition of the Working Class in England

1845; England A book by Friedrich Engels that presented a devastating picture of industrial life while in Manchester, England. Engels argues that the Industrial Revolution made workers worse off. He focused on both the workers' wages and their living conditions. He argued that the industrial workers had lower incomes than their pre-industrial peers and they lived in more unhealthy and unpleasant environments. The air was bad, there was no water, the cities were dirty, crowded, and damp, and there were no pleasures. He claimed their conditions could not improve. This book proved to be a very wide-ranging critique of industrialization and one that was echoed by many of the Marxist historians who studied the industrial revolution in the 20th century.

Communist Manifesto

1848; Germany A pamphlet fewer than fifty pages for a newly organized and ultimately short-lived secret Communist League written by Engels and Marx. It highlighted the reasoning behind the implementation of communism into governments nationally. The main concern is to put the needs of the community above the needs of one's self (a controversial idea)

Georges Picquart

1854 - 1914; France The chief staff reporter during the Dreyfus Affair. He found evidence that directly proved Dreyfus's innocence and the guilt of another officer in regards to handwriting analysis. Even though he presented these facts to the court and brought Dreyfus back to trial, he was convicted yet again and found guilty purely because of the government's willto not seem weak and unjust

Alfred Dreyfus

1859 - 1935; France A Jew arrested for a crime he didn't committed and later convicted with only minor evidence that turned out to be false. It is speculated that he was only convicted because of his religion and this caused uproar amongst citizens. His incarceration and exile to Devils Island showed the anti-semi tic behavior if the government and caused many citizens to find the government unjust and cruel. Many writers and activists took the side of his man and called out the government for its ineffective judicial system that had no basis for their conviction besides similar handwriting

Papal Infallibility

1869; Vatican City Dogma promulgated by the First Vatican Council. The pope is undeniably corrected and free from error when speaking officially on matters of faith and morals. No earlier pope had asserted such a centralized authority

Third Republic

1870 - 1940; France It was originally a provisional form of government but soon became the legitimate permanent government for France. It was responsible for a large chunk of colonial possessions. It remained stable throughout WWI and WWII. It is also credited with reemerging France as a top power and centerpiece in the European alliance

Kulturkampf

1870s; Germany "Cultural struggle" ; Busmark's attack on the Roman Catholic Church and Central Party since he felt they threatened the unity of the German Empire. In 1870-1, he removed the clergy from overseeing local education in Prussia, thereby secularizing edication. The May Laws of '73, applied to Prussia, required priests to be educated in German schools and universities and to pass state examin as tions, and allowed for the state to veto the appointments of presists, and abolish the disciplinary power of the pope and church over the clergy, transferring it to the state. Many clrgy didn't abide by the laws and so Bismark wither arrested them or expelled all Catholic bishops from Prussia by 1876. He abondonded this by the end of 1870s and had intensified Catholic rent mentioned towards in Germany in exchange for state control of edication and civil laws governing marriage

Dialectical Materialism

1887 The Marxist theory (adopted as the official philosophy of the Soviet communists) that political and historical events result from the conflict of social forces and are interpretable as a series of contradictions and their solutions. It accepts evolution of the natural world and the emergence of new qualities of being at new stages of evolution. As materialism rose, this capitalistic view was in contrast with Communism, as it said people were more driven to accomplish tasks in order to benefit their own personal economic standings

Major Esterhazy

1894; France Officer of the French army who actually committed the treason that Dreyfus was accused of. He was eventually subjected to trial ehich found him not guilty, even with a large collection of evidence. This showed how Dreyfus's conviction was purely anti-Semitic based off of cultural Anton social stigmas against Jews.

Panama Canal

1914; France A canal that was orginally being constructed in France in an attempt to mirror the canal in Africa. Howeve, it was abandoned by the French die to engineering issues and high worker mortality rates. The US took over the project and saw it to completion, and it immediately became a necessity in trade. It allowed sailors and traders to avoid the dangerous Cape Horn and not have to sail all the way around S. America. It is still an extremely vital waterway

Phalanxes

20th century France Proposed by Charles Fourier, they were communities with a total of 1620 people, which liberated living would replaced the boredom and dullness of industrial existence. Industrial production would predominate in these communities, and the community represented all skills needed for a society. Sexual activity would be relatively free, and marriage was to be reserved only for later life.

Utopian Socialism

20th century within western Europe Those who questioned the structure of values of the existing capitalistic framework with visionary ideals on communities. They sometimes were involved in radical ideas about sexuality and family. People who might have been sympathetic to their economic concerns were profoundly unsympathetic to their views of free love and open family relationships.

National Workshops

After the Revolutions of 1848; France Areas of work provided for the unemployed by the French Second Republic. They were to help provide jobs to those who did not have any, mainly as a result of an abused lower class.

Syllabus of Errors

December 8, 1864 A document issued by Pope Pius IX that consisted of 80 condemned heresies, attacking liberalism and modernism. It included contemporary science, philosophy, and politics

Proletariat

During the Industrial Revolutions (1700 - 1900) The lower middle class, also known as the working class. As part of Marxist theory, it was those who did not own the means of production but rather worked in them. Marx argued that the capitalist bourgeoisie mercilessly exploited these people and that the work carried out by them created great wealth for the capitalist. He described how the wealth of the bourgeoisie depended on the work of the this class. Therefore, capitalism requires an underclass. But Marx predicted that the continued exploitation of this underclass would create great resentment and eventually they would lead a revolution against the bourgeoisie, ultimately creating a classless society

Bourgeoisie

During the Industrial Revolutions (1700 - 1900) The upper middle class. As part of Marxist theory, it was those who had the means to own production and those who owned most of society's wealth. They had the most influence on society and were constantly stepping on the proletariat, keeping them from improving their conditions. They would abuse them by using them to run factories and taking a larger profit while the people reforming the labor would get little. Marx believed that this would eventually led to a Proletariat Revolution

Paris Commune

March 18 - May 28, 1871; Paris A radical socialist group that "seized power" for a small time after the French Second Empire collapsed. It consisted of the Communards and the National Guard, who killed two French Generals, and seized control of Paris for four month. They refused to accept the authority of the French government. They were eventually beaten and the revolt was suppressed by the French Army, and many revolutionaries were executed.

Capital

Mid 1700s; Worldwide The profit an individual makes off of his business, commonly a reference to money. It is used to shape the economic philosophy of capitalism which will allow for the working class, along with everyone else in the nation, to feel a sense of self worth with an ability for upward social mobility. It is based off the individual's ability to make something of themselves

Labor Theory of Value

Mid-1800s The theory that economic value of a good is determined by the labor required to produce it, rather than by the use or pleasure its owner gets from it. The theory is often compared to Marxism and against Capitalism. Those such as Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and David Ricardo use this term.