Socio: Chapter 1 Review

Which of the following was true of the Americas at the time of European invasion and conquest during the sixteenth century? a. Many civilizations in the Americas were more advanced than European civilizations. b. Europeans were careful to preserve existing cities in the Americas. c. The relationship between the Spanish and indigenous people was one of mutual respect. d. The native people in the Americas were simple and uncivilized.

a. Many civilizations in the Americas were more advanced than European civilizations.

English colonists' justification for the treatment of Native Americans was distinct from justifications for African slavery in that a. Native Americans were seen as hindering white expansion. b. Native American rebellion was less of a threat than African slave rebellion. c. Native Americans were considered superior to blacks. d. Native Americans were vital sources of labor.

a. Native Americans were seen as hindering white expansion.

What distinguishes race from ethnicity? a. Race implies a set of hierarchical distinctions based on physical and cultural differences and is often a category imposed by others; ethnicity refers to a shared identity based on group culture and history and is more often self-selected. b. Ethnicity implies a set of hierarchical distinctions based on physical and cultural differences and is often a category imposed by others; race refers to a shared identity based on group culture and history and is more often self-selected. c. Race is a census category; ethnicity is not. d. Ethnicity is a census category; race is not.

a. Race implies a set of hierarchical distinctions based on physical and cultural differences and is often a category imposed by others; ethnicity refers to a shared identity based on group culture and history and is more often self-selected.

Why were the methods used by scientists such as Samuel George Morton problematic? a. They were biased by the expectations of the scientists. b. The scientists did not have enough subjects to prove their theories. c. The technology needed to properly test their theories did not yet exist. d. The scientists were under political pressure to find certain results.

a. They were biased by the expectations of the scientists.

The idea of race as a classificatory system a. is a modern invention. b. has existed since ancient times. c. stemmed from Europeans' first interactions with people in Africa, Asia, and India. d. developed in response to slaves captured after European conquests.

a. is a modern invention.

The Spanish Inquisition helped to shape the European understanding of human difference because it a. set a precedent of discrimination based on ancestry. b. was the first time people were discriminated against because of their race. c. was the first time people were classified based on their religion. d. set a precedent of using other racial groups as slaves.

a. set a precedent of discrimination based on ancestry.

Bacon's Rebellion confirmed colonists' fears that a. white servants and black slaves would join forces. b. Native Americans would use colonial weapons to rebel. c. white servants would conspire with Native Americans. d. black slaves would rebel against the slave codes.

a. white servants and black slaves would join forces.

What was the motivation for Virginia's laws that prohibited intermarriage between free whites with blacks or Native Americans? a. Because of scientific racism, they believed that biracial children would be biologically inferior. b. They were concerned that these groups would realize their shared interests and unite against their oppressors c. They believed interracial marriage was contrary to Christian doctrine. d. They were concerned about the spread of disease between cultures.

b. They were concerned that these groups would realize their shared interests and unite against their oppressors

Racism refers to the a. belief that races are populations of people whose physical differences are linked to significant cultural and social differences. b. belief that innate hierarchical racial differences can be measured and judged. c. practice of subordinating races believed to be inferior. d. All of the above

b. belief that innate hierarchical racial differences can be measured and judged.

Colonialism, slavery, and genocide are all examples of a. biological forces shaping race. b. historical forces shaping race. c. scientific racism. d. the legal codification of race.

b. historical forces shaping race.

Fill in the blank: English colonists justified forcibly taking land from indigenous people using _____ arguments. a. scientific b. religious c. cultural d. economic

b. religious

Although slaves were emancipated in the 1800s, this period also marked the beginning of a new understanding of race known as a. indentured servitude. b. scientific racism. c. genealogical discrimination. d. ancestral biases.

b. scientific racism.

English settlers' perception of Native Americans as "savage" originated from a. their dehumanizing treatment of black slaves. b. their similar views of the Irish as savage, sexually immoral, and resistant to civilization. c. their fear that Native Americans would steal black slaves. d. the poor conditions that Spanish colonists found in cities such as Tenochtitlán.

b. their similar views of the Irish as savage, sexually immoral, and resistant to civilization.

The use of African slaves in the North American colonies proved more profitable than enslaving indigenous people for several reasons, including a. they were disinclined to intermarry with European indentured servants. b. they had immunity to Old World diseases. c. they were better adapted to the climate. d. they were viewed as racially inferior.

b. they had immunity to Old World diseases.

Why did American slavery come to an end after the Civil War? a. By the 1800s, slavery was no longer as profitable as it had been in the past. b. Lincoln spread the belief in the equality of races. c. Capitalists in the North believed slavery gave the south an unfair competitive advantage. d. Poor whites and enslaved blacks formed powerful coalitions based on their shared economic interests.

c. Capitalists in the North believed slavery gave the south an unfair competitive advantage.

Fill in the blank: _____ is a set of principles and ideas that benefits the dominant group. a. Colonialism b. Racialization c. Ideology d. Codification

c. Ideology

Passed in the 1600s, laws aimed at distinguishing the social status of European indentured servants from that of African slaves were known as the a. Virginia common laws. b. fugitive slave laws. c. slave codes. d. servitude acts.

c. slave codes.

What percentage of the Native population was eradicated as a result of two centuries of European colonization? a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 95 percent

d. 95 percent

The racial taxonomies developed by François Bernier, Carolus Linnaeus, and Johann Blumenbach laid the groundwork for modern ideas of race by a. claiming that whites were the only group that could experience salvation. b. proving that interracial marriage resulted in smaller brain size. c. linking skin color to intelligence. d. attributing cultural and moral qualities to each racial group.

d. attributing cultural and moral qualities to each racial group.

English colonists created a permanent slave class by passing a law that a. outlawed interracial marriage. b. mandated that only Africans could be enslaved. c. banned indentured servitude. d. orbade masters from freeing their slaves.

d. orbade masters from freeing their slaves.

In general, racial categories in the United States have not changed across history. - True - False

false

The Emancipation Proclamation demonstrated a change in American attitudes toward white superiority, with supporters such as Abraham Lincoln calling for social and political equality between whites and blacks. - True - False

false

The only people forced into slavery in the Americas were from Africa. - True - False

false

Elites strategically extended more privileges to white servants as opposed to black slaves to prevent the two groups from joining forces in rebellion. - True - False

true

Ian, who was born in the United States, identifies strongly with Irish culture because of his family history and his interest in traditional Celtic music. For Ian, an Irish identity is best classified as an ethnicity. - True - False

true

Race is a social and historical construction with no biological basis. - True - False

true

Scientists, such as Samuel George Morton, used measures of skull size and human abilities to show that whites were superior over other groups. - True - False

true

The status of slaves varied across societies, with some slaves being adopted into the family, allowed to marry, or even owning property. - True - False

true

Until the eighteenth century, no society categorically denied the humanity of slaves. - True - False

true