Sociology 101 Chapter Quizzes

Which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the United States? a. Rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing. b. Rates of violent crimes are decreasing, but there are more nonviolent crimes now than ever before. c. Crime rates have skyrocketed since the 1970s due to lax corrections laws. d. Rates of street crime have gone up, but corporate crime has gone down.

a. Rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing.

Who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism? a. Herbert Blumer b. Max Weber c. Lester F. Ward d. W.I. Thomas

a. Herbert Blumer

Which of the following is not an age-related transition point when Americans must be socialized to new roles? a. Infancy b. School age c. Adulthood d. Senior citizen

a. Infancy

A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used __________ to maintain social control. a. Informal negative sanctions b. Informal positive sanctions c. Formal negative sanctions d. Formal positive sanctions

a. Informal negative sanctions

Which of these is an example of a total institution? a. Jail b. High school c. Political party d. A gym

a. Jail

The concept of the iron cage was popularized by which of the following sociological thinkers? a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim d. Friedrich Engels

a. Max Weber

Using secondary data is considered an unobtrusive or ________ research method. a. Non-reactive b. non-participatory c. non-restrictive d. non-confrontive

a. Non-reactive

Which research approach is best suited to the scientific method? a. Questionnaire b. Case study c. Ethnography d. Secondary data analysis

a. Questionnaire

Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor's house. She's just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities? a. Role strain b. Self-fulfilling prophecy c. Status conflict d. Status strain

a. Role strain

How did nearly complete isolation as a child affect Danielle's verbal abilities? a. She could not communicate at all. b. She never learned words, but she did learn signs. c. She could not understand much, but she could use gestures. d. She could understand and use basic language like "yes" and "no."

a. She could not communicate at all.

Which of the following occupations is a person of power most likely to have in an information society? a. Software engineer b. Coal miner c. Children's book author d. Sharecropper

a. Software engineer

During the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of ________. a. An act of social control b. An act of deviance c. A social norm d. Criminal mores

b. An act of deviance

Which of the following scenarios is an example of intergenerational mobility? a. A janitor belongs to the same social class as his grandmother did. b. An executive belongs to a different class than her parents. c. An editor shares the same social class as his cousin. d. A lawyer belongs to a different class than her sister.

b. An executive belongs to a different class than her parents.

Which subordinate group is often referred to as the "model minority?" a. African Americans b. Asian Americans c. White ethnic Americans d. Native Americans

b. Asian Americans

According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime? a. Because his parents committed similar crimes b. Because his fame protects him from retribution c. Because his fame disconnects him from society d. Because he is challenging socially accepted norms

b. Because his fame protects him from retribution

Why do people join utilitarian organizations? a. Because they feel an affinity with others there b. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining c. Because they have no choice d. Because they feel pressured to do so

b. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining

What is discrimination? a. Biased thoughts against an individual or group b. Biased actions against an individual or group c. Belief that a race different from yours is inferior d. Another word for stereotyping

b. Biased actions against an individual or group

Which materials are considered secondary data? a. Photos and letters given to you by another person b. Books and articles written by other authors about their studies c. Information that you have gathered and now have included in your results d. Responses from participants whom you both surveyed and interviewed

b. Books and articles written by other authors about their studies

France might be classified as which kind of nation? a. Global b. Core c. Semi-peripheral d. Peripheral

b. Core

A sociologist who focuses on the way that multinational corporations headquartered in core nations exploit the local workers in their peripheral nation factories is using a _________ perspective to understand the global economy. a. functional b. conflict theory c. feminist d. symbolic interactionist

b. conflict theory

The terms _________________ and ______________ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them. a. imperialism and relativism b. culture and society c. society and ethnocentrism d. ethnocentrism and xenocentrism

b. culture and society

If a sociologist points out that core nations dominate the global economy, in part by creating global interest rates and international tariffs that will inevitably favor high-income nations over low-income nations, he is a: a. functionalist b. dependency theorist c. modernization theorist d. symbolic interactionist

b. dependency theorist

That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of: a. globalization b. diffusion c. culture lag d. xenocentrism

b. diffusion

When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers: a. must labor alone, without companionship b. do not feel connected to their work c. move from one geographical location to another d. have to put forth self-effort to get ahead

b. do not feel connected to their work

Scapegoat theory shows that: a. subordinate groups blame dominant groups for their problems b. dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems c. some people are predisposed to prejudice d. all of the above

b. dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems

Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________. a. primary group; secondary group b. dyad; triad c. couple; family d. de facto group; nuclear family

b. dyad; triad

The terms "masculine" and "feminine" refer to a person's _________. a. sex b. gender c. both sex and gender d. none of the above

b. gender

Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was: a. beneficial b. harmful c. illegal d. of no importance

b. harmful

Socialization, as a sociological term, describes: a. how people interact during social situations b. how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values c. a person's internal mental state when in a group setting d. the difference between introverts and extroverts

b. how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values

C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals. a. culture b. imagination c. method d. tool

b. imagination

Research indicates that individuals are aware of their sexual orientation _______. a. at infancy b. in early adolescence c. in early adulthood d. in late adulthood

b. in early adolescence

The ________ can be directly attributed to the digital divide, because differential ability to access the internet leads directly to a differential ability to use the knowledge found on the internet. a. digital divide b. knowledge gap c. feminist perspective d. e-gap

b. knowledge gap

Occupational prestige means that jobs are: a. all equal in status b. not equally valued c. assigned to a person for life d. not part of a person's self-identity

b. not equally valued

If the U.S. Patent Office were to issue a patent for a new type of tomato that tastes like a jellybean, it would be issuing a _________ patent? a. utility patent b. plant patent c. design patent d. The U.S. Patent Office does not issue a patent for plants.

b. plant patent

Societies practice social control to maintain ________. a. formal sanctions b. social order c. cultural deviance d. sanction labeling

b. social order

Speedy Gonzalez is an example of: a. intersection theory b. stereotyping c. interactionist view d. culture of prejudice

b. stereotyping

Faith has a full-time job and two children. She has enough money for the basics and can pay her rent each month, but she feels that, with her education and experience, her income should be enough for her family to live much better than they do. Faith is experiencing: a. global poverty b. subjective poverty c. absolute poverty d. relative poverty

b. subjective poverty

When Japanese scientists develop a new vaccine for swine flu and offer that technology to American pharmaceutical companies, __________ has taken place. a. media globalization b. technological diffusion c. monetizing d. planned obsolescence

b. technological diffusion

_________ tend to be more pro-technology, while _______ view technology as a symbol of the coldness of modern life. a. Luddites; technophiles b. technophiles; Luddites c. cyberfeminists; technophiles d. liberal feminists; conflict theorists

b. technophiles; Luddites

Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of ___________. a. role strain b. the looking-glass self c. role performance d. habitualization

b. the looking-glass self

Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by: a. drugs b. their culture c. their genetic makeup d. the researcher

b. their culture

A person who is biologically female but identifies with the male gender and has undergone surgery to alter her body is considered _______. a. transgendered b. transsexual c. a cross-dresser d. homosexual

b. transsexual

Which statement illustrates low status consistency? a. A suburban family lives in a modest ranch home and enjoys nice vacation each summer. b. A single mother receives food stamps and struggles to find adequate employment. c. A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year. d. A celebrity actress owns homes in three countries.

c. A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year.

Which one of the following is not a way people are socialized by religion? a. People learn the material culture of their religion. b. Life stages and roles are connected to religious celebration. c. An individual's personal internal experience of a divine being leads to their faith. d. Places of worship provide a space for shared group experiences.

c. An individual's personal internal experience of a divine being leads to their faith.

From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization? a. Gender b. Class c. Blood type d. Race

c. Blood type

The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that the economic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist who studies that movement by examining the interactions between members at Occupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach? a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism

a. Symbolic interactionism

Which federal act or program was designed to allow more Hispanic American immigration, not block it? a. The Bracero Program b. Immigration Reform and Control Act c. Operation Wetback d. SB 1070

a. The Bracero Program

Which of the following is not a form of new media? a. The cable television program Dexter b. Wikipedia c. Facebook d. A cooking blog written by Rachel Ray

a. The cable television program Dexter

Émile Durkheim's ideas about society can best be described as ________. a. functionalist b. conflict theorist c. symbolic interactionist d. rationalist

a. functionalist

When all media sources report a simplified version of the environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing, with no effort to convey the hard science and complicated statistical data behind the story, ___________ is probably occurring. a. gatekeeping b. the digital divide c. technophilia d. market segmentation

a. gatekeeping

According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on ________. a. habitual actions b. status c. institutionalization d. role performance

a. habitual actions

The history of technology began _________. a. in the early stages of human societies b. with the invention of the computer c. during the Renaissance d. during the 19th century

a. in the early stages of human societies

A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who: a. interact b. work in same industry c. speak different languages d. practice a recognized religion

a. interact

Comic books, Wikipedia, MTV, and a commercial for Coca-Cola are all examples of: a. media b. symbolic interaction perspective c. e-readiness d. the digital divide

a. media

Amalgamation is represented by the _____________ metaphor. a. melting pot b. Statue of Liberty c. salad bowl d. separate but equal

a. melting pot

In the United States, most people define themselves as: a. middle class b. upper class c. lower class d. no specific class

a. middle class

If a sociologist says that nations evolve towards more advanced technology and more complex industry as their citizens learn cultural values that celebrate hard work and success, she is using _______ theory to study the global economy. a. modernization theory b. dependency theory c. modern dependency theory d. evolutionary dependency theory

a. modernization theory

In the mid-90s, the U.S. government grew concerned that Microsoft was a _______________, exercising disproportionate control over the available choices and prices of computers. a. monopoly b. conglomerate c. functionalism d. technological globalization

a. monopoly

The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that a. mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture b. mores are absolute, whereas folkways are temporary c. mores refer to material culture, whereas folkways refer to nonmaterial culture d. mores refer to nonmaterial culture, whereas folkways refer to material culture

a. mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture

A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The student's actions are an example of _________. a. primary deviance b. positive deviance c. secondary deviance d. master deviance

a. primary deviance

Social stratification is a system that: a. ranks society members into categories b. destroys competition between society members c. allows society members to choose their social standing d. reflects personal choices of society members

a. ranks society members into categories

The use of Facebook to create an online persona by only posting images that match your ideal self exemplifies the_____________ that can occur in forms of new media. a. social construction of reality b. cyberfeminism c. market segmentation d. referencing

a. social construction of reality

According to C. Wright Mills, which of the following people is most likely to be a member of the power elite? a. A war veteran b. A senator c. A professor d. A mechanic

b. A senator

According to national surveys, most American parents support which type of sex education program in school? a. Abstinence only b. Abstinence plus sexual safety c. Sexual safety without promoting abstinence d. No sex education

b. Abstinence plus sexual safety

Which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? a. Men often earn more than women, even working the same job. b. After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant. c. Doctors earn more money because their job is more highly valued. d. Teachers continue to struggle to keep benefits such as health insurance.

b. After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant.

Which statement provides the best operational definition of "childhood obesity"? a. Children who eat unhealthy foods and spend too much time watching television and playing video games b. A distressing trend that can lead to health issues including type 2 diabetes and heart disease c. Body weight at least 20% higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height d. The tendency of children today to weigh more than children of earlier generations

c. Body weight at least 20% higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height

What occurs in Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level? a. Children develop the ability to have abstract thoughts. b. Morality is developed by pain and pleasure. c. Children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral. d. Parental beliefs have no influence on children's morality.

c. Children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral.

A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the American education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using? a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism

c. Conflict theory

The "American Dream"—the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough—is most commonly associated with which sociological theory? a. Sociobiology b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism

c. Conflict theory

What method did researchers John Mihelich and John Papineau use to study Parrotheads? a. Survey b. Experiment c. Ethnography d. Case study

c. Ethnography

Which intergroup relation displays the least tolerance? a. Segregation b. Assimilation c. Genocide d. Expulsion

c. Genocide

Which of the following societies were the first to have permanent residents? a. Industrial b. Hunter-gatherer c. Horticultural d. Feudal

c. Horticultural

Structural mobility occurs when: a. an individual moves up the class ladder b. an individual moves down the class ladder c. a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes d. a member of a family belongs to a different class than his or her siblings

c. a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes

Berger describes sociologists as concerned with: a. monumental moments in people's lives b. common everyday life events c. both a and b d. none of the above

c. both a and b

According to Marx, the _____ own the means of production in a society. a. proletariat b. vassals c. bourgeoisie d. anomie

c. bourgeoisie

Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford a television and lives on cheap groceries like dried beans and ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in: a. global poverty b. absolute poverty c. subjective poverty d. relative poverty

d. relative poverty

The Harlows' study on rhesus monkeys showed that: a. rhesus monkeys raised by other primate species are poorly socialized b. monkeys can be adequately socialized by imitating humans c. food is more important than social comfort d. social comfort is more important than food

d. social comfort is more important than food

A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: a. behaviors b. conflicts c. human organs d. theatrical roles

d. theatrical roles

Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of: a. relativism b. ethnocentrism c. xenocentrism d. universalism

d. universalism

Research regarding video game violence suggests that _________. a. boys who play violent video games become more aggressive, but girls do not b. girls who play violent video games become more aggressive, but boys do not c. violent video games have no connection to aggressive behavior d. violent video games lead to an increase in aggressive thought and behavior

d. violent video games lead to an increase in aggressive thought and behavior

A sociologist working from a symbolic interaction perspective would: a. study how inequality is created and reproduced b. study how corporations can improve the lives of their low-income workers c. try to understand how companies provide an advantage to high-income nations compared to low-income nations d. want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to- day basis

d. want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to- day basis

In an American town, a mining company owns all the stores and most of the houses. They sell goods to the workers at inflated prices, offer house rentals for twice what a mortgage would be, and make sure to always pay the workers less than needed to cover food and rent. Once the workers are in debt, they have no choice but to continue working for the company, since their skills will not transfer to a new position. This most closely resembles: a. child slavery b. chattel slavery c. debt slavery d. servile marriage

c. debt slavery

Jerome is able to use the internet to select reliable sources for his research paper, but Charlie just copies large pieces of web pages and pastes them into his paper. Jerome has _____________ while Charlie does not. a. a functional perspective b. the knowledge gap c. e-readiness d. a digital divide

c. e-readiness

Seeing patterns means that a sociologist must be able to: a. compare the behavior of individuals from different societies b. compare one society to another c. identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure d. compare individuals to groups

c. identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure

One day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating _______. a. deviance b. formal sanctions c. informal sanctions d. positive sanctions

c. informal sanctions

One flaw in modernization theory is the unwillingness to recognize _________. a. that semi-peripheral nations are incapable of industrializing b. that peripheral nations prevent semi-peripheral nations from entering the global market c. its inherent ethnocentric bias d. the importance of semi-peripheral nations industrializing

c. its inherent ethnocentric bias

When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic award, she is dealing with competing ______________. a. primary groups b. out-groups c. reference groups d. secondary groups

c. reference groups

The basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification: a. is an outdated mode of societal organization b. is an artificial reflection of society c. serves a purpose in society d. cannot be justified

c. serves a purpose in society

The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform ___________, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity. a. values b. sanctions c. social control d. mores

c. social control

Chris Langan's story illustrates that: a. children raised in one-parent households tend to have higher IQs. b. intelligence is more important than socialization. c. socialization can be more important than intelligence. d. neither socialization nor intelligence affects college admissions.

c. socialization can be more important than intelligence.

Modern-day hipsters are an example of: a. ethnocentricity b. counterculture c. subculture d. high culture

c. subculture

The GNI PPP figure represents: a. a country's total accumulated wealth b. annual government spending c. the average annual income of a country's citizens d. a country's debt

c. the average annual income of a country's citizens

When it comes to media and technology, a functionalist would focus on: a. the symbols created and reproduced by the media b. the association of technology and technological skill with men c. the way that various forms of media socialize users d. the digital divide between the technological haves and have-nots

c. the way that various forms of media socialize users

A measurement is considered ______ if it actually measures what it is intended to measure, according to the topic of the study. a. reliable b. sociological c. valid d. quantitative

c. valid

Sociological studies test relationships in which change in one ______ causes change in another. a. test subject b. behavior c. variable d. operational definition

c. variable

Spousal abuse is an example of a ________. a. street crime b. corporate crime c. violent crime d. nonviolent crime

c. violent crime

The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: a. whether individuals like or dislike their society b. whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society d. all of the above

c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society

As a Caucasian in the United States, being reasonably sure that you will be dealing with authority figures of the same race as you is a result of: a. intersection theory b. conflict theory c. white privilege d. scapegoating theory

c. white privilege

The belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture is called: a. ethnocentrism b. nationalism c. xenocentrism d. imperialism

c. xenocentrism

Which of the following is the primary component of the evolutionary model of technological change? a. Technology should not be subject to patenting. b. Technology and the media evolve together. c. Technology can be traced back to the early stages of human society. d. A breakthrough in one form of technology leads to a number of variations, and technological developments.

d. A breakthrough in one form of technology leads to a number of variations, and technological developments.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an in-group? a. The Ku Klux Klan b. A fraternity c. A synagogue d. A high school

d. A high school

Which is NOT an example of a normative organization? a. A book club b. A church youth group c. A People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protest group d. A study hall

d. A study hall

A parent who is worrying over her teenager's dangerous and self-destructive behavior and low self- esteem may wish to look at her child's: a. reference group b. in-group c. out-group d. All of the above

d. All of the above

How do schools prepare children to one day enter the workforce? a. With a standardized curriculum b. Through the hidden curriculum c. By socializing them in teamwork d. All of the above

d. All of the above

In Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? a. A very small group of witnesses b. The presence of an ally c. The ability to keep one's answer private d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? a. Increased productivity b. Increased efficiency c. Equal treatment for all d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What is one way to distinguish between psychology and sociology? a. Psychology focuses on the mind, while sociology focuses on society. b. Psychologists are interested in mental health, while sociologists are interested in societal functions. c. Psychologists look inward to understand behavior while sociologists look outward. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group? a. Jewish people in Germany b. Creoles in New Orleans c. White people in Brazil d. Blacks under Apartheid in South Africa

d. Blacks under Apartheid in South Africa

Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility? a. Caste b. Monarchy c. Endogamy d. Class

d. Class

Which of following is correct regarding the explanation for transgenderism? a. It is strictly biological and associated with chemical imbalances in the brain. b. It is a behavior that is learned through socializing with other transgendered individuals. c. It is genetic and usually skips one generation. d. Currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism.

d. Currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism.

Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined? a. Deviance is defined by federal, state, and local laws. b. Deviance's definition is determined by one's religion. c. Deviance occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action. d. Deviance is socially defined.

d. Deviance is socially defined.

Why is choosing a random sample an effective way to select participants? a. Participants do not know they are part of a study b. The researcher has no control over who is in the study c. It is larger than an ordinary sample d. Everyone has the same chance of being part of the study

d. Everyone has the same chance of being part of the study

The Protestant work ethic is based on the concept of predestination, which states that ________. a. performing good deeds in life is the only way to secure a spot in Heaven b. salvation is only achievable through obedience to God c. no person can be saved before he or she accepts Jesus Christ as his or her savior d. God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned

d. God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned

Which person or organization defined the concept of value neutrality? a. Institutional Review Board (IRB) b. Peter Rossi c. American Sociological Association (ASA) d. Max Weber

d. Max Weber

The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom? a. Symbols b. Language c. Material culture d. Nonmaterial culture

d. Nonmaterial culture

Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification? a. Pie chart b. Flag poles c. Planetary movement d. Pyramid

d. Pyramid

What doctrine justified legal segregation in the South? a. Jim Crow b. Plessey v. Ferguson c. De jure d. Separate but equal

d. Separate but equal

Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level? a. Structural functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Positivism d. Symbolic interactionism

d. Symbolic interactionism

What is the largest difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective? a. The former two consider long-term repercussions of the group or situation, while the latter focuses on the present. b. The first two are the more common sociological perspective, while the latter is a newer sociological model. c. The first two focus on hierarchical roles within an organization, while the last takes a more holistic view. d. The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.

d. The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.

Why do sociologists need to be careful when drawing conclusions from twin studies? a. The results do not apply to singletons. b. The twins were often raised in different ways. c. The twins may turn out to actually be fraternal. d. The sample sizes are often small.

d. The sample sizes are often small.

In a study, a group of 10-year-old boys are fed doughnuts every morning for a week and then weighed to see how much weight they gained. Which factor is the dependent variable? a. The doughnuts b. The boys c. The duration of a week d. The weight gained

d. The weight gained

What makes Native Americans unique as a subordinate group in the United States? a. They are the only group that experienced expulsion. b. They are the only group that was segregated. c. They are the only group that was enslaved. d. They are the only group that did not come here as immigrants.

d. They are the only group that did not come here as immigrants.

Why did most white ethnic Americans come to the United States? a. For a better life b. To escape oppression c. Because they were forced out of their own countries d. a and b only

d. a and b only

Sociologists associate sexuality with _______. a. heterosexuality b. homosexuality c. biological factors d. a person's capacity for sexual feelings

d. a person's capacity for sexual feelings

Stereotypes can be based on: a. race b. ethnicity c. gender d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Studying Sociology helps people analyze data because they learn: a. interview techniques b. to apply statistics c. to generate theories d. all of the above

d. all of the above

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender": a. during half of our activities b. only when they apply to our biological sex c. only if we are actively following gender roles d. all of the time, in everything we do

d. all of the time, in everything we do

Ethnicity describes shared: a. beliefs b. language c. religion d. any of the above

d. any of the above

The racial term "African American" can refer to: a. a black person living in America b. people whose ancestors came to America through the slave trade c. a white person who originated in Africa and now lives in the United States d. any of the above

d. any of the above

In the past, the United States manufactured clothes. Many clothing corporations have shut down their American factories and relocated to China. This is an example of: a. conflict theory b. OECD c. global inequality d. capital flight

d. capital flight

Dependency theorists explain global inequality and global stratification by focusing on the way that: a. core nations and peripheral nations exploit semi-peripheral nations b. semi-peripheral nations exploit core nations c. peripheral nations exploit core nations d. core nations exploit peripheral nations

d. core nations exploit peripheral nations

Based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would: a. receive the same pay as all the other physician's assistants b. be encouraged to earn a higher degree to seek a better position c. most likely marry a professional at the same level d. earn a pay raise for doing excellent work

d. earn a pay raise for doing excellent work

Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who: a. are ambitious b. fund social services c. spend money wisely d. get rich while workers stay poor

d. get rich while workers stay poor

Some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to: a. cultural lag b. innovation c. discovery d. globalization

d. globalization

The movie Babel featured an international cast and was filmed on location in various nations. When it screened in theaters worldwide, it introduced a number of ideas and philosophies about cross- cultural connections. This might be an example of: a. technology b. conglomerating c. symbolic interaction d. media globalization

d. media globalization

A parent secretly monitoring the babysitter through the use of GPS, site blocker, and nanny cam is a good example of: a. the social construction of reality b. technophilia c. a neo-Luddite d. panoptic surveillance

d. panoptic surveillance

The fact that your cell phone is using outdated technology within a year or two of purchase is an example of ____________. a. the conflict perspective b. conspicuous consumption c. media d. planned obsolescence

d. planned obsolescence

According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where? a. A community where neighbors don't know each other very well b. A neighborhood with mostly elderly citizens c. A city with a large minority population d. A college campus with students who are very competitive

a. A community where neighbors don't know each other very well

To study the effects of fast food on lifestyle, health, and culture, from which group would a researcher ethically be unable to accept funding? a. A fast-food restaurant b. A nonprofit health organization c. A private hospital d. A governmental agency like Health and Social Services

a. A fast-food restaurant

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate group for democratic leadership? a. A fire station b. A college classroom c. A high school prom committee d. A homeless shelter

a. A fire station

Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data? a. A large survey b. A literature search c. An in-depth interview d. A review of television programs

a. A large survey

Which of the following best depicts Marx's concept of alienation from the process of one's labor? a. A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way. b. A businessman feels that he deserves a raise, but is nervous to ask his manager for one; instead, he comforts himself with the idea that hard work is its own reward. c. An associate professor is afraid that she won't be given tenure and starts spreading rumors about one of her associates to make herself look better. d. A construction worker is laid off and takes a job at a fast food restaurant temporarily, although he has never had an interest in preparing food before.

a. A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way.

A nation's flag is: a. A symbol b. A value c. A culture d. A folkway

a. A symbol

Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? a. Authoritarian b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Expressive

a. Authoritarian

The government of __________ blocks citizens' access to popular new media sites like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. a. China b. India c. Afghanistan d. Australia

a. China

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bureaucracies? a. Coercion to join b. Hierarchy of authority c. Explicit rules d. Division of labor

a. Coercion to join

The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture? a. Counterculture b. Subculture c. Multiculturalism d. Afrocentricity

a. Counterculture

An example of high culture is ___________, whereas an example of popular culture would be ____________. a. Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners b. medical marijuana; film noir c. country music; pop music d. political theory; sociological theory

a. Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners

Which of the following is an example of corporate crime? a. Embezzlement b. Larceny c. Assault d. Burglary

a. Embezzlement

Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability? a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interactionalism d. Queer theory

a. Functionalism

_______ is/are an individual's self-conception of being male or female based on his or her association with masculine or feminine gender roles. a. Gender identity b. Gender bias c. Sexual orientation d. Sexual attitudes

a. Gender identity

A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labeling theory explain this? a. The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status. b. The offender has returned to his old neighborhood and so reestablished his former habits. c. The offender has lost the social bonds he made in prison and feels disconnected from society. d. The offender is poor and responding to the different cultural values that exist in his community.

a. The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status.

What is a disadvantage of the McDonaldization of society? a. There is less variety of goods. b. There is an increased need for employees with postgraduate degrees. c. There is less competition so prices are higher. d. There are fewer jobs so unemployment increases.

a. There is less variety of goods.

What factor makes class systems open? a. They allow for movement between the classes. b. People are more open-minded. c. People are encouraged to socialize within their class. d. They do not have clearly defined layers.

a. They allow for movement between the classes.

What role do secondary groups play in society? a. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. b. They provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others. c. The members give and receive emotional support. d. They allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudices.

a. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs

Why are wealthy parents more likely than poor parents to socialize their children toward creativity and problem solving? a. Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment. b. Wealthy parents are not concerned about their children rebelling against their rules. c. Wealthy parents never engage in repetitive tasks. d. Wealthy parents are more concerned with money than with a good education.

a. Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment.

Slavery in the pre-Civil War American South most closely resembled a. chattel Slavery b. debt Bondage c. relative Poverty d. peonage

a. chattel Slavery

The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as: a. class traits b. power c. prestige d. underclass

a. class traits

Compared to most Western societies, American sexual attitudes are considered _______. a. conservative b. liberal c. permissive d. free

a. conservative

Your 83-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send e-mails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every e-mail to respond point by point, but she has never e-mailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of: a. cultural lag b. innovation c. ethnocentricity d. xenophobia

a. cultural lag

Rodney and Elise are American students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of: a. culture shock b. imperialism c. ethnocentrism d. xenocentrism

a. culture shock

Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions. a. denied the opportunity to obtain b. encouraged to train for c. often fired from d. forced into

a. denied the opportunity to obtain

The main difference between ethnography and other types of participant observation is: a. ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing b. ethnography subjects are unaware they're being studied c. ethnographic studies always involve minority ethnic groups d. there is no difference

a. ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing

A ____________ perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure. a. functional b. conflict c. feminist d. symbolic interactionist

a. functional

One flaw in dependency theory is the unwillingness to recognize _______. a. that previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations b. that previously high-income nations such as China have been economically overpowered by low-income nations entering the global marketplace c. that countries such as China are growing more dependent on core nations d. that countries such as China do not necessarily want to be more like core nations

a. that previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations

The major difference between invention and discovery is: a. Invention is based on technology, whereas discovery is usually based on culture b. Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way c. Invention refers to material culture, whereas discovery can be material or theoretic, like laws of physics d. Invention is typically used to refer to international objects, whereas discovery refers to that which is local to one's culture

b. Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way

Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology? a. Astrology b. Economics c. Physics d. History

b. Economics

Only women are affected by gender stratification. a. True b. False

b. False

Which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socialization? a. School b. Family c. Mass media d. Workplace

b. Family

Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States? a. First-shift factory worker b. First-generation college student c. Firstborn son who inherits the family business d. First-time interviewee who is hired for a job

b. First-generation college student

To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance? a. Conflict theory b. Functionalism c. Feminist theory d. Symbolic interactionism

b. Functionalism

What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts? a. Sociobiology b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism

b. Functionalism

Which statement illustrates value neutrality? a. Obesity in children is obviously a result of parental neglect and, therefore, schools should take a greater role to prevent it b. In 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink vending machines from schools c. Merely restricting children's access to junk food at school is not enough to prevent obesity d. Physical activity and healthy eating are a fundamental part of a child's education

b. In 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink

Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies? a. Hunter-gatherer b. Industrial c. Agricultural d. Feudal

b. Industrial

Which best describes the results of a case study? a. It produces more reliable results than other methods because of its depth b. Its results are not generally applicable c. It relies solely on secondary data analysis d. All of the above

b. Its results are not generally applicable

Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle? a. Emile Comte b. Karl Marx c. Plato d. Herbert Spencer

b. Karl Marx

Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Erving Goffmann d. George Herbert Mead

b. Karl Marx

Which of the following is a manifest function of schools? a. Understanding when to speak up and when to be silent b. Learning to read and write c. Following a schedule d. Knowing locker room etiquette

b. Learning to read and write

Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist? a. Surveys b. Participant observation c. Quantitative data analysis d. None of the above

b. Participant observation

What factor makes caste systems closed? a. They are run by secretive governments. b. People cannot change their social standings. c. Most have been outlawed. d. They exist only in rural areas.

b. People cannot change their social standings.

What intergroup relationship is represented by the "salad bowl" metaphor? a. Assimilation b. Pluralism c. Amalgamation d. Segregation

b. Pluralism

The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by: a. linguistics b. Sapir-Whorf c. Ethnographic imagery d. bilingualism

b. Sapir-Whorf

What Western country is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex? a. United States b. Sweden c. Mexico d. Ireland

b. Sweden

What is a disadvantage of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? a. The NCVS doesn't include demographic data, such as age or gender. b. The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones. c. The NCVS doesn't address the relationship between the criminal and the victim. d. The NCVS only includes information collected by police officers.

b. The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones.

Which of the following is not a risk of media globalization? a. The creation of cultural and ideological biases b. The creation of local monopolies c. The risk of cultural imperialism d. The loss of local culture

b. The creation of local monopolies

Maya is a 12-year-old girl living in Thailand. She is homeless, and often does not know where she will sleep or when she will eat. We might say that Maya lives in _________ poverty. a. subjective b. absolute c. relative d. global

b. absolute

What does a Functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street movement? a. The minute functions that every person at the protests plays in the whole b. The internal conflicts that play out within such a diverse and leaderless group c. How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension d. The factions and divisions that form within the movement

c. How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension

Many Arab Americans face _______________, especially after 9/11. a. racism b. segregation c. Islamophobia d. prejudice

c. Islamophobia

Which of the following is the best explanation of racism as a social fact? a. It needs to be eradicated by laws. b. It is like a magic pill. c. It does not need the actions of individuals to continue. d. None of the above

c. It does not need the actions of individuals to continue.

What is the one defining feature of a minority group? a. Self-definition b. Numerical minority c. Lack of power d. Strong cultural identity

c. Lack of power

What research method did John S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd mainly use in their Middletown study? a. Secondary data b. Survey c. Participant observation d. Experiment

c. Participant observation

Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children? a. Children can act however they wish around their peers because children are unaware of gender roles. b. Peers serve as a support system for children who wish to act outside of their assigned gender roles. c. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles. d. None of the above

c. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.

______ deviance is a violation of norms that ______result in a person being labeled a deviant. a. Secondary; does not b. Negative; does c. Primary; does not d. Primary; may or may not

c. Primary; does not

What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior? a. Secondary group b. Formal organization c. Reference group d. Primary group

c. Reference group

Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society: a. Establishes leaders b. Determines language c. Regulates behavior d. Determines laws

c. Regulates behavior

When it comes to technology, media, and society, which of the following is true? a. Media influences technology, but not society. b. Technology created media, but society has nothing to do with these. c. Technology, media, and society are bound and cannot be separated. d. Society influences media but is not connected to technology.

c. Technology, media, and society are bound and cannot be separated.

Which of the following fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society? a. The Deswan people, who live in small tribes and base their economy on the production and trade of textiles b. The Rositian Clan, a small community of farmers who have lived on their family's land for centuries c. The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses d. The Amaganda, an extended family of warriors who serve a single noble family

c. The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses

Who is more likely to be an expressive leader? a. The sales manager of a fast-growing cosmetics company b. A high school teacher at a reform school c. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children d. A manager at a fast-food restaurant

c. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children

What did Carol Gilligan believe earlier researchers into morality had overlooked? a. The justice perspective b. Sympathetic reactions to moral situations c. The perspective of females d. How social environment affects how morality develops

c. The perspective of females

Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject? a. The study of individual behavior b. The study of cultures c. The study of society and social interaction d. The study of economics

c. The study of society and social interaction

What is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society? a. There is more variety of goods. b. There is less theft c. There is more worldwide availability of goods. d. There is more opportunity for businesses.

c. There is more worldwide availability of goods.

Which of the following is true regarding American socialization of recent high school graduates? a. They are expected to take a year "off" before college. b. They are required to serve in the military for one year. c. They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation. d. They are required to move away from their parents.

c. They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation.

Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype? a. Women are typically shorter than men. b. Men do not live as long as women. c. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded. d. Men hold more high-earning, leadership jobs than women.

c. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded.

Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to ________. a. power b. master status c. family values d. wealth

d. wealth