Sociology 1010 leiker
Which phrase was used by Erving Goffman to refer to being embarrassed in a social situation?
"Losing face"
In the United States, about what share of households have at least one television?
96 percent
Which of the following statements is most correct?
As human beings, our nature is to nurture."
What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people?
Culture
__________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance.
Folkways; mores
Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. What are they?
Invention, discovery, and diffusion
What did Carol Gilligan think was the biggest flaw in Lawrence Kohlberg's development theory?
It focused only on male subjects.
What part does George Herbert Mead say role-playing has in the development of the self?
It helps us learn to see ourselves as others see us.
Which of the following social thinkers is closely associated with sociology's social-conflict approach?
Karl Marx
What can we learn from Harry and Margaret Harlow's rhesus monkey studies?
Long-term social isolation early in life can cause irreversible damage.
Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?
Material culture
What effect will the increasing older population have on U.S. society?
People of all ages will be likely to interact more with the elderly.
What is the concept that refers to the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses?
Role conflict
Which concept refers to the tension among roles connected to a single status?
Role strain
Which of the following is a distinctive contribution of school to the socialization process?
School allows students to interact with people of different social backgrounds.
According to Piaget, in which stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?
Sensorimotor stage
Why might a teenager looking to join a new social group start listening to a new type of music?
She is engaging in anticipatory socialization.
Which of the following statements about the concepts "culture" and "society" is correct?
Society is the organized interaction of people who typically live in a nation or specific territory; culture is a shared way of life.
Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"?
Sociology
Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior?
Symbolic-interaction approach
Which of the following statements about ongoing cultural change is correct?
Symbols such as "g2g," "w/e," and "brb" came into existence in recent years following the creation of new communication technology.
Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people?
The structural-functional approach
According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, the complete adjustment to one's approaching death involves which of the following?
acceptance
From a social-conflict point of view, jokes ________
can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another.
The meanings attached to what we understand as symbols __________.
can vary among individuals or groups of people within a single society
In a total institution, staff members _______
closely supervise all the daily life of inmates.
Ewoodzie discovered that homeless people in Jackson, Mississippi
could use available social services so that they rarely went for a day without food.
The text suggests that one easy and fairly accurate way to estimate the number of cultures in the United States is to __________.
count the number of languages in the country
What is the main cause of the pattern we describe as the turbulence of teenage years in the United States?
cultural inconsistencies in how our society defines this stage of life
In 1898, Marie Curie unintentionally left a rock on a piece of photographic paper and later found that emissions from the rock had exposed the paper. Since that time, the radium responsible for the paper's exposure has been put to medical use in X-ray technology. Curie's experience is an example of __________, one of the processes by which cultural changes are set in motion.
discovery
What term did Sigmund Freud use to refer to a person's conscious efforts to balance pleasure-seeking with the demands of society?
ego
A European who refers to China as "the Far East" is displaying some degree of what sociologists call __________.
ethnocentrism
A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying ________
ethnocentrism
The social standing of women and men in hunting and gathering societies is ________
fairly equal, with men and women each making a vital contribution to survival.
Philippe Ariès claimed that the idea of childhood extending until about the early teens is actually __________.
fairly recent in human history
According to Erik Erikson, after stealing a snack, a child in the preschool stage is now capable of __________.
feeling guilty about stealing based on not living up to what others expect
A good example of cultural lag is ________
gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so.
Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing that _______
girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards.
Generally speaking, U.S. culture favors men over women, whites over people of color, and rich people over poor people. Which key value of U.S. culture identified by Robin Williams Jr. does this pattern of inequality reflect?
group superiority
In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally ________
have much more inequality than less productive societal types
If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing ________
high culture.
Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of the United States than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be ________
higher in rural areas
Which of the following types of societies is the simplest of all types in terms of its technology?
hunting-and-gathering
According to Erving Goffman, people usually make efforts to _____ their intentions.
idealize
Which of the following is a technological innovation that developed in the last several decades and has had an enormous effect in helping to spread the English language around the globe?
internet
Ethnocentrism refers to ________
judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
According to Emile Durkheim, categories of people with a higher suicide rate typically have ________
lower levels of social integration.
In U.S. society, "success" generally means __________.
making a lot of money
Which stage of life discussed in the text spans the years from about age forty to sixty-five, a period when people come to realize that their life circumstances are pretty well set?
middle adulthood
Material culture corresponds to __________ as manifest functions corresponds to latent functions.
nonmaterial culture
As a part of human culture, religion is an example of ________
nonmaterial culture.
What process involves deciding exactly what is to be measured when assigning value to a variable?
operationalizing
Looking at the operation of U.S. schools guided by the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that ________
our society provides some students with far better schooling than others.
The social-conflict approach draws attention to ________
patterns of social inequality.
C. Wright Mills claimed that the "sociological imagination" transformed ________
personal problems into public issues.
While one dominant value of U.S. culture is the right to equal opportunity and freedom, another is ________
racism and group superiority.
The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture.
real; ideal
A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it ________
says little about the influence of structural factors such as culture, class, gender, and race.
According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as _______
significant others.
Mead claimed that the origin of the self is found in _______
social experience.
The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the ________
social-conflict approach.
The concept "cultural lag" refers to the fact that ________
some cultural elements change more quickly than others.
The main characteristic of the _____ approach is its view of society as being orderly and stable
structural-functional
The _____ approaches are macro-level, describing societies in broad, structural terms.
structural-functional and social-conflict
The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the ________
structural-functional approach.
One example of a __________ in U.S. culture is the prohibition against marriage involving a father and a daughter.
taboo
What is the first step of resocialization in a total institution such as prison?
the "stripping" or removal of an inmate's existing identity
The development of hip-hop music in the inner cities during the 1970s demonstrates __________.
the ability of low-income people to create cultural patterns that can shape the whole society
The structural-functional approach is concerned with ________
the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society.
The concept of "gerontocracy" refers to a society in which ________
the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige
The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is ________
the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations.
Among the historical changes that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline was ________
the rise of the industrial economy and growth of cities.
The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based mostly on ________
the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern.
Which sociological research method is best used to study what cannot be directly observed, such as attitudes and values, among large numbers of people?
the survey
A Marxist analysis of U.S. culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect ________
this nation's capitalist economy.
The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher must
try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research.
The idea of "getting" a joke, according to the text, depends on ________
understanding the two realities involved and appreciating their difference.
By definition, horticultural societies are those in which people ________
use simple hand tools to raise crops.