sociology 131 final exam notes

which of the following statements about social stratification is not correct

a familys social standing typically changes a great deal from generation to generation

people with shared interests, loyalties, and experiences are

a group

in theory which of the following involves the greatest amount of social mobility

a meritocracy

a small number of people used by researchers to represent an entire population is called

a sample

a network can be described as

all of the above

karl marx claimed that

all the above are correct

which leadership style focuses on instrumental concerns, making decisions, and ensuring group memebers obey orders

authoritarian

institutional prejudice and discriminations refers to the fact that

bias is built into the operation of societies institutions

which of the following comes closest to the correct view of the role biology in causing people to commit crime

biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing people to commit crime

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those that are widely accepted in a society are referred to as

countercultures

people categorizing themselves or others as members of a group based on cultural heritage

ethnicity

scientific research confirms that everyone on earth falls into 3 racial categories

false

there is a difference between the values and norms that describe what we should do and things that actually occur in everyday life. this distinction denotes

ideal culture and real culture

according to erving goffman the presentation of self often includes

impression management

primary groups have personal, long lasting relationships and belonging to the group is

in an end in itself

social stratification refers to

ranking categories of people in a hierarchy

which of the following can correctly be called the framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

social-conflict approach

which of frueds concepts can be described as society internalized

superego

the primary research method most often used by sociologists to collect large amounts of data is

survey research

anything that carries a particular culturally shared meaning can be described as a

symbol

all cultures have basic elements, including

symbols, language, values, and norms

gerhard lenski focused on which of the following factors of having great power to shape society

technology

expressive leaders focus on the groups well-being while instrumental leaders focus on

the completion of a task

the kuznets curve summarizes

the relationship between technological development and social stratification

these high status individuals commit crimes in the course o their occupations

white collar crimes

a social conflict analysis links deviance to

who does and does not have power in a society

the industrial stage of cultural evolution is characterized by

using advanced sources of energy to power factories

___________ are broad guidelines for social living that define cultural standards, while ______ are specific rules and expectations by which a society guides behavior

values: norms

the stage of life when emotional and social turmoil are greatly influenced by cultural inconsistency and when the peer group is most significant is

adolescence

sociologists who use the experimental method

all of these apply to the experimental method

which of the following cannot be a symbol

all of these may be symbols

the conflict approach in sociology investigates how social patterns benefit some people while hurting others. this includes

all of these statements apply to the conflict approach

durkheim belived that deviance is found

all the above

the people who interfere with the operation of a capitalist system are likely to have deviant labels applied to them. this includes

all the above ma be labeled as deviant

the post-industrial society is dependent on

an information based economy

sam had unpleasant and even frightening experience when he encountered a strange way of life while visiting another country over spring break. this is an example of

culture shock

the way we act and carry ourselves during role performances is referred to as

demeanor

minorities have two distinct characteristics

distinct identity and subordination

max weber claimed that social stratification is based on

economic class, social status , power

symbolic interaction is a micro sociological approach because it tries to explain how all major institutions of society fit together to form a giant organism

false

auguste comtes law of the three stages identified historical development as passing through all of the stages below except

industrial stage

which of the following concepts refers to a social group that people use as a point of comparisons

reference group

crime is a specific type of deviance that

refers to violations of formally enacted criminal law

which of the following is generally true of researchers setting out to conduct fieldwork

researchers are open to the definitions of reality created by the subjects they are observing

mertons strain theory of deviance does not include

revolution

when a persons expected role behavior in one status is at odds with the role requirements of another status they occupy, that person is experiencing

role conflict

Horticulture can best be thought of as domestication of plants while pastoralism involves the domestication of animals

true

a survey is a research method in which subjects respond to a series of items or questions

true

according to mead the I is subjective side of the self and the me is objective

true

idealization is when we construct performances to convince

true

language may be defined as a very precise use of either written or spoken symbols

true

symbolic- interaction is a sociological approach that assumes that people create reality as they interact with each other in everyday situations.

true

lawrence kohlbergs theory of moral development does not include

unconventional stage

conspicuous consumption refers to

buying and using products because of what they say about social position

a way of life shared by members of a society that shapes how we act think and feel describes

culture

which of the following is not a characteristic of a hunting and gathering society

the group had a very clearly defined leadership structure

a major conclusion of carol gilligans theory of gender and moral development is that

the two sexes use different standards of rightness

in a class system

there is a lower degree of status consistency

which of the following is a good example of the sociological perspective

Emile Durkheims description of how suicide is caused by degrees of social integration and regulation

according to cloward and ohlin deviant subcultures do not include

anomic subcultures

cultural universals are cultural traits that

are part of every known culture

labeling theory states that deviance

arises not from what people do as much as from how others respond

we are born into ___________, but our ability and effort can create _________

ascribed status/ achieved status

prejudice is primarily a matter of _______. and discrimination is a matter of________

attitudes/ actions

a caste system is social stratification based on

birth

the improvements in the printing press made by johannes gutenberg

contributed to the renaissance, the reformation, and the enlightenment

the practice of judging a culture on its own standards is known as

cultural relativism

a secondary group is a social group that

is impersonal and exists in order to accomplish some specific goal

which of the following people had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach

karl marx

____________ are those consequences of social patterns that are intended and obvious , while _________ are those often unrecognized and unintended consequences of social patterns.

manifest functions, latent functions

durkeim described social solidarity based on similarities among people as __________ while solidarity based on mutual dependence as _______

mechanical / organic

which of the following differs most from the others in being a powerful influence even though it is impersonal

media

assimilation refers to the pattern by which

minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category

the biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories and the resulting diminishing of racial traits is known as

miscegenation

according to the davis-moore thesis

more important jobs must offer enough rewards to draw talent

a group we know of or who know us but with whom we interact rarely is

network

as a part of human culture, patriotism would be an example of

nonmaterial culture

communication using body movements is

nonverbal communication

cooleys theory of the looking glass self is the first

objective

looking beyond the taken for granted social world to discover different levels of explanation defines

peter bergers concept of the debunking motif

going to the opera, enjoying classical art, attending formal receptions are high culture. a rick concert and shopping at target might be examples of

popular culture

____________ is a way of understanding the world based on science

positivism

the rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people

prejudice

gesellschaft as a type of social organization has many of the same characteristics as

secondary groups

the physical and social separation of categories of people, especially by exclusion

segregation

jean piagets stages in the theory of cognitive development are listed in the correct order in which sequence

sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete, formal

during the play stage

significant others

a race is a group of people who share biologically transmitted traits

social construction

the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction defines

social construction of reality

the complex life long process by which we learn our culture and develop our human potential is known as

socialization

the people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture are referred to as a

society

a theoretical approach that examines the ways that human biology affects how culture is created defines

sociobiology

a social position that a person holds that is part of our identity and defines our relationship to others is a

status

goffman identified a powerfully negative label as

stigma

major league baseball

structural-functional approach

which theoretical approach in sociology leads us to see society as orderly and stable, and looks for ways that social solidarity is maintained

structural-functional approach

sigmund frued though that biology played a major role in human development and identified the two basic needs and drives as

the life instinct and the death instinct

understanding the ways that social categories affect out personal life choices describe

the sociological perspective

all but one of the following historical trends stimulated the development of sociology. which trend did not

the spread of the roman catholic religion

which of the following statements linking nature and nurture does sociology hold to be correct

with out denying the importance of nature, nurture matters more in shaping human behavior