Sociology 1502 - Extras

A paradigm can be defined as: a. Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them. b. The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion c. The consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated d. Social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

a. Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.

Mohit spent his days combing through garbage in Mumbai, India with his brothers and sisters. Sometimes he would find food, or something to sell for money. He never tried to overcome his lower-class status because he had seen his friends try and fail. So, he accepted his fate, and tried to live life as best he could in a closed society. Mohit is an example of someone living under: a. A meritocracy b. A dictatorship c. A caste system d. An oligarchy

c. A caste system

Strain theory: a. Argues that morality is based on wealth. b. Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle. c. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. d. States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.

c. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.

Which of the following is an example of cultural relativisim? a. Ingrid becoming upset over the course language used in the Australian Outback. b. Andy marrying a woman who does not practice his religion, though his parents disprove. c. Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying. d. Joseph protesting the Running of the Bulls while visiting Pamplona.

c. Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying.

Charlotte was born to a lower class family in rural Pennsylvania. After taking a job in the mail room of a large corporate office, Charlotte is slowly promoted through the ranks and becomes CEO of the company by the age of 50. What type of stratification is shown in this story? a. Structural mobility b. Intergenerational mobility c. Intragenerational mobility d. Downward mobility

c. Intragenerational mobility

__________ believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production and greatly favored __________. a. Durkheim; Communism b. Max Weber; Positivism c. Karl Marx; Communism d. Comte; Antipositivism

c. Karl Marx; Communism

__________ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society. a. Symbolic Interactionists b. Conflict Theorists c. Structural Functionalists d. Social Individualists

c. Structural Functionalists

A class of third graders is told that the assistant principal will be visiting their class to confirm their teacher's reports of bad behavior. When the principal visits, the students behave perfectly. This is an example of __________. a. The Authority Effect b. The Regressive Effect c. The Hawthorne Effect d. The Cognizant Effect

c. The Hawthorne Effect

What is the difference between a primary group and a secondary group? a. A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal. b. A primary group is small and impersonal; a secondary group is large and consists of face-to-face relationships. c. A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small, consisting of emotional, face-to-face relationships. d. A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small and purely instrumental in function.

a. A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal.

During the Medieval Age monks would lock themselves inside a monastery in order to devote their lives to prayer. A sociologist in the 21st century would look at this cultural phenomenon and label it: a. A total institution b. An incomplete institution c. An excellent cross section of the population d. A psychological phenomenon that is outside the realm of sociological stud

a. A total institution

In 1999, Sean Fanning, John Fanning, and Sean Parker invented Napster, a global, free-of-charge, peer-to-peer music sharing program. Prior to Napster, no such program existed. The three men created __________. a. An innovation b. A discovery c. A culture lag d. A cultural universal

a. An innovation

Which of the following men coined the term "positivisim," and is widely considered the father of sociology? a. Auguste Comte b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim

a. Auguste Comte

What is the importance of interpretive framework? a. It leads to in-depth knowledge of a participant's social world. b. It eliminates the need for a literature review. c. It relies on statistics to determine causal relationships. d. It prevents researchers from making unethical decisions.

a. It leads to in-depth knowledge of a participant's social world.

Functionalist Emile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was: a. Necessary; it challenged people's views. b. Dangerous; it encouraged disruptive behavior. c. Insignificant; deviance within society is largely ignored. d. Instrumental; it encouraged the population to rebel.

a. Necessary; it challenged people's views.

The term "values" can be defined as: a. The tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. b. A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society. c. Scripture found within the Bible. d. Federal laws and regulations.

b. A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society.

In an effort to control a total institution, and to create a community of sameness, inmates are forced to strip down, be searched by police officers, and given identical uniforms before entering prison. This is an example of __________. a. An entry test that must be passed b. A degradation ceremony c. A graduation ceremony d. An exit test that must be passed

b. A degradation ceremony

The term "interpretive framework" can be defined as: a. A basis for which sociologists determine whether their independent and dependent variables reflect the results. b. A sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing. c. An established scholarly research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions. d. Specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study

b. A sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing.

The term "language" can be defined as: a. Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words that help people understand the world. b. A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. c. The exchange of gestures and signals for the purpose of reaching a consensus. d. Communication grounded in ideals, norms, and values.

b. A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.

The term "deviance" can be defined as: a. The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. b. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. c. Social reward for the violation of norms. d. The regulation and enforcement of norms.

b. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a sociological hypothesis? a. The more study halls students are given during the school day, the worse they perform on their tests. b. The more CDs Jamilla buys, the less money she has in her bank account. c. The longer an inmate spends in prison, the more difficult it is for him to adapt to the outside world. d. The more positive reinforcement a parent gives a child, the better they do in school.

b. The more CDs Jamilla buys, the less money she has in her bank account.

Until 10,000 years ago, the basic structure of human society was based on __________. a. Capitalism b. Tribes c. Industrialization d. Feudalism

b. Tribes

Parents often socialize their children to: a. Understand and follow different norms from what they themselves follow b. Understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow c. Ignore society and create their own norms and follow them regardless of consequences d. Ignore society and live alone without much interaction with other people

b. Understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow

The term "meritocracy" is defined by the text as: a. A status-based regime in which advancement is unlikely. b. The removal of personal feelings from a professional situation. c. The authoritarian devalue of an employee. d. A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills.

d. A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills.

Reliability is defined by the text as: a. How well the study measures what it was designed to measure. b. How long a study is expected to remain relevant and influential. c. How close the study's results come to the experimenter's hypothesis. d. A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced.

d. A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced.

As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because: a. Collective norms are weakened. b. Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness. c. Specialization of labor lead to alienation. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Education is important to society because: a. It teaches children facts about the world in which they live. b. It teaches children how to interact with their peers and helps them to gain social graces. c. It teaches children how to react to authority and how to behave in group and one-on-one situations. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

A total institution can be defined as: a. A business which offers career advice for federal employees. b. A group in which the masses have a large influence in decision making. c. A clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy. d. An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs.

d. An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs.

Which theorist studied the power elite, and the influence they had over society? a. Karl Marx b. Carl Sagan c. Emile Durkheim d. C. Wright Mills

d. C. Wright Mills

Which theorist claimed that people rise to their proper level in society based solely on personal merit? a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Herbert Spencer d. Emile Durkheim

d. Emile Durkheim

The concept "reference groups" can be defined as: a. Groups which consist of people for whom an individual feels great disdain. b. Groups a person belongs to and feels are an integral part of his or her identity. c. People who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way. d. Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself.

d. Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself.

Erik Erikson's theory explains: a. Why Rhesus Monkeys preferred terry cloth maternal stand-ins versus the maternal stand-ins that provided food. b. How human sexual desire is linked to the development of a personality. c. When human moral development begins in an individual. d. How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life.

d. How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life.

Symbolic interactionists have come to the conclusion that: a. Most people do not care about social rank and standing. b. Only lower class people drink beer. c. Only upper class people can enjoy a good game of polo. d. Most people only socialize with people in their same social class.

d. Most people only socialize with people in their same social class.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy: a. Clear division of labor b. Impersonality c. Explicit rules d. Personality-based promotion

d. Personality-based promotion

Which historical event was greatly responsible for global stratification as we see it today? a. World War I b. The Fall of the British Empire c. The French Revolution d. The Industrial Revolution

d. The Industrial Revolution

Social control is: a. An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives. b. A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law. c. A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. d. The regulation and enforcement of norms.

d. The regulation and enforcement of norms.