Sociology 205 Final Exam Review

In 2018 three individuals, Warren Buffet, Bill Gates, and Jeff Bezos collectively held $301 Billion in wealth, whereas the bottom 50% of people in the United States collectively shared ______________ in wealth

$250 Billion

In Highpoint, Washington, asthma was endemic as a result of housing that had been built as temporary housing during and after WWII, but was still there 60 years later. The video Unnatural Causes: Place Matters noted that homes (called "Breath Easy Homes") were built with grants that had in-home infiltration systems that significantly reduced asthma in children in this neighborhood. These homes cost __________ extra to build than houses without the infiltration systems.

$6000

The podcast The Uncertain Hour noted that the 1996 Welfare Reform Bill that recreated welfare in the United States included four directives for how states could use welfare money from the federal block grants. Those four goals included:

-Job presentation -Preventing out-of-wedlock pregnancies -Cash assistance for needy families

A United States flag is an example of:

-Material Culture -Symbolic Culture

Racial disparities in U.S. jails and prisons are explained by which of the following structural factors:

-Racial residential segregation -Diversion of federal criminal justice funding from white collar crime to street crime -Differential criminal sentencing for crack versus powder cocaine

Which of the following structural factors lead to racial disparities in health care and health outcomes?

-Stress resulting from racism -racial economic inequality -residential segregation

According to the New York Times review of research on redlining practices, neighborhoods that were poorly rated by the government in the 1930s, receiving a lending quality grade of D, produced long lasting structural effects resulting in near-permanent inequality of neighborhoods. These long lasting effects were largely the result of:

-The depreciation in the prices of property in these neighborhoods -The unwillingness of investors to bring investment into these neighborhoods -The emergence of predatory investment, like slum lords, in these neighborhoods

The vast majority of those in the physical and social sciences have concluded that race is socially constructed, not biological, because:

-The physical characteristics we associate with race are arbitrary -The categories we think of as racial groups change over time and are different in different societies even at one specific historical moment -There is more differentiation within so-called racial groups than between so-called racial groups.

According to Keith Payne, researchers in the U.S. conducted a study on perceptions of inequality in the United States by showing them two charts on wealth inequality; one chart was based upon the actual wealth distribution in the United States, the other was based upon the wealth distribution in Sweden. They then asked the research subjects to select the society in which they would like to live if they were randomly assigned to end up in an economic status in that society. The researchers found that:

-both men and women selected the Swedish model by more than 90% -89% of people who made six figure salaries selected the Swedish model -90% of self-identified Republicans chose the Swedish model

In Jennifer Pierce's research on gendered jobs in law firms she finds that:

-demographically more men are litigators and more women are paralegals -women paralegals were asked to perform caretaking or "mothering" work such as helping litigators get dressed for court -women who worked as litigators were teased and criticized if they performed like the "Rambo litigator" as their male colleagues did.

In Richard Wilkinson's talk on the harms of socioeconomic inequality he notes that empirical evidence demonstrates that societies with higher levels of inequality (measured by the distance between the top 20% of earners compared to the bottom 20% of earners),rates of _________________________ is/are higher compared to less unequal societies.

-infant mortality -mental illness -homicide

According to Dr. Noble, the algorithms of search engines like Google operate in such a way that:

-social biases influence what counts as legitimate knowledge. -our research/ knowledge searches tend to result in locating information that confirms our existing biases

The major social structural factors that led to the mass proliferation and success of fast food restaurants were:

-the federal construction of interstate highways -increased car and truck sales leading many more individuals owning automobiles -mass construction of homes building and the construction of the suburbs

The New Deal policies that provided assistance for individuals during the Great Depression disproportionately provided government aid to whites in part because:

-the vast majority of African Americans worked in agriculture in the South -virtually all white local administration of federal aids to families explicitly discriminated against African Americans -federal aid grants grants were given to the state authorities to disperse and and no conditions about how they were dispersed at the local level were required

In 1989, President George H.W. Bush held a televised press briefing in which he held up a bag of crack cocaine he reported had been confiscated from Lafayette Park, a park across the street from the White House. After the press briefing, reporters contacted the U.S. Park Police to ask about the prevalence of crack and other drug sales in Lafayette Park, and the commander of criminal investigations said that aside from the incident leading to the confiscation of the crack cocaine featured in the press briefing there had been _______ arrests for crack sales in Lafayette Park.

0

2017 Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that the rate of incarceration for whites in state or federal prisons was 272 per 100,000. The rate of incarceration for African Americans was _________ per 100,000.

1,549

According to the video explaining wealth disparities in the United States, the entire bottom 50% of Americans own only __________ of total U.S. stocks and bonds.

1/2%

After the Civil War three amendments were made to the United States Constitution, the ____________ provided that no state could deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

14th Amendment

A study reported in the American Journal of Public Health (discussed in class) notes that the most affluent 1% of men in the United States live _______ longer than the poorest 1%

15 years

The social movements and collective action taken by people like former U.S. Representative John Lewis during the civil rights movement lead to legal changes, such as the passage of the ____________ into law.

1965 Voting Rights Act

According to Suzanne Kessler's research on inter-sexed infants, approximately __________________ percent of infants are born inter-sexed in the U.S.

2%

In Richmond, California, vast public investment in housing occurred after WWII, largely through FHA (Federal Housing Authority) loans. These loans were largely only available to white families. Only _______ of FHA loans went to non-white families in Richmond.

2%

The documentary 13th notes that in 1980 the United States had a prison population of 513,900 but today the number of people imprisoned is approximately _________, which is the highest rate of incarceration in the world.

2.3 million

The documentary 13th notes that the United States has 5% of the world's population, but __________ of the world's prison population.

25%

In the 1990s the Institute on Race and Poverty conducted a study on racial profiling in police stop and search procedures in Maryland on the I-95 corridor, of those drivers stopped and searched by police the study found that the "hit rate" (or the percentage of searches that revealed contraband) for whites was 28%; for African Americans the "hit rate" was _________.

28%

According to the video explaining wealth disparities in the United States, the average CEO of a company in the U. S. makes ____________ as much as the average (not lowest paid, but average) worker in their company makes.

380 times

Between 1968 and 1990 the real value of the minimum wage fell by _________.

40%

A 2009 Vera Institute study on prosecutorial discretion found that of arrestees in New York arrested with drugs and drug paraphernalia, 27% of African Americans were not prosecuted, and _____ of whites were not prosecuted.

41%

According to lecture, between 1915 to 1960 ________ African Americans migrated from rural South to the North and West.

6 million

Richard Rothstein notes that largely as a result of government federal housing policies requiring racial residential segregation, economic inequality between whites and African Americans today is severe, and African Americans incomes are _____ of white incomes and African American wealth is _________ of white wealth.

60%-10%

In lecture discussion of Jonathan Kozol's analysis of the differences between Chicago South-side school DuSable, and suburban Dearborn Park school New Trier, it was noted that at DuSable _____ percent of the curriculum has been changed to vocational education so that students do not have core curriculum classes to prepare them for college.

63%

The video Unnatural Causes: Place Matters noted that in the community of Highpoint, Washington, asthma was endemic -- 1 in ______ houses were effected by asthma.

9

Suzanne Kessler's research on inter-sexed infants found that from approximately the 1970s-the present, doctors made decisions about surgically altering inter-sexed children to fit into the sex binary based primarily upon a medical determination that the infant could develop in puberty to have _____________________________.

An average sized or larger penis

According to artist/designer Chango Cummings public art is:

Art that exists outside of a gallery for public consumption

According to Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's discussion in the film Race the Power of an Illusion II, the assimilation "melting pot" did not include:

Blacks and Chinese

After World War II, as the housing market was growing and the middle class was accessing home ownership at unprecedented levels, a wide spread practice developed in the real estate market whereby realtors would sell a home in a white neighborhood to an economically qualified African American family; then the realtor would go to white neighbors and threaten them with falling housing values to get them to undersell their homes—which they would then sell at higher rates to other African American families. This process (now illegal) was called:

Block Busting

The 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that whites reported more drug use than African Americans for every drug except:

Crack Cocaine

Ann Swidler suggests that individuals learn habits, skills, and values that lead to "strategies of action" and she calls these social meanings and behaviors the:

Cultural toolkit

In the research hypothesis "greater access to disposable income lead to better quality healthcare?", quality healthcare is the _______________ variable.

Dependent

The four essential elements of the bureaucracies influenced by the process George Ritzer calls the McDonaldization are:

Efficiency, predictability, calculability, control

There are two components of social science which are required for quality scientific investigation, these two components are:

Empirical research and theory

A theory of knowledge which focuses on explanations of how we come to know things is:

Epistemology

Arlie Hochschild's research on division of household (or reproductive labor) between married men and women with children who both work began with a survey, but after she gave the survey she conducted a(n) __________________ which helped her discover that both men and women underestimated the amount of household labor men do.

Ethnography

According to Arlie Hochschild, the amount of the household labor (or reproductive labor) done by women in married families with children is equal to one week of 10 hour days per year of added labor for women in addition to their paid labor jobs.

False

According to Stephen Jay Gould, the only way Morton's research on craniology was flawed because Morton did not attempt to eliminate his personal bias and prejudice about race in his research.

False

After Alabama Judge Johnson finally approved the march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in 1965, Governor George Wallace (of Alabama) gave in to the appeals of President Johnson and provided police protection for marchers for the entirety of the march.

False

After Brown v. Board of Education, when Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was ordered to desegregate, forces of the state government and private citizens combined to prevent Black students from entering the high school and the federal government sent troops within 7 days to provide support and protection for African American students to enter the school.

False

Although countries with higher levels of inequality experience higher levels of some health and social problems, social mobility (or the ability for one generation to do better financially than the previous generation) is also higher in countries with high levels of inequality.

False

Although there remains some racial segregation in education in the years since Brown v. Board of Education, it only remains in Southern states, and most U.S. schools are desegregated.

False

As noted in the video Unnatural Causes: Place Matters, a family can purchase 1500 calories worth of food at fast food restaurants for only a couple dollars, as a result of this the United States does not have a problem with malnourishment that less wealthy countries have.

False

Between 1980-1991 the incarceration rate for African Americans tripled because crime rates were increasing, particularly among African Americans, between 1980-1990.

False

If you account for educational attainment, occupational segregation, work experience, and time off for family caregiving, it reveals that the wage gap between men and women is not about gender, but personal choices and attributes.

False

In 1790 the first Congress of the United States restricted naturalization to only "free white persons", and this restriction to naturalized citizenship to white persons was in effect in U.S. law until 1927.

False

In The Broken Ladder, Keith Payne suggests that for the majority of individuals, their subjective perceptions of their own status aligns with their objective measures of status like income, level of education, and job status.

False

In The Uncertain Hour podcast, Episode 2, the welfare recipients that the reporters talked with noted that they would prefer to receive welfare benefits rather than work in minimum wage jobs.

False

In the 1990s George Ritzer created the theory of McDonaldization, but in the 2000s when he updated his theory he suggested that Starbucks' construction of the "third place" had created an entirely new model of organization that was fundamentally different from the organizational structure of McDonalds.

False

In the Supreme Court decision of Brown II (the remedial decision for Brown v. Board of Education) the Supreme Court held that Schools in districts segregated by law needed to desegregate immediately.

False

In the Uncertain Hour podcast, they note that because reporters discovered that the DEA had set up the crack sale from Keith Jackson in Lafayette Park so that President Bush could use the crack as a prop in his press briefing, Mr. Jackson was never arrested for the crack sale.

False

Income inequality in the United States has grown so much over the past 50 years that by 2018 America's top 10% of income earners earn, on average, approximately 4 times as much income as the bottom 90% of income earners.

False

Jennifer Pierce's research on gender dynamics in law firms found that when men entered the female dominated profession of paralegal, they were asked to do the same kind of mothering that women in those jobs were asked to do.

False

Most of the family heirs featured in the film Born Rich required their children to work in low level positions in the family businesses before they were able to inherit family money.

False

Residential racial segregation in the U.S. today is most accurately described as the result of individual choices about what communities they want to live in.

False

Sandra Harding's concept of strong objectivity refers to the need for scientists to have complete neutrality and impartiality when conducting research.

False

The National Academy of Sciences states that scientists engaged in ethical research must never be influenced by societal values, but instead always ensure their research is rigidly impartial and socially neutral.

False

The United States spends less money on health care than any other industrialized nation.

False

The first time civil rights activists, including John Lewis, Chairman of SNCC, attempted to march for civil rights in Selma, Alabama, the march was stopped when violence erupted as the marchers crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma. In what would come to be known as "Bloody Sunday", the violence began when members of SNCC attacked the police who were attempting to stop the marchers from proceeding beyond Selma.

False

The policy implemented after World War II, which ensured that white men who had left their jobs to fight in the war effort would get their jobs back when they returned from war, was a policy that was deliberately designed to ensure that white men could retain economic advantage over black men after the Great Migration.

False

The statistics presented in lecture show that whites report using drugs more than African Americans, but African Americans report selling drugs more than whites.

False

Today the United States is the only industrialized nation in the world except South Africa without universal health insurance.

False

While distinctions about what types of clothes are "masculine" or "feminine" are about social constructions of gender, the concept of sex is completely distinct from gender because it is about the dichotomous biology of physical bodies and genitalia.

False

According to biologist Rebecca Helms, a child with XX chromosomes with an SRY gene on one of the X chromosomes could be biologically physically female and ________________.

Genetically made

According to the film Race the Power of an Illusion, the fact that genetic diseases like sickle cell disease are found disparately in different groups is BEST explained by:

Geography

Marx suggested that members of the Capitalist class were able to hold power over the larger worker class without violence or threat of violence through the use of:

Ideology

In 1938 Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act that regulated labor that regulated paid labor by:

Imposing a 40 hour work week (effective 3 years after passage of the act), requiring overtime pay for those who worked more than 40 hours in a week.

In 1974 the Supreme Court held that District courts could not order inter-district remedies, in cases of unlawful school segregation, which included the city of Detroit and the surrounding suburbs, unless there was a showing that the school board in each of the surrounding suburbs acted intentionally to create the racial segregation. This was the holding in the case:

Milliken v. Bradley

Regardless of the city one is in, a hamburger purchased at McDonalds is always very much the same. This is due to what Ritzer called _____.

Predictability

According to Victor Rios' Ted Talk, the most important component (of his 3 strategies for change) that can bring change to the lives of young (especially African American and Latinx) kids who are at risk of dropping out of school is:

Providing resources to these students

The research presented in Unnatural Causes: When the Bough Breaks suggests that the most likely explanation for racial disparities (especially regarding high rates for African American women) in low birth weight babies is:

Racism

A systematic attempt to produce knowledge about the social world is called:

Science

Richard Rothstein notes that a strategy that developed in congress to stop legislation from passing called the "poison pill" strategy was to add unpopular amendments to a bill so that when the bill comes up for a vote it will be defeated. The most famous "poison pill" strategy involved the 1964 Civil Rights Act whereby opponents of the law prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race contained in the original bill added a prohibition on discrimination based upon _______ believing that that would result in the defeat of the entire bill.

Sex

In lecture I noted that knowledge is fundamentally:

Social

Roger is an African American student at Princeton University. He is majoring in Engineering, and when asked to complete an exam of complex mathematical problems, he performs better on the exam when he is told that the exam is a test of the validity of the individual questions, as opposed to a test measuring his math competency. This is probably an example of a:

Stereotype threat

According to the video Unnatural Causes: Place Matters, _______________ is the largest predictor of health outcomes in the United States.

Street Address

In the case of U.S. v. Thind, the U.S. Supreme Court held that:

The legal definition of white was a term of common usage to be defined by the common man's understanding

According to Arlie Hoschild's ethnographic research, even when husbands and wives are both employed outside of the home, the bulk of the domestic responsibilities fall on women. The sociological term for this is ______.

The second shift

2017 Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that among females ages 18 to 19, black females were 4.4 times more likely than white females to be incarcerated in state or federal prisons.

True

According to Dr. Noble, "classification systems" exist as part of the scientific approach to studying the social world.

True

According to biologist Rebecca Helms's research a person may be chromosomally male, genetically female, and hormonally non-binary, complicating binary notions of "biological" sex.

True

According to the American Psychological Association (APA) fact sheet on gender identities, it is difficult to estimate the exact number of people who identify as non-binary, because research on sex and gender has not included non-binary as a response category.

True

According to the podcast The Uncertain Hour, tactics such as the good housing-keeping tests and midnight raids were tactics case workers used to keep Black women in particular from receiving welfare benefits.

True

According to the video Unnatural Causes: When the Bough Breaks, African American mothers with a college degree have worse birth outcomes than white mothers without a high school education.

True

Artist/Designer Chango Cummings notes that one of the reasons he did not experience success in traditional high school and college tracks is that he did not see himself in the curriculum.

True

Artist/designer Chango Cummings created his piece "Through the Glass Eyes" to capture the feeling of mass surveillance of Black people by the state, and begin conversations about surveillance and freedom.

True

As noted by Dorothy Roberts, many U.S. doctors still use the slavery era diagnostic tool, the spirometer, originally developed by Samuel Cartwright who suggested that African Americans had deficient lower lung capacities than white people.

True

Barrie Thorne's research on gender dynamics of boys and girls in schools is an example of how schools functions as institutions that socialize children to conform to gender norms.

True

Chronic stress can lead to weakened immune systems, high blood pressure, and other health problems that can increase negative health outcomes.

True

Claude Steele describes a story of New York Times columnist Brent Staples, and African American man who described being a psychology graduate student at the University of Chicago, and realizing that when he was walking at night white people were in fear of him because of racial stereotypes about African American men in that Chicago community. Staples says that he began whistling classical music like Vivaldi's Four Seasons to make white people feel more comfortable as they passed him on the street.

True

Culture influences social agents such that people have a tendency to act in ways that reproduce rather than change the social structure.

True

Current research seems to indicate that transgender individuals are at higher risk of experiencing domestic violence and sexual assault than non-transgender indivduals.

True

Gender norms and the boundaries of gender socialization are frequently enforced through the deployment of homophobia.

True

In a study of "rage incidents" on airplanes, researchers found that the presence of a first-class section on an airplane raised the chance of such a disturbance by the same amount as a nine-and-a-half hour flight delay.

True

In countries with greater inequality, people say that they have lower levels of trust for their fellow citizens than in countries with relatively less inequality.

True

In her research on the algorithms of the Google search engine, Dr. Noble found that when someone attempted to search "English major who taught herself calculus", Google suggested the change to "English major who taught himself calculus". This is an example of cultural meanings embedded in search engine algorithms.

True

In the 1980s and 1990s the National Restaurant Association spent millions of dollars to lobby Congress to prevent increases in the minimum wage.

True

In the 1980s marketing executives targeted fast food marketing to children; marketing campaigns were designed to provide children specific reason to ask for products at particular fast food chains and encourage them to nag their parents to take them to those fast food restaurants.

True

In the reading When Affirmative Action Was White, Katznelson notes that one way that African Americans faced discrimination in access to military benefits occurred because African Americans were denied access to military service because of racially discriminatory findings of "medical" disqualifications from military service.

True

Kristie Seelman's research indicates that discrimination against transgender individuals in domestic violence shelters and programs increases if transgender individuals are also low income, a person of color, and/or undocumented.

True

New Deal unemployment insurance excluded coverage for domestic workers and farmworkers.

True

Tactical Urbanism is a theory of art, design, and space which aims to infuse beauty and joy through art and architecture into the built environment of under-resourced urban areas; this includes things like building mobile seating units that can be placed in urban areas so people can sit and talk, building skate parks infused with artwork to encourage play and inspire through messages of beauty, and using bubble machines to make bubbles in public spaces to create joy and facilitate happy interactions.

True

The 13th Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibited slavery in the United States "except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted"; scholars suggest that this language provided a loophole that was exploited by the South leading to a convict lease system that provided unpaid laborers to replace the economic system of slavery.

True

The 14th Amendment included a provision making all persons born in the United States citizens.

True

The life expectancy of the top 1% of women is 10 years more than the bottom 1% of women, the same number of years that smoking can decrease life expectancy.

True

The resource inequality in white neighborhoods versus African American neighborhoods leads to school funding inequality even when people in African American neighborhoods pay disproportionately higher tax rates.

True

Until the 18th century, race was generally a concept used in conjunction with family or clan ties, and was not based upon physical characteristics as it is today.

True

When the civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama finally took place, at the end approximately 25,000 people marched.

True

African American women have low birth weight babies at __________ the rate of white American women.

Two times

The value of the things a person owns minus their debt is a measure of that person's:

Wealth

As discussed in our zoom meeting, Dr. Moore's dog is named:

Zeus

Which of the following does the CDC report leads to racial disparities in Covid19 cases?

black and Latino people are more likely to work as essential workers

In Bonnie Thorne's research on boys and girls in school she found:

boys occupied more playground space, nearly 2/3rds of the playground, than girls

In the scientific research process, after you wonder about a research question you are interested in studying you should then:

conduct a review of existing literature on the topic

In Giddens' concept of structuration:

social structure is continuously reproduced or changed as a result of the recursive relationship between structure and social agents

Max Weber's concept of formal rationality refers to:

the process by which societies organize institutions using rules and regulations

In the podcast The Uncertain Hour discussed a Riverside, California welfare program which focused on getting welfare recipients into jobs by focusing on messaging the value of work (including through the production of a pro-work music CD) and forcing recipients to take whatever entry level job they could find. The Riverside model became influential in the federal legislative changes concerning welfare and facilitated the passage of The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 largely because of research findings that followed those who were in the Riverside program and found that five years after leaving the program they were more likely to be employed and were financially better off than those in programs that were focused on education and worker-training. When further research compared people in the Riverside program to those in education and worker-training based programs 7-8 years later, researchers found:

the trend reversed and those in the Riverside work focused program were less financially well off than those in education and training based programs.

Kristie L. Seelman reports CDC research which finds that within the United States, approximately _________________ of all women been stalked, raped, and/or physically abused by an intimate partner.

three fourths (76.4%)