SOCIOLOGY 2101 EXAM 2

Yordano Ventura

Pitched seven scoreless innings in game 6 of World Series dedicated to Oscar Taveras of St. Louis Cardinals who died in a car accident a few days before

Katherine Switzer

First woman to run in the Boston Marathon in 1967

Cyndi Bona

First women ever to play on men's NCAA team

Class and commercial sports

Influenced by preferences and priorities of people with power and wealth

Legal discrimination

Institutional discrimination that is upheld by law

Class ideology

Interrelated sets of ideas and beliefs that justify the existing arrangement of inequality

Baseball's Reserve Clause

Gave each baseball team complete ownership over a player by allowing the team to keep player for entire career or trade him to any team without player's consent

Through most of the 20th century

Gender ideology led to the exclusion of women in sports

Rosie the riveter

Gender image during WWII

Ann Myers

1978 College Player of the Year for UCLA women's national champion basketball team, first woman to sign a professional contract with an NBA team (Indiana Pacers in 1979)

Genuine Risk

1980 Kentucky Derby Winner as a filly

Johanna Quass

86 year old woman gymnast

Inge-Brigette Herman

93 year old German who competes in the World Veteran Table Tennis Championship

Orville Rogers and Dixon Hemphill

99 and 92 year old men racing in 60m dash

Sex

A biological distinction between based on roles in the process of biological reproduction

The American Dream

A hopeful vision of boundless opportunities for individuals to succeed economically and live prosperous

Gender ideology

A powerful set of ideas and beliefs used to define masculinity and femininity, evaluate forms of sexual expression, and organized gendered social relationships

Gender

A social distinction between roles and expectations linked to sex

Male-dominated

Ability and performance qualifications are associated with masculinity

Reasons for NFL's dominance in sports industry

Advertiser friendly, fans love the game, not just their team, community is united in promoting game, successful in expanding game's appeal to new markets, and game is linked to patriotism and culture values of U.S.

Buzkashi

Afghan horseman sport where players on horseback try to throw a goat or calf carcass into a goal

Babe Didrikson

All around athlete; excelled in basketball, baseball, track and field, and golf; won two gold medals and a silver in 1932 Olympics and won 10 LPGA tournaments

Ableism

An evaluative perspective in which the label of disability is a mark of inferiority, meaning that a person is assumed to be incapable of full participation in mainstream activities

Conventional gender ideology

Assumes two mutually exclusive categories: heterosexual male and heterosexual female, presents these categories as opposites, leaves no space for those who don't fit into those categories, and infers the subordination of women to men

Glenn Burke

Baseball player; first major athlete to come out as gay and inducted in the National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame in 2013

Interpersonal discrimination

Based on one-on-one encounters and occurs because of microaggressions

Age as a Social Construct

Ideas and beliefs vary by culture, situation, and over time, beliefs in meritocracy linked to health and ability, and older people today are expected to be more active than they were in the past

One drop rule

In U.S. persons are deemed "African American" if they have one drop of "African American" blood

Basis of achievements of black athletes

Biology, natural abilities, and genetic heritage

"Battle of the Sexes"

Bobbie Riggs vs. Billie Jean King 1973

Microaggressions

Brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to certain individuals because of their group membership

Brittney Griner

Came out as lesbian after her college career and before being drafted by WNBA

Social class

Categories of people who share an economic position in society based on income, wealth, education, occupation, and social connections

Curt Flood

Challenged baseball's reserve clause and paved way for free agency in baseball and all professional sports

Basis of achievements of white athletes

Character, culture, and organization

Crises affecting economic viability of NFL

Concussion crisis, problem with fan attendance in some NFL cities, declining TV viewership/network overpayment for TV rights, the Colin Kaepernick issue, and the "national anthem" crisis

Muhammad Ali

Defeated Sonny Liston for World Heavyweight Title in 1964 and converted to Islam and changed his name shortly after fight; refused induction into U.S. military based on religious beliefs and opposition to Vietnam War and consequently was not allowed to box for four years

Frank Robinson

First African American manager in MLB for Cleveland Indians in 1975; only player in history to win MVP in both National and American leagues

Jackie Robinson

First African American player in major leagues, Rookie of the Year 1947, MVP 1949, number 42 is retired by every team

Earl Lloyd

First African American player in the NBA in 1950

Burl Toler

First African American referee in the NFL

Texas Western University Men's Basketball team

First all black lineup to win NCAA championship

Becky Hammon

First female assistant coach in the NBA with the San Antonio Spurs in 2014

Greg Louganis

Diver who came out as gay in 1995 after his career was over and involved in controversy over 1988 accident in Seoul Olympics

Individualism

Each person is responsible for their own success or failure

Martin Truex Jr

Emotional NASCAR win at Kansas Speedway the day after pit crew member Jim Watson died of a heart attack

International Paralympic Committee

Established 10 disability categories including physical, visual, and intellectual impairment

Janet Guthrie

First female auto racer in 1970s, first woman racer in NASCAR in 1976, and first woman in Indy Car race 1977

Diane Crump

First female jockey in 1970

Julie Krone

First female jockey to win a Triple Crown race in 1993

Jason Collins

First publicly gay player in the four major pro sports in 2014

George Eyser

German American gymnast who was the first person with a physical impairment to compete in the Olympics in 1904

Traditional gender ideology

Gives men more access to power, marginalizes gays by categorizing them as "out of normative bounds," and leads women to push gender boundaries while men are more apt to police boundaries

Concerted cultivation

Goal is to equip children with cultural capital

Benefits of sports participation for girls

Greater health, higher self-esteem and self-image, better academic performance, higher sense of personal efficacy

Ethnicity

Group which is set apart from others because of its sharing of a common history or distinctive cultural patterns

Upper-middle class kids

Less likely to play informal sports, but when they do they have safe places to play close to home that are adult-sponsored

Nadine Wilson

Madeira High School girls coach from the 1960s-80s who was a passionate advocate for equality in girls' sports and won 92% of her contests in her 30 year career

Paralympic games

Major international sporting event involving athletes with a range of physical and intellectual impairments; started in 1960 for summer and 1976 for winter

Causes of the growth of commercial sports

Market economy, densely populated cities, standard of living that provides people with time, money, transportation, and media access, large amounts of capital, and culture emphasizing consumption and material status symbol

Male-centered

Men and men's lives are the expected focus of attention in stories, legends, and media coverage related to sports

Working class kids

More likely to be engaged in formal sports

Middle to upper class kids

More likely to play adult-supervised, organized sports that require substantial financial investment by parents

African nations

Most lack the capital to sustain professional sports but teams from wealthy nations recruit players from here for little money compared to North America and Europe

Football

Most widely watched sport in the U.S.; reproduces an ideology that privileges men, celebrates masculinity, and reaffirms cultural priority of competition

The women's movement

Movement in the 1960s that encourage women to show their abilities in sports

Women as "invaders" in sports social worlds

Myths have been used to discourage participation by women, females in sports may threaten traditional ideas about gender, encouragement by women varies by sport, being a "tomboy" is okay as long as traditional "femininity cues" are reinforced

Cultural capital

Non-financial assets that promote success and social mobility beyond economic means

Tommie Smith and John Carlos

Olympic track stars in 1968 displayed the "black power salute" in solidarity with the Civil Rights movement

Martin Navratilova

One of the first active athletes to come out during her active tennis career, came out as bisexual in 1981 then as lesbian; inducted in the National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame in 2013

Jim Abbot

One-handed MLB pitcher

Through the lens of class ideology

People identify their own position in society and the position of others; come to accept their own position as "just" and "deserved"

Field days

Prior to the late 1970s most girls in schools had one or two of these each year to engage in sport activities

Golf

Receives TV coverage because it's enjoyed by wealthy people, despite low ratings

Magic Johnson

Retired in 1991 after revealing he had AIDS, but returned to play in 1992 All-Star Game and won MVP

Michael Sam

Revealed he was gay before the 2014 NFL draft and became the first publicly gay player drafted by NFL

Meritocracy

Rewards in society are based on peoples' abilities, qualifications, and efforts

"The Great Match"

Ruffian vs. Foolish Pleasure 1975

What football offers fans

Rule-governed violence, male warriors, patriotism, the military, female cheerleaders, and sponsors selling beer and fast food

Gender norms

Rules of appropriate behavior and roles for men and women

Dennis Rodman

Said he was bisexual and going to marry himself

Pete Rozelle

San Fran Dons' publicist who became commissioner of NFL

Sports in poor nations

Seldom exist because they lack the resources to sustain with full time paid athletes and paying fans

Oppression

Social injustice backed by power

Oscar Pistorius

South African sprinter who had both legs amputated below the knee and races with two carbon fiber blades

Male-identified

Sports are a "man's world" that emphasizes values associated with men and manhood

Statistical discrimination

Tendency to use perceived aggregate group characteristics of a group to evaluate individual members of the group

Arthur Ashe

Tennis player diagnosed with HIV in 1988 and announced AIDS publicly in 1992; created Arthur Ashe Foundation to defeat AIDS

Billie Jean King

Tennis player in the 1970s who advocated for women's equality in tennis, gay rights in sports, won the Arthur Ashe Courage Award in 1999, and inducted into the National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame in 2013

Jesse Owens

Track and field star in 1936 Olympics in Berlin; credited with destroying Hitler's myth on Aryan supremacy

Renee Richards

Transgender tennis player born "Richard Raskind" who underwent sex realignment surgery at age 41, was barred from women's tournaments in 1976, New York Supreme Court ruled Richards a woman and allowed her to play in the U.S. Open in 1977

Ruffian

Undefeated super filly of the 1970s

University of San Francisco Dons

Undefeated team in 1951; nine members moved on to NFL

Commercial sports frenzy

Vicarious quest for excitement, fit with social class ideology, widespread organized and competitive youth sports, and widespread media coverage

Class ideology influence on sports

What sports are important, how they should be played, and who can play them

Institutional discrimination

When denial of rights is based on the normal functioning of social institutions

Sports reinforce class ideology

When start athletes rise to the top of their sport, it creates the illusion that anybody can get ahead if they try hard enough

To increase profits and establish ideology worldwide

Why leagues are constantly seeking out new global markets and media exposure

To test the market

Why the NFL is in London

Amazon

Woman warriors in Greek mythology who lived in a matriarchal society and had to kill a man before she could marry