Sociology

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction this context is referred to as ___.

dramaturgical analysis

Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________.

master

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, toward the end of the second year of life, children begin to use words as mental symbols and to form mental images. He referred to this as the ___.

preparation stage

____ include our family, close friends, and school or work related peer groups.

primary groups

For any particular status, ___ refers to how a person actually behaves within his or her role.

role performance

The "I" is the ___ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person,

subjective

T/F: According to ethnomethodologists, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies.

true

Ferdinan Tönnies used the term ___ to refer to a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship on intergenerational stability.

Gemeinschaft

What is an example of an achieved status?

husband

At the ___, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.

macrolevel

What is not an example of a total institution?

university residence hall

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing an overloaded shopping cart down the street is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________.

status symbols

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is ___.

stigma

Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in ___, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.

studied nonobservance

In the context of Freud's throaty of personality, the statement "its wrong to steal" is an expression of the ___.

superego

Hamid, a 65 year old retired man, was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. As he didn't have any family or kin, he decided to move into a nursing home. After moving into the nursing home, Hamid had to internalize the social norms and values that were appropriate to the new setting. This scenario exemplifies ___.

tertiary socialization

One of the primary agents of gender socialization is ___.

the family

Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.

the front stage

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, there are 3 different levels of human personality. What is not one of these levels?

the libido

According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, ___ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others

the looking-glass self

A(n) ___ is a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution.

total institution

T/F: Denver is a lawyer, son, husband, part-time writer, and a citizen of the US. All these positions make up his status set.

true

T/F: Touching as a form of communication has a different meaning to women than to men, with women being more likely to use touch to indicate emotional support.

true

T/F: social structure creates stability and order in a society, and it also creates boundaries and establishes unequal relations between groups of people.

true

What is it that sets peer groups apart from schools and families as agents of socialization?

unlike schools and families, peer groups allow children a degree of freedom from authority.

Which is not generally considered a component of social structure?

values and beliefs

Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, he will have to maintain silence for 8 hours a day, and he will have to fast on a regular basis. In this case, Joe will experience ___.

voluntary resocialization

What is a gender difference in nonverbal communication?

women are more likely to sustain eye contact during conversation to show involvement with others.

When Steve, a 3 year old, visits a department store with his parents, he sees a toy car that he likes. However, when his parents refuse to buy it for him, Steve starts crying and doesn't stop until his parents are forced to purchase the car. Steve's behavior is an illustration of the ___.

ID

Which statement about social structure is false?

It is not essential for individual well-being

A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school basketball team, reads articles, about the best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This scenario is most likely an example of ___.

anticipatory socialization

A(n) ___ is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

ascribed status

T/F: A person's occupation is a key defining characteristic in preindustrial societies, whereas his or her kinship ties are most important in industrial societies.

calse

According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is ___.

characterized by interdependence and practical considerations

Daisy, a 15 year old girl, is dared by her friends to break into the house of a stranger and draw an obscene graffiti on the wall. Despite knowing that this is unethical and illegal, Daisy goes ahead and completes the dare because she wants her peers to perceive her as a daring a cool person. In the context of Kohlberg's moral development, Daisy is most likely in the

conventional level

T/F: According to Ebaugh, an individual who decides that he or she must take some actions to end a significant social role is in the first stage of social exit.

false

T/F: Aimee is pursuing her graduation and also works a day job. She finds it difficult to simultaneously handle the requirements of being a student and being an employee. This incompatibility between the two roles is an example of role strain.

false

T/F: Intimate zone is the distance between two persons who know each other with a relative intimacy, such as friends, brothers, sisters, or other relatives.

false

T/F: The need for impression management is least intense for individuals with devalued statuses.

false

T/F: Unlike secondary groups, primary groups are large groups in which members engage in goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

false

Noor, a 16 year old girl, frequently engages in highly abstract thoughts and can understand events that she has never seen. She also thinks about her future and compares the consequences of pursuing a college degree with the consequences of getting a job directly after high school. In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Noor is most likely in the ___

formal operational stage

Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges. This is an example of ___.

gender socialization

According to sociologists Langhout and Mitchell, the ___ results in African American and Latino boys being disproportionately punished for violating rules when compared to their white and female counterparts in schools. This discrimination supports the argument of conflict theorists who assert that students have different experiences in the school system depending on their social class, racial-ethnic background, the neighborhood in which they live, their gender, and other factors.

hidden curriculum

Alex was imprisoned for arson. On the day he was taken into custody, he had to go through a degradation ceremony in which he was asked to strip, was searched by the prison guards, and was asked to wear the inmate uniform. Over time, the prison guards encouraged him to conform to institutional norms through a system of rewards and punishment. By the time Alex's prison sentence was over, he was rehabilitated. This scenario exemplifies ___.

involuntary socialization

The term ___ refers to large- scale organizations that use print or electronic means (radio, TV, film, and internet) to communicate with large numbers of people, to inform people about events, and to provide an array of viewpoints on current issues.

mass media

Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

mechanical solidarity

A ___ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

role

When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.

role conflict

Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his frat brothers, but at the same time, he want to maintain his 4.0 GPA. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing ___.

role restrain

Sociologists define a(n) ___ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

secondary group

Children desire the care, affection, and approval of their parents, who help them develop a self-identity through socialization. In this context, parent would most likely fir sociologist George Herbert Mead's definition of ___.

significant other

Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

social construction of reality

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, sciences and medicine, and the military are examples of ___.

social institutions

____ is the process by which people act toward and respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.

social interaction

___ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.

social marginality

___, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacle. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.

social solidarity

What is a statement about personal space that is false?

space is less important than other forms of communication, and violations of personal space are are easily ignored

A ___ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

status

A(n) ___ is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

achieved status

Occupation is an example of a(n) ___.

achieved status

The significant difference between childhood socialization and adult socialization is that ___.

adult socialization involves grater freedom of choice than does childhood socialization

Samantha, a teenager, has a 69 year old grandmother who lives with her. Despite the fact that Samantha's grandmother is very active and flexible in her thought and ideas, Samantha always assumes that she is slow and rigid. As a result, Samantha refuses to go for walks with her and does not share any person information with her because she thinks her grandmother would not understand her life. This scenario exemplifies the concept of ___.

ageism

Since her birth, Amanda's parents have been teaching her the values and principles that they believe will help her differentiate between ethical and unethical activities/behaviors. They have also taught her the manners that are considered polite in society. In this context, Amanda's parents can be called ___.

agents of socialization