Sociology Ch 10

1. The American feminist movement began in which year? a. 1848 b. 1920 c. 1965 d. 1984

A

1. "Pinkcollar" jobs are jobs a. in the entertainment industry. b. with high concentrations of lesbian and gay employees. c. that are easy and that don't involve getting dirty. d. with high concentrations of females, low pay, and low prestige.

D

1. According to conflict theorists, a. women were regarded as property in hunting and gathering societies. b. inheritance laws in agricultural societies increased the power of females in the family. c. private property in agricultural societies began to contribute to greater power of females in the society at large. d. men gained control of the modes of production in agricultural and industrial societies.

D

1. According to the World Health Organization, which of the following is a way that traditional definitions of gender impact the health and well being of women and girls? a. exposure to pollutants through cooking b. preventable complications during pregnancy and childbirth c. higher levels of poverty d. all of these

D

1. Being married is related to a. improvements in men's health but a decline in women's health. b. improvements in women's health but a decline in men's health. c. greater improvements in women's health than men's health. d. greater improvements in men's health than women's health.

D

1. Female state legislators identified __________ as the single greatest barrier to running for political office. a. family responsibilities b. sexual harassment c. gender stereotypes d. lack of money

D

1. Gender stereotypes are present in the media in which of the following ways? a. number of fictional characters that are male or female b. language c. advertisements d. all of these

D

1. In the United States, women have had to fight for a. the right to vote. b. equal pay for comparable work. c. quality education. d. all of these choices

D

1. Occupational sex segregation continues for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. employment policies. b. the continuation of cultural beliefs. c. opportunity structures. d. women's recent educational accomplishments.

D

1. Occupational sex segregation refers to which of the following? a. a subfield in sociology that studies gender differences in job performance b. unfair treatment of employees on the basis of their sex c. an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions d. the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations

D

1. On the average, men in the United States a. live about two years longer than women. b. live about the same number of years as women. c. die about two years earlier than women. d. die about five years earlier than women.

D

1. Over 775 million adults over the age of 15 cannot read or write. How many of these are women? a. 10 percent b. about one quarter c. a little over half d. nearly twothirds

D

1. The feminization of poverty reflects all of the following EXCEPT a. number of female-headed households. b. number of elderly females compared to elderly males. c. types of jobs women hold compared to men's jobs. d. biological differences in capability.

D

1. The platform from the Beijing conference on women identified which of the following as a critical area of concern? a. religion b. men's rights c. childcare d. health

D

1. Traditional male gender socialization is linked to higher rates of a. cirrhosis of the liver. b. many cancers. c. cardiovascular diseases. d. all of these

D

1. An experiment in which two congressional candidates' credentials were presented to a sample of respondents found that Republican respondents were least likely to say they would vote for a a. father with young children. b. mother with young children. c. woman without children. d. man without children.

B

1. Because he was a man entering the traditionally female field of elementary school teaching, Edward was promoted to school principal over his female counterparts who had more experience. This situation illustrates a. the glass ceiling effect. b. the glass escalator effect. c. occupational sex segregation. d. human capital hypothesis.

B

1. Blanca works in a personnel department. Her job requires caring, negotiating, and empathizing, also known as a. instrumental tasks. b. emotion work. c. feeling duties. d. tender tasks.

B

1. Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are a. based on biological sex differences. b. socially constructed. c. determined by the needs of society. d. necessary for the advancement of society.

B

1. Gender refers to a. the biological category of male or female. b. the social definitions and expectations associated with being female or male. c. the presence of an XX or XY chromosome in an individual. d. sexual preference.

B

1. In an effort to bolster representation of women in politics, Afghanistan has instituted a. increased campaign financing for female candidates b. quotas c. higher pay for female politicians d. more education for girls

B

1. In general, religious teachings have tended to promote a. egalitarian gender roles. b. traditional conceptions of gender. c. women as religious leaders. d. equality for all groups.

B

1. In the United States, women are less likely than men to major in a. education. b. science, technology, engineering, and math. c. music and the arts. d. nursing.

B

1. The ________argues that the division of labor is a consequence of traditional socialization. a. relative resources approach b. gender role ideology c. second shift theory d. gender deviance hypothesis

B

1. The greatest success of early feminists was a. passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. b. gaining the right to vote. c. gaining access to birth control and abortion. d. passage of the Civil Rights Amendment.

B

1. The belief that females are less valuable than males is an example of a. structural sexism. b. institutional sexism. c. cultural sexism. d. individual sexism.

C

1. The boy code refers to a. a secret handshake that is known only among gay boys and men. b. a set of slang terms that degrade females. c. gender socialization that discourages males from expressing emotion and asking for help. d. higher self-esteem among boys than girls.

C

1. The mythopoetic men's movement a. is antifeminist. b. strives to make men more accountable for violence. c. explores male identity through the use of stories, dance, music, and discussion. d. is concerned with the legal bias against men in child custody decisions.

C

1. The research finding that women who are mothers are viewed as less competent and committed to paid work than non-mothers, and that mothers feel pressured to choose professions with flexible hours is referred to as the a. mother ceiling. b. mommy choices theory. c. motherhood penalty. d. balancing act.

C

1. The study reported in your text of the household division of labor in 10 Western countries found a. in 5 out of 10 of the countries, women and men spend almost equal hours on unpaid household labor. b. women's unpaid household labor was less in the United States than in any of the other countries. c. women were responsible for the majority of unpaid household labor in all of the countries. d. men spent more time than women on unpaid household labor in Sweden.

C

1. U.S. women received the right to vote in what year? a. 1790 b. 1865 c. 1920 d. 1945

C

1. What percent of the religious clergy in the United States are male? a. 45 percent b. 51 percent c. 82 percent d. 98 percent

C

1. What percent of transgender adults report being harassed? a. 5 percent b. 45 percent c. 78 percent d. 90 percent

C

1. Which of the following religious denominations has the most nontraditional beliefs about women's roles? a. Roman Catholic b. Orthodox Jewish c. Quakers d. Southern Baptist Convention

C

1. Who is most likely to live in poverty? a. women b. men c. transgendered individuals d. the elderly

C

1. Worldwide, women tend to work jobs characterized by all of the following EXCEPT a. informal working arrangements. b. little job security. c. lower unemployment. d. little recourse in the face of unreasonable demands.

C

1. ___________ refers to the ways in which the norms, values, beliefs, and symbols of a society perpetuate the subordination of an individual or group on the basis of sex. a. Structural sexism b. Institutional sexism c. Cultural sexism d. Individual sexism

C

1. Honor killings are murders that often take place publicly as a result of a. a male perceived to be dishonoring his country. b. a male perceived to be dishonoring his family. c. a female perceived to be dishonoring her religion. d. a female perceived to be dishonoring her family.

D

1. How many states have ratified the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)? a. none b. 5 c. 20 d. 35

D

1. In 2012, full-time working women in the U.S. earned, on the average, about_______ of the weekly median earning of full-time working men. a. 25% b. 40% c. 65% d. 81%.

D

1. In the United States, elementary and secondary school teachers have been found to a. talk to girls more than boys. b. listen to girls more than boys. c. ask girls more questions than boys. d. give boys more extended directions than girls.

D

1. Reasons for STEM gender disparity include a. reliance on gender stereotyping. b. lack of female STEM role models. c. little encouragement to follow STEM pursuits. d. all of these

D

1. Research demonstrates the importance of _________bias, that is, bias we are unaware of. a. socially constructed b. overt c. cognitive d. implicit

D

1. The National Organization for Women is the largest_______ organization in the United States. a. women's labor union b. Christian women's c. Republican women's d. feminist

D

1. The _________ states that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any state, on account of sex. a. Supreme Court decision, Roe v. Wade, b. National Order for Women (NOW) c. Beijing Platform d. Equal Rights Amendment

D

1. Which of the following constitute employment discrimination against women? a. hiring preferences for veterans b. the practice of promoting within an organization based on seniority c. sexual harassment d. all of these choices

D

1. Which of the following contributes to health problems among men? a. poor diets b. refusal to ask for help c. stress-related activities d. all of these

D

1. Which of the following statements about school and gender is true? a. Girls and boys are treated equally in schools. b. Women are overrepresented in administrative positions. c. Boys and girls learn differently. d. Sex stereotypes are reinforced and created in schools.

D

1. Which of these countries has not ratified the International Women's Bill of Rights? a. Britain. b. France. c. Canada. d. the United States.

D

1._______ sexism refers to the ways in which the organization of society, and specifically its institutions, subordinate individuals and groups based on their sex classification. a. Societal b. Cultural c. Manifest d. Structural

D

1. All of the following are true in the U.S. EXCEPT a. women make up the majority of minimum wage workers. b. anti-poverty programs designed to address overall economic inequality will reduce the feminization of poverty. c. Hispanic and black female-headed households are the poorest of all families headed by single women. d. women are significantly more likely to live in poverty than men.

B

1. According to the________ hypothesis, differences in the earnings of women and men are the result of differences in women's and men's levels of education, skills, training, and work experience. a. glass ceiling b. human capital c. occupational sex segregation d. devaluation

B

1. The _________ hypothesis argues that women are paid less because the work they perform is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men. a. structural sexism b. human capital c. devaluation d. double jeopardy

C

1. The documentary, So Sexy So Soon shows ____________ in the media. a. objectification of women but not men. b. glorification of homosexuality among teens. c. portrayal of young girls as sweet and innocent. d. sexualizing of young girls and boys.

D

1. Structural-functionalists argue that the traditional division of labor is no longer as functional today because of all of the following EXCEPT a. higher fertility rates. b. day care facilities. c. jobs are less physically demanding. d. jobs are less dangerous.

A

1. The __________refers to a set of societal expectations that discourages males from expressing emotion, weakness, or vulnerability, or asking for help. a. boy code b. sexual script c. gender understanding d. sexual norm

A

1. The idea that men have a tendency to act out in an exaggerated male role when believing their masculinity is threatened is called a. the masculine overcompensation thesis. b. androgyny. c. the selffulfilling prophecy. d. the Rambo effect

A

1. Structural-functionalists argue that, in preindustrial societies, a. women, out of biological necessity, remained in the home bearing, nursing, and caring for children. b. women equally shared responsibility with the men for providing food, clothing, and shelter for their families. c. men equally shared responsibility with the women for caring for children. d. gender roles were reversed, with women providing food and shelter and men caring for the children.

A

1. A recent study of 1,000 adults found that two-thirds of the respondents thought that television advertisements pictured men as a. pathetic and silly. b. intelligent. c. caring. d. hard workers.

A

1. A study reported in your text examined differences between the favorite toys of 3-5 year old boys and girls found that girl toys were more likely to a. have limited learning potential. b. be designed to be stimulating and exciting. c. promote technology. d. All of these

A

1. A(n)________ individual is a person whose sense of gender identity is inconsistent with their birth sex. a. transgender b. gay c. intersexed d. androgynous

A

1. According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins a. at birth. b. soon after a child learns to talk. c. when a child enters school. with marriage or entrance into the workforce

A

1. All of the following are true of gender and HIV/AIDS worldwide EXCEPT a. Women have higher rates of HIV/AIDS worldwide. b. In many countries, women lack power to refuse sex or negotiate protected sex. c. Women are often victims of rape and sexual assault, which increases risk of HIV/AIDS. d. Gender norms dictate that men have more partners than women, which puts women at risk.

A

1. Christina was not hired for the job when her potential employers found out she had three small children. This is an example of a. the motherhood penalty b. STEM. c. sexual harassment. d. the second shift.

A

1. Conflict theorists argue women and men are more likely to be economic equals in societies. a. hunting and gathering b. pastoral c. agricultural d. industrial

A

1. Feminism is the belief that a. women and men should have equal rights and responsibilities. b. women are superior to men. c. women should be more like men. d. women should embrace their femininity and reject masculine qualities.

A

1. In general, females are more likely than males to suffer a. clinical depression. b. HIV/AIDS. c. suicide. d. motor vehicle accidents.

A

1. Sexual harassment laws a. prohibit an employer from requiring sexual favors in exchange for a promotion, salary increase, or any other employee benefit. b. do not address teasing or creating an uncomfortable atmosphere. c. protect only women. d. all of these

A

1. Sociologists argue that women's jobs are undervalued, because they include a significant amount of a. emotion work. b. work that does not require much cognitive ability. c. repetitive work. d. manual labor.

A

1. The "glass escalator effect" refers to the process by which a. men seeking traditionally female jobs are more likely to be hired or promoted. b. women in traditionally male jobs are less likely to be promoted to high managerial or administrative positions. c. women tend to choose traditionally female jobs. d. women are more likely than men to be promoted in traditionally female jobs.

A

1. The increased proportion of women and girls who are poor is referred to as a. feminization of poverty. b. gendered unemployment. c. genderized poverty. d. sex-segregated economy.

A

1. The rebirth of feminism in the 1960s was due to all of the following EXCEPT a. a decrease of women in the workforce after World War II. b. an escalating divorce rate. c. student activism. d. the publication of Betty Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique.

A

1. What is the term for jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by women? a. pinkcollar jobs b. the feminine ghetto c. the women's corner d. the glass escalator

A

1. Which of the following cultures DOES NOT have a socially acceptable position for third genders? a. contemporary American b. Native American c. Nepal d. India

A

1. Which of the following is the "gender role ideology" explanation of the traditional division of labor? a. Females and males have been socialized to perform various roles and to expect their partners to perform other complementary roles. b. Females are more biologically equipped for household labor and childcare. c. Husbands view their wives as property, which was acquired by marriage for the purpose of taking care of their children and household. d. Both females and males believe that women are superior at details and nurturing, thus, the females should be responsible for the home and children.

A

1. Which of the following statements is true regarding women's work experiences? a. Women are disproportionately employed in vulnerable employment. b. Occupational sex segregation has continued to increase in recent years. c. Most women's jobs are more highly valued than men's jobs. d. Females are less likely to be unemployed than males.

A

1. Which perspective argues that when income or occupation is inconsistent with traditional gender roles, individuals will engage in the traditional division of household labor? a. gender deviance hypothesis b. gender role ideology c. relative resources approach d. structural strain theory

A

1. Your text argues that the type of career pursued by women is a "structured choice," which means a. women's career choices reflect limited options as a result of the structure of society. b. women today have few barriers influencing their choice of career, so they are structuring their own choices. c. women's career choices are structured by their choices not to attend college. d. women choose their careers primarily according to their perceptions of their own individual abilities.

A

1.The biological classifications of males and females reflect the concept of a. sex. b. gender. c. gender stratification. d. sexual orientation.

A

1._________ argue that gender roles in the family and workforce change as the needs of society change. a. Structural-functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Postmodernists

A

1._____________ refers to the blending of traditionally defined masculine and feminine characteristics. a. Androgyny b. The boy code c. Gender dysphoria d. Intersexuality

A

1.______________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. a. Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amendments Act b. The 1965 Civil Rights Act c. The Equal Education Act of 1984 d. The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972

A

1. The term "glass ceiling" refers to which of the following? a. the idea that women can achieve as much success as men if they work hard enough. b. an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions. c. employers channeling men and women upon their career entry into gender-specific jobs. d. the overrepresentation of women in unskilled and semiskilled positions.

B

1. When Travis and Carrie decide who will take on which household task they tend to rely on what they learned as children. This is consistent with a. the relative resources approach. b. gender role ideology. c. the timeavailability approach. d. the gender deviance hypothesis.

B

1. When subjects in a research study were asked to list the best things about being the opposite sex, males most often cited a. life expectancy. b. freedom to be emotional. c. ability to give birth. d. not having to work.

B

1. Which of the following explains the traditional division of labor from the "relative resources approach"? a. Women's hormonal makeup is calming, making them uniquely qualified to take care of little children and the home simultaneously. b. Because men have more education, higher incomes, and more prestigious occupations, they are less responsible for domestic labor. c. Women's socialization better qualifies them to understand, teach, nurse, and physically care for children. d. Men are more intelligent than women, so the family benefits more if the man uses his intelligence to work outside of the home to provide economically for the family.

B

1. Which of the following illustrates "quid pro quo" sexual harassment? a. sexually explicit jokes that female office personnel find offensive b. an employer who requires sexual favors of an employee in exchange for a salary increase c. an employee who "accidentally" fondles a coworker d. a worker who displays sexually explicit photographs in his office carrel

B

1. Worldwide, women represent percent of representatives to legislative bodies. a. 2 b. 20 c. 49 d. 71

B

1._________ refers to the belief that there are innate psychological, behavioral, and/or intellectual differences between women and men and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other. a. Feminism b. Sexism c. Sex segregation d. Gender stratification

B

1. A study of 200 "topselling" children's picture books found a. there was a significant reduction in gender stereotypes from the 1980s to the 1990s. b. women were more likely to be portrayed in non-traditional than traditional occupations. c. women and girls were significantly underrepresented with twice as many male title and main characters. d. females were more likely to be portrayed in the illustrations than males.

C

1. All of the following EXCEPT ____________ are core values of the ManKind Project. a. authenticity b. accountability c. power d. integrity

C

1. As industrialization progressed and the production of goods and services moved away from the home, women a. had more education. b. had higher incomes. c. had fewer occupational skills. d. were frequently owners.

C

1. Female genital cutting is a. usually performed in hospitals upon the birth of a child. b. a common practice in South America. c. a rite of passage that enhances a woman's status in some countries. d. rarely practiced in the world today.

C

1. Globally, women made up______ percent of the total work force in 2012. a. 10 b. 25 c. 40 d. 70

C

1. In general, men are socialized into________ roles. a. expressive b. nurturant c. instrumental d. egalitarian

C

1. In the U.S., ___________ are the poorest of all families. a. Hispanic and black male-headed households b. two-parent households c. Hispanic and black female-headed households d. white female-headed households

C

1. In the ______ , the United States made it illegal to discriminate in wages or employment on the basis of sex. a. 1920s b. 1940s c. 1960s d. 1980s

C

1. The "timeavailability approach" explains the traditional division of labor in the home by the belief that a. children require more time and attention than jobs outside the home. b. household chores are not as time consuming as jobs outside the home. c. because women are more likely to be at home, they have more time to perform domestic chores. d. women need less free time than men.

C

1. The Berdache is a. the first woman. b. the mythopoetic idealized male. c. the Native American word for the third gender. d. a key figure in women's civil rights.

C

1. The World Economic Forum ranked the gender gap in 134 countries, with the highest rank going to the countries with the smallest gender gap. The United States ranked a. 1st. b. 8th. c. 22nd. d. in the bottom 10.

C