Sociology Ch. 4 - Griffis

__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.

Functionalist

__________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society. a. Postmodernists b. Functionalists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Conflict theorists

Functionalists

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

Gemeinschaft

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values.

Gesellschaft

Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists? a. Who benefits from the structure of social institutions? b. What is the economic structure of society? c. How does a society maintain order and stability? d. How do we know how to interact in a given situation?

How do we know how to interact in a given situation?

Which of these is the best illustration of the characterization of roles as relational? a. It is not clear at what age children should no longer be expected to depend upon their parents for economic support. b. In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student. c. One's role performance may not fit the role expectations for any particular status. d. In times of rapid social change, the roles for various positions become somewhat unclear.

In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student.

Which of these is the best illustration of the characterization of roles as relational? a. One's role performance may not fit the role expectations for any particular status. b. In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student. c. In times of rapid social change, the roles for various positions become somewhat unclear. d. It is not clear at what age children should no longer be expected to depend upon their parents for economic support.

In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student.

Which of these statements about emotional labor and emotion management is false? a. In some occupations, employees are trained to show feelings that are not really their own. b. Middle- and upper-class parents do not teach emotional labor because it is not a requirement of most professions. c. Race is a factor in determining the amount of emotional labor one expends. d. In any society, members must be socialized into what feelings to have and when they are appropriate.

Middle- and upper-class parents do not teach emotional labor because it is not a requirement of most professions.

From the __________ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.

conflict

Which of these is not true about postindustrial society? a. Production of goods within the society is mechanized. b. Knowledge becomes a commodity. c. There has been an information explosion. d. Most people work in service or information-related occupations.

Production of goods within the society is mechanized.

__________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.

Role distancing

__________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.

Social marginality

Which of these statements about social networks is false? a. Social networks function differently for members of different categories of people. b. Social networks include members of primary groups and secondary groups. c. Social networks link individuals to others. d. Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.

Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.

Which of these statements about social networks is false? a. Social networks link individuals to others. b. Social networks include members of primary groups and secondary groups. c. Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes. d. Social networks function differently for members of different categories of people.

Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.

__________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.

Social solidarity

Which of these statements about social structure is false? a. Social structure creates relationships that are generally equal. b. A predictable social structure makes it easier to develop one's self-concept. c. Social structure gives us the ability to interpret the social situations we encounter. d. Social structure creates stability within society.

Social structure creates relationships that are generally equal.

Which of these statements about personal space is false? a. The amount of space that one prefers varies from one culture to another. b. Physical space is an important component of communication. c. Space is less important than other forms of communication, and violations of personal space are easily ignored. d. Age, gender, and type of relationship are factors affecting the norms for personal space.

Space is less important than other forms of communication, and violations of personal space are easily ignored.

Sociologist Helen Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages, the second of which is __________, in which people may step away from their existing roles.

a search for alternatives

Which of these is the best example of a secondary group? a. a parent and child b. a group of best friends c. the people working together in the same department d. a sociology class

a sociology class

Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group? a. interactions are emotion-based b. people who interact frequently c. consists of two or more people d. shares a feeling of interdependence

a. interactions are emotion-based

__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.

Conflict

Which of the following characterizes a Gemeinschaft society?

sense of community based on similarity

Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

social construction of reality

A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

social institution

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of __________.

social institutions

Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that______________________.

social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society

The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________.

social network

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

status

Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.

status set

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________.

status symbols

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of __________.

statuses

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.

stigma

Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________.

stigmas

Which of these is not considered to be a social institution? a. economy b. travel c. family d. science

travel

Social structure consists of all of these, except __________. a. groups and organizations b. status and roles c. values d. institutions

values

Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure? a. rules b. values and beliefs c. social roles d. societal institution

values and beliefs

Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure? a. rules b. values and beliefs c. societal institutions d. social roles

values and beliefs

Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure? a. values and beliefs b. social roles c. rules d. societal institutions

values and beliefs

Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation.

face-saving behavior

A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

formal organization

Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.

front stage

Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?

homeless

Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status? a. father b. male c. coach d. homeless

homeless

All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________. a. it is essential for the survival of society b. it is not essential for individual well-being c. it connects individuals to the larger society d. it provides a web of familial support and social relationships

it is not essential for individual well-being

All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________. a. it provides a web of familial support and social relationships b. it connects individuals to the larger society c. it is essential for the survival of society d. it is not essential for individual well-being

it is not essential for individual well-being

At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.

macrolevel

One's occupation is an indicator of level of education and income and may also reflect family background. In the United States, occupation is an important determinant of social position. This makes occupation a likely __________ status.

master

Maintaining eye contact during conversation is_____________________________.

more common for women than for men

The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

organic solidarity

A(n) __________ is one in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.

postindustrial society

__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.

primary groups

Which of these is not characteristic of industrial society? a. large populations living in or near cities b. a person is defined largely by his or her occupation c. mechanized production of virtually all possessions d. relationships based primarily on ascribed status

relationships based primarily on ascribed status

All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________.

require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind

A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

role

It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of __________.

role ambiguity

Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of __________.

role conflict

__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

role exit

For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.

role performance

Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing _________.

role strain

Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to __________ for both men and women.

role strain

A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

achieved

Occupation is an example of a(n) _______ status.

achieved

Occupation is an example of a(n) _______ status. a. primary b. achieved c. evolving d. ascribed

achieved

Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and—if he lives long enough—will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered __________ statuses.

ascribed

We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.

definition of the situation

The way we behave or conduct ourselves is referred to as __________.

demeanor

Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both________________________.

developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies

The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.

dramaturgical analysis