Sociology chapter 1 part 2

Six ways to not load the dice

1. Choose a biased sample. 2.Ask biased questions. 3.List biased choices 4.Discard undesirable results. 5.Misunderstand the subjects' world 6.Analyze the data incorrectly

eight basic steps in sociological research

1. Selecting a Topic Example: to better understand or to solve 2. Defining the Problem example: 3. Reviewing the Literature 4. Formulating a Hypothesis 5. Choosing a Research Method examples: surveys, Participant for observation, case studies, analysis of document, experiments. 6. Collecting the Data 7. Analyzing the Results 8. Sharing the Results -Stimulating more idea for research -Generates hypothesis

Six elements (sociology tables

1. Title 2. Headnote 3. headings 4. columns 5. rows 6. source

seven research methods

1.Survey 2. Participation obsevation (Fieldwork) 3.case Studies 4. Secondary Analysis 5.Analysis of Documents 6.experiments 7. unobrtusive Measures

What is a benefit of open-ended questions?

They allow people (respondents) to express a wide range of opinions.

population

a target group to be studied

case study

an intensive analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

Maria is conducting a research project, but she has very few resources beyond the university library and the Internet. What research method should she choose?

analysis of documents

globalization of capitalism

capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system

When you state what you expect to find based on predictions from a theory, which of the following are you doing?

formulating a hypothesis

During the __________ phase of sociology, the focus was on abstract knowledge.

second

Malia is going to submit a report based on her review of data collected by other researchers. What research method is she using?

secondary analysis

Validity (6 colleting data)

the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure

Globalization

the growing interconnections among nations as a result of advances in trade, travel and communications. example: national boundaries advanced in communications, trade, and travel.

operational definitions

the way in which a researcher measures a variable.

Your research is __________ if other researchers use the same operational definitions and come up with different results.

unreliable

What is the reason for dividing sociology into phases?

It identifies major trends in sociology

Which of the following is an effect of globalization?

People across the world are more interconnected.

How can we determine if a commonsense idea is true or not?

Research and test the commonsense idea.

seven research methods

1.survey 2. participant observation(fieldwork) 3.case study 4. secondary analysis 5.Analysis of Documents 6. experiments 7.

Three Stages of Sociology

1st prhase: imporve society 2nd phrase: developing abstract knowldege 3rd phrase: apply their research

What is one of the two major trends in sociology

A. research versus reform

rapport

a feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying

hypothesis

A statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to prediction from a theory

Why was Mario Brajuha threatened with jail in regard to his participant observation of restaurant workers?

He refused to give his field notes to the police.

method 2: Participant observation (Fieldwork)

Reasearch in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting

1. ethics in sociological research (why is it vital to protect people study and discussions)

Research ethics requires honesty, truth and openness (sharing findings with the scientific community) forbids falsification of results, plagiarism.

What should someone do to learn what research has been done on a topic and to help formulate research questions?

Review the literature

How might sociology be influenced by globalization?

Sociologists will place more emphasis on identifying universal principles

Reliability ( 6 collecting data)

The extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results

experimental group

The group of subjects in an experiment who are esposed to the indepent variable.

analysis of documents ( 5th method used by sociologist)

To investigate social life, and examine the diverse sources as books, newspapers, diaries, bank records, police reports, immigration filies and records kept by organization.

Variables

a Factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary (or change) from one case to another

Heywood wanted to study serial killers, but with his limited resources for travel, he could only interview the one serial killer that was in a nearby prison. He did many in-depth interviews with this serial killer in order to understand the thinking of this individual. This research is an example of _________.

a case study

dependent variable

a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable

independent variable

a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable

stratified random sample

a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research

misleading the subjects

a setting without the people there knowing they are being researched. But to misrepresent yourself is considered unethical. Example: Disguising himself with a different hairstyle and clothing, Humphreys visited the men at home, supposedly to interview them for the medical study he stated that he should have identified himself as a researcher.

Research can be engineered to give desired results. What is a strategy of "loading the dice" that some unethical researchers use?

choose a biased sample

unobtrusive measures

interview that use open-ended quesitons

Common sense tells us that an abused woman will __________ her abuser but this is not always true

leave

Laud Humphreys conducted his research by frequenting public restrooms known as tearooms and acting as a lookout for the police. His work is considered unethical because he __________.

misled the subjects

Most, but not all, sociologists agree that it is unethical to __________.

misrepresent themselves

Objectivity in research

not imposing personal biases (values, attitudes) when conducting research or analyzing research findings

Research method ( or research design)

one of seven procedures that sociologists use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, analysis of documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures

respondents

people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaires

Protecting the subjects (why?)

protected his respondents keep the information confidential in the professional manner in which he handled himself.

Which of the following is a breach of ethics?

publishing another researcher's work as your own

closed-ended questions

questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent

open-ended questions

questions that respondents answer in their own words

Why is it important for sociologists to protect the confidentiality of the individuals who participate in their research?

so that the participants can answer questions honestly without fear of exposure

secondary analysis

the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers Example: anlysising the original interview of women

survey

the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions

Generalizability

the extent to which the findings from one group (or sample) can be generalized or applied to other groups (or populations)

sample

the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied

control group

the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable

experiment

the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation