Sociology- Chapter 1,2,9

Sandra is doing research on cheating among students at UT-RGV University. The student body at UT-RGV will serve as her:

population

Whether Muslim women veil themselves, especially in countries such as the United States and France, is often a controversial topic. Sociological research has found that while some women choose to veil for religious reasons, others may take up the veil because they are motivated to claim their Muslim identity in the face of anti-Muslim sentiment. These different interpretations of the importance of veiling illustrates how meaning is subjective. This emphasis on differences in subjective interpretations, in turn, is characteristic of

postmodernism

Avi is disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos oppose women having successful careers. This is an example of

prejudice

Charles is a sociologist studying a population of gay fathers in the United States. He interviews 200 men in his data collection. These 200 men constitute what researchers call a

sample

. A family, as a group of people living together and sharing individual stories, makes up a

social institution

Which of the following is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that together perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time?

social institution

Which discipline defines itself as "the systemic study of human society"?

sociology

The author of your text states that the most age-segregated social institution in our society is a:

4 year college

Jamar, a young Black man, enters a clothing store. A security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Jamar is aware of the security guard's actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is a contemporary example of which sociological concept developed at the turn of the twentieth century?

double consciousness

. The chief characteristic of the _________ approach is its view of society as orderly and stable.

structural- functional

The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from

the notion of social Darwinism.

After facing persecution by the Nazis in Poland, many Jews left the country for good. Which group response to domination is this an example of?

withdrawal

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jennifer Lee observes that the Black—White divide is now the Black—non-Black divide. Her argument is based on the experiences of first- and second-generation Asians and Latinos, a group in which each successive generation's outcomes improve. Among Black Americans, however, this is not the case. Disparities are apparent between Black people and all other groups in

. wealth and educational attainment.

In her study, Darby is using church membership as an indicator of how religious a person is. She discovers that some "very religious" people rarely attend church. Darby may conclude that:

. her measure of religiosity lacks validity.

The likelihood that a researcher will obtain the same result using the same measures the next time he or she tests a hypothesis is:

. reliability.

When a researcher is successful at measuring what he or she intends to measure, this is called:

. validity

Which of the following describes the deductive approach to research?

A researcher starts with a theory, forms hypotheses, makes observations, and then analyzes the data.

Which ethnic group has a higher median family income than Whites in the United States?

Asian American

Sociology emerged in the nineteenth century, with the idea of a secular morality from which thinker?

Auguste Comte

Which of the following sociologists developed the theory of positivism?

Auguste Comte

1. Why are Asian Americans sometimes labeled a "model minority"?

Compared to other minorities, Asian Americans appear to have achieved more educational and financial success in the United States.

Which of the following lists the individuals known as "the founding fathers of the sociological discipline"?

Durkheim, Marx, and Weber

Which of the following is true regarding value judgments made by sociologists conducting research?

Every sociologist makes some value judgments, even about the problems and topics he or she chooses to study.

The contemporary social movement with the slogan "Fight for 15" seeks a $15 minimum wage and unionization. This attempt to mobilize and make gains for workers can be viewed as in line with the view of the social world of which classical sociological theorist

Karl Marx

Rather than complaining about "kids these days," 52-year-old Professor Cathy Small enrolled as an undergraduate at a large university in an attempt to better understand the college experience of her students. She published her findings in the book, My Freshman Year (under the pen name of Rebekah Nathan). This research is in line with the methodology developed by which of the following early sociologists?

Max Weber

Who criticized Marx for focusing exclusively on economics and social class as explanations for human behavior and advocated sociological analyses that allowed for multiple influences?

Max weber

Who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?

Max weber

Which of the following is the best example of a correlation?

People with higher levels of income tend to enjoy better overall health.

Which of the following might be an advantage of participant observation research?

The researcher can uncover what people do rather than simply what they say they do.*

How was racism expressed in ancient Greece?

There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of ancient Greek culture.

Which American sociologist was the first to undertake ethnography in the African American community?

W. E. B. DuBois

Drivers stop at red lights for no other reason than that there is a shared understanding that this is what you're supposed to do at a red light. This shared meaning becomes the basis for how people act and interact with each other on the road and thus takes on the appearance of an objective fact. This is an example of

a social construction

What is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time?

a social institution

At his predominantly Whiteboarding school, DeMarcus pretends not to care when his classmates ask him to touch his hair or assume stereotypical things about him because he is Black, but when he is at home in his predominantly Black neighborhood, he complains to his friends about these experiences. What is this an example of?

acceptance

In August 2018, alt-right figurehead Jason Kessler organized the Unite the Right 2 Rally in Washington, D.C. to advocate for "White civil rights." This example illustrates White nationalists' reaction to the "browning of America" in that they are

adopting the rhetoric of minority status.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Julia Adams talks about the differences between sociology and history. As a self-identified historical comparative sociologist, Adams makes the point that sociologists are less concerned with uniqueness than they are with commonalities. Consider Henry the VIII of England during the mid-1500s. Henry's succession of marriages (six wives in all) is often seen as a unique case. Six wives is a lot by the norms of many European societies. A sociologist, however, might well look at it by considering the ways in which Henry's marriages

affected religious life in England then, with ramifications that continue through the present.

According to Suicide, one of the main social forces leading to suicide is a sense of normlessness that results from drastic changes in society. This normlessness was called:

anomie

Thinking like a "sociologist" means that you

apply analytical tools to the things you've always done without much conscious though in the pass

Which sociologist of the twentieth century introduced the concept of the sociological imagination?

c. wright mills

The experiences of the Irish and Muslims in the United States and Jews in Germany illustrate how racialization

can occur for both ethnic and religious groups

A(n) ____________ is an in-depth look at a specific phenomenon or situation in a particular social setting and is common in qualitative research.

case study

A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Hundreds of students from area colleges participate. What type of action is this?

collective resistance

Charles believes that racial equality has already been achieved and therefore there is no need for programs like affirmative action. He argues that the best way to improve the conditions of poor African Americans is to encourage them to change their values regarding work, marriage, and family. Charles's beliefs are an example of

color-blind racism

Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research method?

conducting a survey about how often people attend church

1. As discussed in the text, President Barack Obama, the son of a White Kansan mother and Black Kenyan father, is widely perceived as a Black man despite being biracial. This is illustrative of the

continued significance of the one drop rule

Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation. Milton Gordon refined this theory and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then observed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted. His findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of

culture

Sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to

detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena.

using the sociological imagination, helps sociologist (and students of sociology)

develop the ability to see connections between our own personal experience and the larger forces of history

Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals deemed "unfit." This included people with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of

eugenics

You're traveling with a group in a foreign country. After a homestay with a local family, a member of your group remarks that the meal he had last night was horrifying: a roasted dog! "No one eats dog!" he exclaims. "It's barbaric!" This person is speaking from a perspective of

ethnocentrism

what is an example of an application of midrange theory?

exploring the role of churches in maintaining community ties in rural areas

18. Which modern sociological theory examines how power relationships are defined, shaped, and reproduced on the basis of gender differences?

feminism

Allison is concerned with the subtle messages that her niece receives from her kindergarten teacher about suitable careers. For example, picture books read in class portray women as nurses and secretaries but the doctors and engineers in the books are male. Allison's concerns reflect what kind of theoretical perspective?

feminist

The early sociological writer, Harriet Martineau, wrote a book in 1838 that examined the institution of marriage and challenged assumptions about women's inferiority. In this respect, Martineau espoused what kind of theoretical position in her sociological writing?

feminist

Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since Europeans arrived. In Indian Bureau boarding schools and schools provided on reservations, English was mandatory, and children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of culture. This policy was an attempt at

forced assimilation.

A theoretical perspective most popular in the mid-twentieth century held that social realities such as the roles that men and women play in heterosexual couples, or the existence of inequality could be explained by the necessary purpose they served in society. What was this theoretical perspective?

functionalism

The extent to which a researcher can claim that his or her findings explain a larger population than was studied is known as:

generalizability.

Positivism is best defined as the:

idea that we can scientifically and logically study social institutions and the individuals within them.

Which approach to sociological research starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory?

inductive

One of the challenges faced by many colleges and universities is binge drinking on campus. Imagine you are tasked with developing solutions to this problem. Thinking sociologically, you suggest that it would be useful to understand the meaning placed on the parties where binge drinking happens, so solutions are based on a deeper understanding of the experience itself. Your approach relies on the methodology of

interpretive sociology

Getting ready to go out on a first date with someone she first contacted through a dating app, Jada tries on a dress and stilettos. Then, remembering that the person mentioned liking sporty women, Jada reconsidered and changed into shorts and a tank top. Jada's wardrobe change illustrates what social theory?

looking-glass self

18. According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with higher suicide rates typically has:

lower social integration

Monitrice is conducting a study of the effect of economic recessions on marriage rates in European countries. What type of sociology is this?

macrosociology

Observing and analyzing the conversations patients have with their doctors would be an example of what kind of sociology?

microsociology

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen 'nan Read discusses the meaning of the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, however, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and they have now been effectively racialized because

of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim."

Tyrone is frustrated by having submitted dozens of resumes to tech companies around the Pacific Northwest, resulting in zero job interviews. He decides to try submitting three resumes as "Tyler," and receives two calls from prospective employers. What is this an example of?

passing

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government decreed that all people of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. At the time, enclaves of Japanese Americans thrived in several American cities. The fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry following the attacks reflected a decline in

pluralism

To Marx, conflict between a small number of capitalists and a large number of workers would divide society. He referred to this large number of workers as:

proletariat

In social research, a hypothesis is a(n):

proposed relationship between two or more variables.

A sociologist studying minor children, pregnant women, or inmates must get approval, as These groups are known as:

protected populations.

What type of research describes people's behavior in rich detail and focuses on the meanings people give to their actions?

qualitative

The two broad approaches social scientists use to gather data about the social world are:

qualitative and quantitative.

The research method that uses information that can be converted to numerical form is:

quantitative.

The text discusses the plight of Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward them. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma (formerly referred to as gypsies). The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that, like the anti-Irish attacks in the United States, they are an example of

racism

In some urban neighborhoods, buying food staples requires a lengthy journey to another (Whiter) part of the city. "Food deserts" are a significant problem for people whose resources are limited. According to the text, a food desert is a possible marker of

segregation

The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on White privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race and not having to educate children to be aware of systematic racism for their own protection. Which of the following could also be considered White privilege?

shopping in a store without fear that security guards will scrutinize your behavior

suicide rates are generally higher among:

single people compared with married people

A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of

symbolic ethnicity

18. Which modern sociological theory attempts to understand social behavior by examining the ways people interpret and give meaning to social signals and signs?

symbolic interactionism

A researcher spends time with small organic farmers on their land and at market in order to understand their particular subculture, noting the brands of work clothes they prefer; their conversations about hoop houses, compost, and aquaponics; and the nonverbal greetings they give other drivers on rural roads. This focus reflects which approach to research?

symbolic interactionism

Average household net worth is much higher for White families than for Black and Latino families. This "equity inequality" is BEST explained as a result of

the disproportionate use of government benefits by Black people.

Charles H. Cooley argued that the "self "emerges from how an individual interacts with

the looking glass self

Sociologists of the Chicago School emphasized the importance of

the social environment in shaping people's behavior and personality.

The first naturalization law in the United States in 1790 limited citizenship to "free White persons," which set up a relatively broad and inclusive definition of "Whiteness." However, the definition of Whiteness narrowed such that it applied only to Anglo Europeans by the early twentieth century. What social change led to this increasingly exclusive definition of Whiteness?

the surge in immigration of non-Anglo Europeans to the United States

What is an example of using one's sociological imagination?

understanding that the divorce of one's parents is part of a larger societal trend toward marriage dissolution

18. In the United States today, suicide rates is higher for which of the following categories of people?

white males

Which of the following sociologists wrote Suicide in 1897?

Émile Durkheim