Sociology Chapter 18

28) True or false: Those who take a Marxist view of social change restrict themselves to a passive role in responding to changes in the material culture.

False

42) True or false: The Internet, the world's largest computer network, has led to significant changes in social interaction.

True

51) True or false: Biotechnological advances have had a global impact on social change and in some cases have been controversial.

True

41) Which phrase is often used to describe the people protesting changes that would have a local impact, such as the placement of a halfway house in their residential neighborhood? a) "Not in my backyard" (NIMBY) b) "Why not put it elsewhere?" (WNPIE) c) "Not here, not ever" (NHNE) d) "Hell no, we won't go" (HNWWG)

a) "Not in my backyard" (NIMBY)

19) Which of the following sociologists viewed human society as moving forward from a mythological way of thinking toward scientific thought? a) Auguste Comte b) Charles Darwin d) Karl Marx e)Talcott Parsons

a) Auguste Comte

26) Which of the following theoretical perspectives are utilized to examine social change in society? Select all that apply a) Evolutionary b) Environmental c) Functionalist d) Conflict

a) Evolutionary c) Functionalist d) Conflict

31) Which of the following statements illustrate the functionalist perspective on social change? Select all that applys a) From a functionalist perspective, change is viewed as a means of maintaining stability. b) The functionalist perspective views any change as harmful and destructive. c) Functionalist theory values the importance of constant change. d) The functionalist perspective emphasizes a state of equilibrium in social life.

a) From a functionalist perspective, change is viewed as a means of maintaining stability. d) The functionalist perspective emphasizes a state of equilibrium in social life.

18) What argument is offered by critics of the relative deprivation approach? a) People do not need to be deprived to take action. b) Only the most downtrodden will take action. c) Social movements are stronger when people feel content. d) There is no way to channel discontent into action.

a) People do not need to be deprived to take action.

10) In addition to feelings of relative deprivation, which of the following help transform social discontent into a social movement? a) The feeling that individuals have the right to seek their goals b) The feeling that matters will resolve themselves without the need for collective action c) The feeling that those in power are working hard to make necessary social changes d) The feeling that the discontented group's goals cannot be attained through conventional means

a) The feeling that individuals have the right to seek their goals d) The feeling that the discontented group's goals cannot be attained through conventional means

13) Whereas traditional social movements focused mostly on economic issues, new social movements have addressed which of the following issues? Select all that apply a) Values b) Quality-of-life issues c) Social identities d) National alliances

a) Values b) Quality-of-life issues c) Social identities

5) Which of the following are examples of collective behavior as defined by sociologists? Select all that apply a) a group of people chase after a purse snatcher b) parents attend a monthly PTA meeting c) a group of friends meet for dinner at a restaurant d) an audience at a movie sing along with someone who starts to sing

a) a group of people chase after a purse snatcher d) an audience at a movie sing along with someone who starts to sing

49) Select all that apply With the progression of the Industrial Revolution, societies came to rely on technological innovations that a) created power-driven machinery. b) created a greater need for farm workers. c) facilitated agricultural and industrial production. d) provided new sources of energy.

a) created power-driven machinery. c) facilitated agricultural and industrial production. d) provided new sources of energy.

44) Select all that apply During the 1970s and early 1980s the sociologist Randall Collins observed a significant sequence of events concerning the future of the Soviet Union, which included a) disproportionate military spending. b) an overextension of resources. c) a coincidence of social crises on several of the Soviet Union's frontiers. d) an unforeseen reaffirmation of communist ideals.

a) disproportionate military spending. b) an overextension of resources. c) a coincidence of social crises on several of the Soviet Union's frontiers.

12) A nightclub is filled with a large number of people. A band performs on the stage, and during one song the band emits a sound that is reminiscent of a gunshot. The audience members believe someone is shooting a gun inside the club and attempt to escape the club. This situation is defined as a(n) a) panic. b) fad. c) disaster. d) craze.

a) panic.

27) Much as Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory stresses a continuing progression of life forms, the evolutionary theory proposed by sociologists stresses the movement of ______ in a definite direction. a) society b) reproduction c) individuals d) disease

a) society

2) How are the new norms that arise in the emergent-norm perspective enforced? a) through sanctions b) through public opinion c) through legal action d) through education

a) through sanctions

6) What term is used to describe organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental changes in an existing group or society? a) A policy initiative b) A social movement c) Culture lag d) Vested interests

b) A social movement

32) What are the four inevitable processes of social change according to Talcott Parsons? Select all that apply a) Homogenization b) Differentiation c) Inclusion d)Value generalization e) Adaptive upgrading

b) Differentiation c) Inclusion d)Value generalization e) Adaptive upgrading

11) Which of the following statements about disasters are true? Select all that apply a) Disasters are not caused by human practices. b) Disasters are often related to nature. c) Disasters may be related to technology, such as airline crashes. d) Sociologists focus only on the study of natural disasters.

b) Disasters are often related to nature. c) Disasters may be related to technology, such as airline crashes.

30) Who argued that societies evolve into a "community of free individuals" through socialist revolution? a) Talcott Parsons b) Karl Marx c) Auguste Comte d) Ralf Dahrendorf

b) Karl Marx

47) In which of the following ways have biotechnological advances had an impact on society? a) Solving the problem of world hunger b) Raising ethical questions c)Demonstrating how quickly material culture can change d) Highlighting how slowly nonmaterial culture absorbs change

b) Raising ethical questions c)Demonstrating how quickly material culture can change d) Highlighting how slowly nonmaterial culture absorbs change

50) Which of the following are noted examples of the negative effects of technology-driven social change? a) The free exchange of information around the world b) Third parties' retrieval and storage of personal information c) Surveillance devices that track key personal information d) Decreased efficiency and increased time on task

b) Third parties' retrieval and storage of personal information c) Surveillance devices that track key personal information

48) Why was the 1962 computer system that evolved into the Internet built by the U.S. Defense Department? a) To allow the public to gain access to government research and documents b) To ensure government work could continue even if national communication systems were destroyed c) To establish online schools and colleges d) To store surveillance data during the Cold War

b) To ensure government work could continue even if national communication systems were destroyed

25) According to Parsons's ______ model, when change occurs in one part of society, adjustments must be made in other parts. a) conflict b) equilibrium c) accommodations d) changes

b) equilibrium

37) Select all that apply a)created a greater need for farm workers. b) facilitated agricultural and industrial production. c) created power-driven machinery. d) provided new sources of energy.

b) facilitated agricultural and industrial production. c) created power-driven machinery. d) provided new sources of energy.

17) One approach to understanding contemporary social change is through the examination of a) common sense. b) historical events. c) internet blogs. d) prison records.

b) historical events.

21) Evolutionary theory continues to influence contemporary sociologists, especially ______, who study the behavioral links between humans and animals. a) psychologists b) sociobiologists c) social historians d) political sociologists

b) sociobiologists

38) Social economist Thorstein Veblen coined the term vested interest to refer to those individuals or groups who would ______ as a result of a given social change. a) win b) suffer c) benefit d) be least harmed

b) suffer

36)Select all that apply Marxist theorists view social change as the process by which people a) increase social inequality in the world. b) take an active role to change society. c) gain freedom from injustice. d) passively wait for change to occur naturally.

b) take an active role to change society. c) gain freedom from injustice.

35) Which theorists stress that, in a capitalist economic system, many firms are not willing to pay the price of meeting strict safety and environmental standards? a) Evolutionary b) Functionalist c) Conflict d) Interactionist

c) Conflict

3) Select all that apply Which of the following statements about crowds are true? a) Crowds are totally lacking in structure. b) Crowds are more emotional and destructive than other forms of social gatherings. c) Crowds are governed by social norms. d) Crowds display definite patterns of behavior.

c) Crowds are governed by social norms. d) Crowds display definite patterns of behavior.

15) How has computer-mediated communication affected social movements around the world? Select all that apply a) It limits the spread of social movements. b) There are so many social movements around the world that people are no longer paying attention to any of them. c) It enables small movements to gain more attention. d) Geographically diverse groups can connect more easily.

c) It enables small movements to gain more attention. d) Geographically diverse groups can connect more easily.

23) A leading proponent of the functionalist perspective, ______ viewed society as being in a natural state of equilibrium. a) Auguste Comte b) Emile Durkheim c) Talcott Parsons d) Karl Marx

c) Talcott Parsons

33) What term describes Individuals or groups who possess the most wealth, prestige, and power in a society, and therefore are typically predisposed to maintain the current system? a) Conflict theorists b) Working classes c) Vested interests d) Social activists

c) Vested interests

14) Change is created by the ______ efforts of people organized in social movements. a) individual b) accidental c) collective d) illegal

c) collective

29) What field studies the interaction between society and the environment? a) functionalism b) animal psychology c) human ecology d) behaviorism

c) human ecology

43) Cultural information about how to employ material resources in the environment to satisfy human needs and wants is called a) globalization. b) industry. c) technology. d) socialization.

c) technology.

46) In Dubai, societal change is supported through a) a shift to a democratic government. b) payment of high unemployment compensation. c) the creation of a free-trade economy. d) acceptance of relatively progressive values.

c) the creation of a free-trade economy. d) acceptance of relatively progressive values.

34) According to the conflict perspective, powerful groups are able to use social institutions and practices to maintain a) social justice. b) equality. c) the status quo. d) evolution.

c) the status quo.

40) What is a significant hidden problem in modern Dubaian society? a) total reliance on oil for income b) prohibition of alcohol c) treatment of migrant domestic workers d) the fact that women are allowed to hold jobs

c) treatment of migrant domestic workers

45) In the United States legislative actions regarding surveillance of electronic communications have not always upheld a citizen's right to privacy. Which of the following is an example of an action that did uphold such a right? a) USA PATRIOT Act, 2001 b) American Citizens Privacy Act, 2002 c) USA Terrorist Act, 2002 d) Electronic Communication Privacy Act, 1986

d) Electronic Communication Privacy Act, 1986

8) What sociological term describes the feeling of discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities (between what we have and what we think we should have)? a) Resource mobilization b) Sociological imagination c) Globalization of poverty d) Relative deprivation

d) Relative deprivation

22) Which of the following statements describes the relationship between new social movements and the government? a) The government seeks to empower the movements. b) The movements seek to overthrow the government. c) The government is viewed as an ally. d) The movements do not accept established authority.

d) The movements do not accept established authority.

16) How does the relative deprivation approach define those who feel most dissatisfied by their social or economic conditions? a) Those who are proved by studies to be the poorest b) The cultural and political elites. c) Those who are educated about their class identity d) Those who believe they should be better off

d) Those who believe they should be better off

1) The "relatively spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a group of people who are reacting to a common influence in an ambiguous situation" is the definition of a) culture lag. b) relative deprivation. c) social change. d) collective behavior.

d) collective behavior.

24) What term has been coined to describe social movements' use of technology for organizing? a) social movement theory b) globalization c) false consciousness d) computer-mediated communication

d) computer-mediated communication

4) A sudden or disruptive event that overwhelms a community's resources in such a way that outside help becomes critical is a(n) a) craze. b) disaster. c) flash gang. d) crowd.

d) crowd.

20) A sudden or disruptive event that overwhelms a community's resources in such a way that outside help becomes critical is a(n) a) flash gang. b) craze. c) crowd. d) disaster.

d) disaster.

7) When a group redefines what it considers to be proper behavior in the moment, particularly if the group finds itself in an ambiguous situation, this is known as the ______ perspective. a) assembling b) value-added c) change agent d) emergent-norm

d) emergent-norm

39) What did Maureen Hallinan suggest social analysts need to learn to predict? a) role of communism b) functional equilibrium c) presidential elections d) major societal upheavals

d) major societal upheavals