Sociology Chapter 4

Which messages from their parents do black adolescents and college students find most helpful, according to research?

With hard work, you can achieve anything. Race doesn't matter

Researchers have often found that popular students bully less popular students. Which statement describes researchers' current recommendation regarding popular students?

enlist popular students in anti-bullying efforts because they are influencers

According to Jean Piaget, place the stages of a developing child in chronological order.

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

Which statement demonstrates Charles Horton Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self?

"I shouted, and people listened to me. I see that I am a powerful person."

What findings did Vanda Lucia Zammuner report from a study of Dutch and Italian children's toy preferences?

1, In both countries, girls chose to play with gender-neutral toys more often than boys did. 2. Italian children were more likely than Dutch children to prefer gender-specific toys.

Which of the following are examples of socialization?

1. A woman who is expecting her first child takes a parenting class. 2. A Peace Corps volunteer learns the basic rules of etiquette of her new country. 3. A child encourages her parents to open a Facebook account. 4. A parent teaches a child not to burp at the dinner table.

Amy is a U.S. citizen, mother, gardener, and medical doctor. Which actions are part of her social role as doctor?

1. Amy reads medical journals to stay up-to-date with information relevant to treatment of patients. 2. Amy attends a professional conference where she makes the case that doctors should add nutritional counseling to vaccination appointments.

Identify the following statements about gender identity as associated with either Nancy Chodorow or Sigmund Freud's theory.

1. Boys' sense of self is based in a radical rejection of the feminine (the mother). 2. Women's identities are more connected to others because a girl shares gender with her mother.

Disagreeing with Freud, Nancy Chodorow takes the position that ----, not ---, is defined by loss, in the form of separation from -. This separation leads to later difficulty in maintaining close personal relationships, and to what has been called "male ---."

1. Masculinity 2. Feminism 3. The mother 4. Inexpressiveness

In which ways does midlife today differ from midlife in premodern societies?

1. People live significantly longer. 2. Individuals have more control over their lives. 3. People undergo more major life transitions.

In which ways does midlife today differ from midlife in premodern societies?

1. People live significantly longer. 2. People undergo more major life transitions. 3. Individuals have more control over their lives.

June Statham studied parents' efforts to raise their children in nonsexist fashion. Identify the obstacles that the parents encountered while encouraging their children to play with gender-neutral toys.

1. Relatives would give the children gender-typed toys. 2. Toy stores mostly sell gender-typed toys.

Identify each item as typical of either traditional or modern societies.

1. The elderly find rewards in an outward-looking view of life. 2. The elderly are accorded great respect.

traditional societies

1. The elderly find rewards in an outward-looking view of life. 2. The elderly are accorded great respect.

Modern societies

1. The elderly have fewer responsibilities than the middle aged. 2. The elderly are materially less well off than the middle aged.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements about the depiction of male and female characters in children's stories, as documented by Lenore Weitzman and colleagues.

1. The gender imbalance was more lopsided for animal characters than human ones. 2. Male characters engaged in more adventurous activities.

Carol Gilligan sees a connection between girls' psychological development and women's moral outlook. Girls are taught to subordinate their own needs to---- Consequently, women's ethical views focus on care and other relational activities, and are more ----- than men's views, in which rule-following and ----- are the primary concerns.

1. The needs of others 2. flexible 3. individual freedom

According to June Statham's research, identify the statements about the experiences of families committed to nonsexist child rearing as either true or false.

1. There are more storybooks available with nontraditional female characters than nontraditional male characters. 2. Most children of nonsexist parents still possessed gender-typed toys given to them by relatives.

Which statements about the positive effects of video games have been documented by researchers?

1. Video games can strengthen spatial abilities and cognitive development. 2. When parents and children play together, video game time constitutes quality family time.

Identify whether race is functioning as either a master status or self-identity in the following scenarios. Note that Will is a man whose mother is white and whose father is Afro-Caribbean.

1. Will is a skateboarder and science fiction buff, but people treat him first and foremost as a black man. 2. Regardless of how Will describes himself, people generally refer to him as "black."

Place the following in chronological order, based on George Herbert Mead's theory of the development of the social self.

1. a sense of the self as "I," a bundle of wants and desires 2. a sense of the self as "me," the object of others' perceptions 3. a sense of society and its expectations as the "generalized other"

In 2014, more than 3,000 American parents were asked which of 12 qualities they felt were most important to instill in their children. According to the survey, place the four chosen qualities in order of importance.

1. being responsible 2. helping others 3. creativity 4. religious faith

Select the bolded terms that refer to agents of socialization best classified as mass media.

1. cartoons 2. articles 3. newspapers 4. magazines 5. videos 6. podcasts

A 2005 study identified five themes in the messages that African Americans received from their parents about what it means to be black. Which items were among those themes?

1. color blindness 2. deference to and fear of whites 3. racial group pride

Identify which changes in social roles define the beginning of midlife, according to sociologists.

1. for women, when they enter menopause 2. for families, the "empty nest" stage (when children leave the family home)

Which of the following has sociologist Frank Furstenberg identified as critical for a young person's transition into mature adulthood?

1. having a child 2. getting married 3. finishing school

Ella has just learned to use words to represent objects and images, thus, she is in the ---- stage. Jaime makes noise with his stroller, and doesn't realize that he is separate from the stroller, thus, he is in the ---- stage. Shirley says, "Cold makes water freeze," mastering abstract, logical notions. Shirley is in the ----stage.

1. preoperational 2. sensorimotor 3. concrete operational

Which skills do young people typically acquire upon entering the workforce?

1. the ability to work independently 2. the management of one's emotions 3. the ability to get along with non-family members

Nancy Chodorow

A child's learning of gender differences centers on the child's attachment to, or estrangement from, the child's mother.

Carol Gilligan

A child's learning of gender differences centers on the child's care for, or independence from, other people.

Sigmund Freud

A child's learning of gender differences centers on the child's possession or lack of a penis.

Researchers found a "curvilinear" association between how much a child's parents talked with their children about race and the child's performance in elementary school. What does this mean?

A moderate amount of conversation about race was associated with better performance than either very little conversation about race or a great deal of it.

Which scenarios represent successful social reproduction?

At a utopian commune,the whole group, not organized into nuclear families, raises children.

According to some researchers, why is the nature of childhood as a distinct stage of life diminishing in modern societies?

Children are consuming the same entertainment as adults.

What findings did Vanda Lucia Zammuner report from a study of Dutch and Italian children's toy preferences?

In both countries, girls chose to play with gender-neutral toys more often than boys did. Italian children were more likely than Dutch children to prefer gender-specific toys.

In sociology, how is the concept of identity understood?

It relates to people's understanding of who they are and what is meaningful to them.

Classify each behavior or characteristic as a norm associated with either a female or male gender role.

Male: strong, good with tools Female: good at cooking, good at cleaning, attractive

What is a probable social result of the longer lifespans and better health of older adults in the United States due to medical advancements and demographic changes?

Older adults will maintain an outer focus on social life, rather than focusing on inner resources.

What does psychologist Albert Bandura's study predict will happen to a child who watches cartoons that depict interpersonal violence, weapons, and warfare?

The child will imitate and act out the behaviors she has witnessed.

What, according to Sigmund Freud, is the most important aspect of gender identity for young children?

The possession or absence of a penis.

Which statement describes a small step that the Disney movie Frozen takes toward chipping away at gender stereotypes?

The princess finds a happy ending by connecting with her sister, Elsa, instead of through romance.

According to George Herbert Mead's theory, all people are born as an "I," and only a few people advance to become a "me."

True

Age-grades are found in small traditional cultures where people of similar ages undergo ceremonies or rites that mark the transition from one age-grade to another.

True

The idea that death is for old people is a recent development.

True

According to June Statham's research, identify the statements about the experiences of families committed to nonsexist child rearing as either true or false.

True: 1. There are more storybooks available with nontraditional female characters than nontraditional male characters. 2. Most children of nonsexist parents still possessed gender-typed toys given to them by relatives. False: 1. Whenever possible, children refuse to play with gender-neutral toys. 2. The goal of parents was to make their children androgynous, neither boys nor girls.

What is distinctive about human beings, compared to other animals?

a sense of self

In this thirteenth-century painting, the infant Jesus is depicted with an adult face and adult bodily proportions. What aspect of culture does this depiction reflect?

a view of children as miniature adults

According to Annette Lareau's research, what do working-class parents do to promote the "accomplishment of natural growth"?

allow their children to enjoy long periods of unstructured free time

What is the best definition of race socialization?

messages about race that each generation passes on to the next

I

the boy feels hungry but doesn't mention it to anyone

generalized other

the boy is aware that "sportsmanship" means he shouldn't throw a tantrum if his team loses

social self

the boy knows that his teammates want him to contribute to a win

What is the major agent of primary socialization in almost all cultures?

the family

What is the definition of socialization?

the lifelong process of learning the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to one's social position

What factor, according to sociologist Barrie Thorne, has a strong influence on whether a girl feels positively or negatively about her first period?

whether the most popular girls in her peer group have already had their first period