Sociology chapter 7

Identify the types of slavery occurring in the world today.

Slavery Occurring Today - sex slavery - human trafficking - serfdom - bonded labor

Identify the true and false statements about the federal poverty line.

True Statement(s) - The federal poverty line is an absolute measure. - The percentage of people living below the federal poverty line has never dipped below 10 percent. False Statement(s) - All families above the federal poverty line can afford basic necessities. - The federal poverty line for an individual is $16,240.

Place each occupation in the correct row of the social prestige scale.

86 - Physician 72 - Dentist 64 - Electrical Engineering 58 - Actor 40 - Farmer 28- Waiter/Waitress

Identify the characteristics of a geographic area that is associated with high levels of social mobility.

Associated with High Social Mobility - less residential segregation - greater family stability - better schools - greater social capital - less income inequality Not Associated with High Social Mobility - large-scale events - greater wealth

Max Weber suggests that wealth, power, and prestige must all be attained to reach upper-class status and any individual aspect of social class cannot be converted into another.

False

A researcher discovers that, in the labor market, Black people face discrimination, but Black men are much more likely to face discrimination than Black women. What concept does this highlight?

Intersectionality

Identify each high school student as more likely to come from a middle-income family or a lower-income family.

Middle-Income Family - Mike worked with a tutor at home to prepare his college application materials. Lower-Income Family - Kia's three older siblings did not go to college. - Amalia's high school offers just one Advanced Placement class. - Diann's parents taught her to show respect by doing her work quietly and not asking questions.

According to sociologist Forrest Stuart, who conducted an in-depth ethnography of Skid Row, some police officers consider it their job to help homeless people, which Stuart refers to as "therapeutic policing." Which of the following are examples of therapeutic policing?

Therapeutic Policing - ticketing a homeless person for loitering - arresting a homeless person for jaywalking Not Therapeutic Policing - arresting a drunk individual for attempting to murder a homeless person - arresting landlords who unfairly evict tenants

French sociologist and postmodernist Pierre Bourdieu suggested that social reproduction, or the tendency of social classes remaining relatively stable as class status is passed down from one generation to the next, occurs in part through the acquisition of what?

cultural capital

What term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?

social stratification

Label the level of education for each class in the Typical Education column.

1% - Some prestigious university degrees 14% - College and university degrees, some graduate degrees 30% - Two- and four-year college degrees 30% - High school degrees 13% - Some high school 12% - Some high school

Place each category of the Hindu caste system in order from top to bottom stratum.

1) Brahmins 2) Kshatriyas 3) Vaishyas 4) Shudras 5) Dalit

A ____________ approach suggests that social inequality is a necessary part of society. A _______________ approach suggests that the poor and rich have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect these interests. A ____________ approach suggests that we develop everyday class consciousness as a way to distinguish the status of others.

1) Structural Functionalism 2) Conflict theory 3) Symbolic interactionism

Match each aspect of social mobility to the correct example.

Horizontal Social Mobility - A registered nurse leaves nursing to become a high school teacher. Vertical Social Mobility - A retail store cashier gets a job as a manager.

Select the bold text that represents status inconsistency.

Socioeconomic status is based on a collection of complex variables. Many ultra-wealthy individuals inherited their wealth. Many low-income individuals did not complete high school. Mother Teresa, also known as Saint Teresa, was a highly influential person who had no personal wealth. Bill Gates and Richard Branson are successful in corporate life, but dropped out of college.

If researchers find that the Great Recession of 2008 led to large numbers of middle-class people experiencing downward mobility to the lower-middle class, it would be an example of what?

structural mobility

Place each major poverty policy enacted in the United States in chronological order.

1) Social Security 2)Medicaid 3) Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

Label the income amount for each class in the Typical Household Incomes column.

1% - $2 million 14% - $150,000 30% - $70,000 30% - $40,000 13% - $25,000 12% - $15,000

Which of the following is not a major system of stratification?

prison

Why does the ideology of the American Dream resonate with most Americans?

Correct Answer(s) - Americans tend to believe that unequal opportunities restrict meritocracy. - We tend to think of rags-to-riches stories, such as Oprah Winfrey's, as the rule rather than the exception. Incorrect Answer(s) - We tend to believe that the "rules of the game" should be altered to compensate for inequalities resulting from an "uneven playing field." - We have higher standards of equality than other modern capitalist societies.

In capitalist societies, social class ranks individuals based on which of the following factors?

Correct Answer(s) - prestige - power - wealth - property Incorrect Answer(s) - age - race

Sociologist Matthew Desmond's Eviction Lab provides the only nationwide data on eviction rates.

False

Identify each trait as characteristic of either the proletariat or the bourgeoisie in Marx's economic theory.

Proletariat - earn money by selling their labor power - want to see wages go up Bourgeoisie - control the assets used for production - want to see wages go down - earn money by taking a share of profits

Identify each example as indicating either relative or absolute deprivation.

Relative Deprivation - A low-income student earns a scholarship to a highly prestigious university. Her peers wear expensive clothes to class and drive nice cars. She wears clothes she bought at the thrift store and has to ride the bus to go anywhere. -A lower-middle class family owns a house at the edge of a county where many rich people live. They have many highly educated neighbors nearby and cannot afford to shop at the multitude of upper-middle class stores in the area. Absolute Deprivation - A homeless man sets up on a street corner every day to scrape together whatever he can but often goes hungry and cannot find a place to stay when the local homeless shelter is at capacity. - An underclass family lives paycheck to paycheck and often runs out of money near the end of the week and must seek additional assistance from food banks and churches.

Click what applies

Amy is from an upper-middle class background, and Stacy is from a working poor background. Amy and Stacy both intentionally searched for a marriage partner of the same social class. Amy is more of a planner, and Stacy is more open to various possibilities. This causes conflict over finances and career planning, which most likely predicts a marriage that will not last.

The current federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour and has been since 2009. How much would the minimum wage need to be to constitute a living wage?

Correct choice$11-$18 per hour

Match each type of work to the appropriate description.

Creative class - often comprised of individuals in the upper-middle class Precarious labor - Workers in the lower-middle and lower class often find themselves engaged in this. Underemployment- includes individuals whose work doesn't make full use of their skills

Match each term related to social mobility to the correct definition.

Intragenerational mobility - the movement between social classes that occurs during the course of an individual's lifetime Open System - a social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next Intergenerational mobility - a social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to another

Match each country to the correct aspects of history, economics, and stratification. There may be more than one match for each country.

Iran: - country was transformed from a constitutional monarchy to a theocracy in 1979 - religion is a primary factor for maintaining social and economic positions in this country. Sweden: the top tax rate in this country is 60% - a great number of social services are provided by the government in this country. Brazil: - slaves were imported to this country through the mid-1800s - intermarriage has eliminated clearly defined racial groups, but skin color still largely defines an individual's place in society. Sweden: - The top tax rate in this country is 60 percent. - A great number of social services are provided by the government in this country.

Match each basic principle of social stratification to the appropriate example

Social stratification is a characteristic of a society, not of individual differences - Barack Obama was able to become president of the United States despite African Americans generally holding a lower status than whites in the United States. Different societies use different criteria for ranking their members - Gender is the most important characteristic of stratification in more traditional societies Social stratification is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of society - The American achievement ideology suggests that people who are not successful did not work hard enough. Social stratification persists over generations - Mark Zuckerberg is likely to pass down his wealth to his children.

Identify the true and false statements about the trends of college enrollment by income level from 1970 to 2019.

True Statement(s) - The college enrollment gap between low- and high-income high school grads narrowed from 1970 to 2019. - Approximately the same percentage of middle-income high school grads enrolled in college in 2019 as in the late 1990s. - A larger percentage of all high school graduates, regardless of income, has been enrolling in college over time. False Statement(s) - The college enrollment gap between low- and high-income high school grads widened from 1970 to 2019.