Sociology Chapter 7

functionalist perspective

According to Durkheim, deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people deviance serves three functions: 1) deviance clarifies rules 2) deviance unites a group 3) deviance promotes social change

anomie

Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

labeling theory

Howard Becker deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they in turn come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly - creates a self fulfilling prophecy situation - ex: kindergarteners with misbehaving older siblings ALSO CALLED SOCIETAL REACTION

innovation

Punishment is seen as serving four functions. Which items below is not one of those functions a) innovation b) deterrence c) retribution d) protections

anomie theory of deviance

ROBERT MERTON'S theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment or both

social bond theory

Travis Hirschi the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken - attachment: our relationship with others - commitment: to conformity - involvement: in conventional activities - belief: in the legitimacy of conventional values and beliefs

crime

a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and negative sanctions

hate crime

a criminal offense committed because of the offenders bias against a race relieigoin ethnic group national origin etc

true

a felony is a serious crime such as rape, and homicide for which punishment means imprisonment from one year to death true false

stigma

a label used to devalue members of certain social groups

sanction

a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm

professional criminal

a person who pursues crime as a day to day occupation, developing skilled techiniques and enjoying certain degree of status among other criminals

victimization survey

a questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime

cultural transmission

a school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions

victimless crime

a term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services

differential association

a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitude favorable to criminal acts

control theory

a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to societys norms

retreatism

abandons both approved goals and the approved means to achieve them

ritualism

abandons society's goals but continues to conform to approved means

innovation

accepts culturally approved goals; adopts disapproved means of achieving them

conformity

accepts culturally approved goals; pursues them through culturally approved means

punishment

action designed to deprive a person of things of value because of some offense the person is thought to have committed 1) retribution 2) general deterrence 3) incapaitation 4) rehabilitiation

social constructionist perspective

an approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity

deviance

any behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms in the society or group in which it occurs forms of deviance 1) crime 2) juvenile delinquency

Merton's strain theory

argues that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals 1) conformity 2) innovation 3) ritualism 4) retreatism 5) rebellion *LABEL CHART ON TEST*

rebellion

challenges both the approved goals and the approved means to achieve them seeks to replace culture's goals and cultures approved ways

obedience

compliance with higher authorites in a hierarchial structure

informal social control

social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule

false

control theorists suggest that deviance is more likely to occur when social bonds are STRONGEST true false

transnational crime

crime that occurs across multiple national borders

ethnic succession

daniel bell used the term ______ ______ to describe the process during which leadership of organized crime was transferred from Irish Americans to Jewish Americans and later to Italian Americans and others

rational choice theory

deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions

differential justice

differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups

interactionist perspective

differential association theory - states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity Edwin Sutherland

conformity

going along with peers - individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior

white collar crime

illegal acts committed by affluent, respectable individuals in the course of business activities ex: consumer fraud, bribery, income tax evasion

criminal justice system

local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate criminals

juvenile delinquency

refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people

formal social control

social control that is carried out by authorized agents such as police officers, judges, schools administrators, and employees

going along with peers

stanley milgram used the word conformity to mean a) going along with peers b) compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchial structure c) penalties and reward for conduct concerning a social norm

ritualism

the "good worker" is often an example of what type of adaptation in strain theory a) innovation b) ritualism c) retreatism d) conformity

index crimes

the eight types of crime tabulated each year by the FBi in the Uniform Crime Reports: murder, rape, robbery, assault etc

social control

the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms (folkways, mores, laws) and to discourage deviance

social disorganization theory

the theory that crime and deviance are caused by the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions

organized crime

the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities including prostitution, gambling, and smuggling of illegal drugs

conflict perspective

those in power define what is deviant and what is not - what is considered deviant is relative, and those in power have the biggest say in defining what is and is not deviant

william chambliss

which of the following conducted observation research on two groups of high school males (the Saints and the Roughnecks) and concluded that social class played an important role in the varying fortunes of the two groups

rather than writing an original essay, a student copies his submission from the internet

which of the following is an example of innovation as defined in Robert Merton's anommie theory of deviance a) an advocate for a new form of government initiates a blog b) a bureaucrat demands higher wages c) rather than writing an original essay, a student copies his submission from the internet

deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

which of the following statements is true of deviance a) deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society b) deviance is always criminal behavior c) deviance is perverse behavior

social disorganization theory

which of the following theories contends that criminal victimization increases when communal relationships and social institutions break down a) labeling theory b) conflict theory c) social disorganization theory

functionalist perspective

which sociological perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive a) conflict perspective b) functionalist perspective c) interactionist perspective

control theory

which sociological theory suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms a) feminist theory b) control theory c) interactionaist theory

edwin sutherland

which sociologist first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts a) robert merton b) edwin sutherland c) travis herschi

Kai Erikson

which sociologist illustrated the boundary maintenance function of deviance in his study of Puritans in 17th century New England a) Kai Erikson b) Emile Durkheim c) Robert Merton