Sociology Chapter 7
functionalist perspective
According to Durkheim, deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people deviance serves three functions: 1) deviance clarifies rules 2) deviance unites a group 3) deviance promotes social change
anomie
Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective
labeling theory
Howard Becker deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they in turn come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly - creates a self fulfilling prophecy situation - ex: kindergarteners with misbehaving older siblings ALSO CALLED SOCIETAL REACTION
innovation
Punishment is seen as serving four functions. Which items below is not one of those functions a) innovation b) deterrence c) retribution d) protections
anomie theory of deviance
ROBERT MERTON'S theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment or both
social bond theory
Travis Hirschi the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken - attachment: our relationship with others - commitment: to conformity - involvement: in conventional activities - belief: in the legitimacy of conventional values and beliefs
crime
a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and negative sanctions
hate crime
a criminal offense committed because of the offenders bias against a race relieigoin ethnic group national origin etc
true
a felony is a serious crime such as rape, and homicide for which punishment means imprisonment from one year to death true false
stigma
a label used to devalue members of certain social groups
sanction
a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm
professional criminal
a person who pursues crime as a day to day occupation, developing skilled techiniques and enjoying certain degree of status among other criminals
victimization survey
a questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime
cultural transmission
a school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions
victimless crime
a term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services
differential association
a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitude favorable to criminal acts
control theory
a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to societys norms
retreatism
abandons both approved goals and the approved means to achieve them
ritualism
abandons society's goals but continues to conform to approved means
innovation
accepts culturally approved goals; adopts disapproved means of achieving them
conformity
accepts culturally approved goals; pursues them through culturally approved means
punishment
action designed to deprive a person of things of value because of some offense the person is thought to have committed 1) retribution 2) general deterrence 3) incapaitation 4) rehabilitiation
social constructionist perspective
an approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity
deviance
any behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms in the society or group in which it occurs forms of deviance 1) crime 2) juvenile delinquency
Merton's strain theory
argues that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals 1) conformity 2) innovation 3) ritualism 4) retreatism 5) rebellion *LABEL CHART ON TEST*
rebellion
challenges both the approved goals and the approved means to achieve them seeks to replace culture's goals and cultures approved ways
obedience
compliance with higher authorites in a hierarchial structure
informal social control
social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule
false
control theorists suggest that deviance is more likely to occur when social bonds are STRONGEST true false
transnational crime
crime that occurs across multiple national borders
ethnic succession
daniel bell used the term ______ ______ to describe the process during which leadership of organized crime was transferred from Irish Americans to Jewish Americans and later to Italian Americans and others
rational choice theory
deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions
differential justice
differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups
interactionist perspective
differential association theory - states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity Edwin Sutherland
conformity
going along with peers - individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior
white collar crime
illegal acts committed by affluent, respectable individuals in the course of business activities ex: consumer fraud, bribery, income tax evasion
criminal justice system
local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate criminals
juvenile delinquency
refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people
formal social control
social control that is carried out by authorized agents such as police officers, judges, schools administrators, and employees
going along with peers
stanley milgram used the word conformity to mean a) going along with peers b) compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchial structure c) penalties and reward for conduct concerning a social norm
ritualism
the "good worker" is often an example of what type of adaptation in strain theory a) innovation b) ritualism c) retreatism d) conformity
index crimes
the eight types of crime tabulated each year by the FBi in the Uniform Crime Reports: murder, rape, robbery, assault etc
social control
the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms (folkways, mores, laws) and to discourage deviance
social disorganization theory
the theory that crime and deviance are caused by the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions
organized crime
the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities including prostitution, gambling, and smuggling of illegal drugs
conflict perspective
those in power define what is deviant and what is not - what is considered deviant is relative, and those in power have the biggest say in defining what is and is not deviant
william chambliss
which of the following conducted observation research on two groups of high school males (the Saints and the Roughnecks) and concluded that social class played an important role in the varying fortunes of the two groups
rather than writing an original essay, a student copies his submission from the internet
which of the following is an example of innovation as defined in Robert Merton's anommie theory of deviance a) an advocate for a new form of government initiates a blog b) a bureaucrat demands higher wages c) rather than writing an original essay, a student copies his submission from the internet
deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
which of the following statements is true of deviance a) deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society b) deviance is always criminal behavior c) deviance is perverse behavior
social disorganization theory
which of the following theories contends that criminal victimization increases when communal relationships and social institutions break down a) labeling theory b) conflict theory c) social disorganization theory
functionalist perspective
which sociological perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive a) conflict perspective b) functionalist perspective c) interactionist perspective
control theory
which sociological theory suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms a) feminist theory b) control theory c) interactionaist theory
edwin sutherland
which sociologist first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts a) robert merton b) edwin sutherland c) travis herschi
Kai Erikson
which sociologist illustrated the boundary maintenance function of deviance in his study of Puritans in 17th century New England a) Kai Erikson b) Emile Durkheim c) Robert Merton