Sociology Exam 2

What is cultural appropriation?

The adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group's gain

What is racism? Example?

The belief that one race is superior to all others. Ex: someone harassing a person of color because they are black.

What is Travis Hirschi's Social Control Theory?

A theory of crime, proposed by Travis Hirschi, that posits that strong social bonds increase conformity and decrease deviance.• In other words, the stronger one's social bonds—to family and religious, civic, and other groups—the less likely one is to commit crime. Hirschi noted that both internal and external forces regulate behavior.

What is absolute deprivation and relative deprivation?

Absolute deprivation is An objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or healthcare. Relative deprivation is A relative measure of poverty based on the standards of living in a particular society

What is symbolic ethnicity?

An ethnic identity that is relevant only on specific occasions and does not significantly affect everyday life

What is traditional authority?

Authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right, and is usually associated with monarchies and dynasties

What is legal-rational authority?

Authority based in laws, rules, and procedures.• Examples of legal-rational authorities include elected officials

What is charismatic authority?

Authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader

QUESTION: What class do most Americans say they belong to?

Middle Class

What is intergenerational mobility?

Movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next

what is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice is a belief and discrimination is an action.

Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion?

Shared values

According to the conflict theory, what is the real source of racism?

Social conflict and the struggle for power and control.

Who is Mark Granovetter? What did he say about the strength of weak ties?

Social network theorist. Found "a person's weak ties - their casual connections and loose acquaintances - were more helpful than their strong ones in securing employment"

QUESTION: What term describes the division of society into group arranged in a social hierarchy?

Stratification

QUESTION: Plantation owners in early america often argued that enslaved africans were better of because they didn't have the mental capacity to run their own lives. This seems racist and idiotic today, how is it that the belief flourished back then?

Such beliefs justify social arrangements between dominant and minority groups that benefit those who accept them

QUESTION: A person who is not prejudice may still participate in discrimination

TRUE

QUESTION: People can have a social tie with someone they have never met.

TRUE

QUESTION: Sociologists believe that no behavior is inherently deviant

TRUE

QUESTION: Deviance can be considered relative because whether or not a behavior is considered deviant is based on the social circumstances

TRUe

How do the amish punish people? What is the sanction for someone who violates the rules of their community?

The Amish practice "Shunning" which is where people are isolated/sectioned off from society and they cannot interact with society or other people to understand the error of their actions. They cannot even talk to family or friends.

What is compliance?

The mildest form of conformity; actions to gain reward or avoid punishment

What is social loafing? What is an example?

The phenomenon in which each individual contributes a little less as more individuals are added to a task; a source of inefficiency when working in teams.

What was the ash experiment measuring?

The power of peer pressure

What did Paul Fuccell say about the living room scale?

The scale is based on the assumption that the objects and decor in a person's living room are indicative of their social standing

Internalization

The strongest type of conformity; an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them his or her own.

What identifies a group as a minority?

Their access to power and other resources (NOT THEIR NUMBERS)

QUESTION: W.I. Thomas famously argued that if men define situations as real, then..?

They are real in their consequences

QUESTION: How do law enforcement policies make the poor less visible?

They move them out of highprofile locations

race is a social...

construction. It changes from place to place and there are social constructs that define it.

QUEsTION: Being born into a lower social class means that an individual will be more likely to...?

feel at risk of being harassed by law enforcement.

QUESTION: According to a study, black defendants on trial for murder in wPennsylvania were more likely to receive the death penalty than whites who committed the same crime. This is most likely because...?

the US court system has a racial bias.

What is white privilege?

the idea that one group (whites) in a society enjoys certain unearned advantages not available to others (nonwhites) and that group members (whites) are largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess.

What does differential association say about crime?

we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers

What is the difference between a group and a crowd?

CROWD: A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact. (An example of a crowd is a bunch of people in a park watching a fireworks display for a holiday) GROUP: A collection of two or more people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other (Crowds are full of people who do not connect with one another and do not share interests or identities, while groups DO).

What are the different types of conformity?

Compliance, Identification, Internalisation

What does conflict theory say about crime?

Conflict theory views crime as the result of inequality between different groups in society. Conflict arises due to scarce resources and the desire for the wealthy and powerful to maintain their status.

What is identification?

Conformity to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group

What is institutional discrimination?

Discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it

Why do members of the lower classes exercise less often?

Exercise accessibility, time constraints, and financial limitations are few reasons that contribute to different exercise patterns among different socioeconomic groups

What type of leadership is most likely associated with women?

Expressive leadership

QUESTION: True or False: secondary groups cannot be. dispersed.

FALSE

QUESTION: Will being hardworking and dedicated get you out of poverty?

FALSE

Who is George Ritzer? What did he say about McDonalization?

He explains it occurs when a culture possesses the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant.

My favorite teams are UCLA and who ever is playing USC

Hostility toward an outgroup

what is group think? what leads to group think?

In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement. There are several main causes of groupthink. These include group cohesiveness, overall group isolation, group leadership, and decision-making stress.

what are innovators?

Individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them.

what are ritualists?

Individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means.

What are rebels?

Individuals who reject society's approved goals and means, and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means

What are retreatists?

Individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether

What are the different types of leadership>?

Instrumental leadership and expressive leadership.

What is expressive leadership?

Leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group

What is instrumental leadership?

Leadership that is task- or goal-oriented.• An instrumental leader is LESS concerned with people's FEELINGS than with getting the job done.

Priests, ministers, rabbis, etc, are often prestigious members of their communities even though they make little money. Which sociologist supported this idea?

Max Weber

What are Robert Merton's typoligies?

innovators, ritualists, retreatists, and rebels

What is the strongest type of conformity?

internalization

What did Jack Katz say about muggers?

muggers do not just seek to obtain material objects from their victims, but also gain a sense of power and control over them

QUESTION: what is the criteria used to stratify its members in any class system?

property, power, and prestige

What did David Rosenhan said on being sane in insane places?

psychiatrists cannot reliably tell the difference between people who are sane and those who are insane

What is red lining?

refuse (a loan or insurance) to someone because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk. refusing mortgages in court or minority neighborhoods