Sociology Exam 2

Who among the following is a member of a utilitarian organization?

Angela, who works as a lawyer at a prestigious law firm and earns $60,000 annually

Who among the following pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy of and concern for others, and competition and cooperation?

Edward Wilson

An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n) __________.

bureaucracy

A number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender, is called a(n)

category

Both Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies

developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies

A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner is called a(n) __________.

formal organization

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by

shared dependence established through division of labor

Which of the following perspectives on socialization asserts that we cannot form a sense of self without intense social contact with others?

The symbolic interactionist perspective

Many clubs have "Members Only" signs to indicate that the organization does not welcome outsiders within club walls. Members of such clubs develop an awareness that they share important commonalities with other members. This awareness is called

.a consciousness of kind

Which of the following is an ideal characteristic of bureaucracies as identified by Weber?

Bureaucracies are impersonal in that they require everyone to follow the same rules and to be treated the same

Which of the following terms refers to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention?

Civil inattention

In 2008, Langhout and Mitchell investigated the "hidden curriculum" in a low-income elementary school and concluded that African American and Latino boys were disproportionately punished for violating rules when compared to their white and female counterparts. This example aligns with the views of __________ theorists.

Conflict

Which theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people?

Conflict

Carol Gilligan supported Kohlberg's model of moral development because it took into account the effects of gender on social and moral development.

False

In the context of leadership functions from a functionalist perspective, expressive leadership is task oriented, whereas instrumental leadership provides emotional support for members.

False

Large groups typically have more social solidarity than small groups.

False

Social networks function equally well for members of all social classes.

False

Social structure is essential for society, but it is not an essential part of any particular individual's life.

False

The most important aspects of racial identity and attitudes toward other racial-ethnic groups must be taught directly and intentionally; these beliefs cannot be transmitted in subtle or unconscious ways.

False

Sean and Amy are the parents of two young children, a boy and a girl. They adopt different parenting approaches for their son and daughter. They engage in rough play with their son, whereas they only engage in nonphysical activities with their daughter. They also give their son more freedom. This scenario exemplifies the concept of

Gender Socialization

Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls are typically assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of

Gender Socialization

In the "nature-versus-nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to __________.

Hereditary

In his study of bureaucracies, Weber relied on an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). This model is called a(n)

Ideal Type

People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Which of the following terms refers to this pattern?

Interaction Order

Which of the following is a criticism of Weber's ideal-type analysis of bureaucracies?

It largely failed to consider the hierarchical structure of most bureaucracies.

Who among the following is most likely to believe that groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and depthlessness in social relationships because employee interactions with customers are largely scripted and customer behavior and responses are often tried-and-tested ways of dealing with employees?

Postmodernists

Katy is a member of the literature club in her college, but she neither accepts nor follows the values and norms of the club. She, however, follows the norms and values portrayed by the members of her college sorority because she is a member. In this scenario, Katy's college sorority is most likely an example of a(n)

Reference group

Which of the following occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity?

Role Exit

Which of the following occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear?

Role ambiguity

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley referred to a large, specialized group in which members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time as a(n) __________.

Secondary Group

Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her status __________.

Set

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of

Social Institutions

A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence is called a(n)

Social group

Which of the following terms refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups?

Social marginality

In the context of George Herbert Mead's stages of self-development, children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others and of the larger society in __________.

The game stage

Wanda is a student who works as a part-time waitress at a local restaurant. She is embarrassed about having to wait tables, so she tries to make it clear to the customers that she is not interested in the job and is working at the restaurant merely to make some money until she graduates. In this case, Wanda is engaging in role distancing.

True

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good student. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario illustrates the concept of__________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

The significant difference between childhood socialization and adult socialization is that

adult socialization involves greater freedom of choice than does childhood socialization

Samantha, a teenager, has a 69-year-old grandmother who lives with her. Despite the fact that Samantha's grandmother is very active and flexible in her thoughts and ideas, Samantha always assumes that she is slow and rigid. As a result, Samantha refuses to go for walks with her and does not share any personal information with her because she assumes that her grandmother will not be able to understand her. This scenario exemplifies the concept of __________.

ageism

Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________.

aggregates

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of

coercive organizations

Recent research indicates that women athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox." This paradox is an example of role

conflict

Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show __________.

deference

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.

dramaturgical analysis

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of strict adherence to rules and regulations, this scenario exemplifies __________.

goal displacement

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective on socialization, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following components is illustrated by the statement "I believe in world peace"?

psychological self

Dyads are different from triads because

the active participation of both members is crucial to the survival of dyads

Roles are relational and are defined in the context of roles performed by others. For example, for an individual to perform the role of a mother, she must have one or more children.

True

The symbolic interactionist perspectives of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead help us understand that we cannot form a sense of self or personal identity without social contact with others.

True

Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence?

Organic solidarity

Sean is a member of The Artists, a theater club in his college. Despite performing well, his club has lost many theater competitions to Rendezvous, a rival theater club. As a result, Sean feels hostile toward the members of Rendezvous. In this context, Rendezvous is an example of a(n)

Outgroup

Which of the following terms refers to a society in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy?

Postindustrial society

Which of the following statements is true of laissez-faire leaders?

They are minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists?

To meet the instrumental and expressive needs of group members

Which of the following refers to a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution?

Total Institution

According to German political sociologist Robert Michels, all organizations encounter the iron law of oligarchy.

True

An individual's perception about the meaning of a situation depends on his or her unique personal experiences. For example, unlike men, women often do not perceive street encounters to be routine rituals because of fear for their personal safety.

True

Functionalists emphasize the importance of families in providing emotional support and social experience to children, whereas conflict theorists emphasize how socialization through families contributes to false consciousness and reproduces inequalities in the class structure.

True

It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group.

True

Milgram's study provides evidence that obedience to authority may be more common than most of us would like to believe.

True

Piaget suggested that some children move through the stages of cognitive development more quickly than others.

True