Sociology Exam 2
Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of __________.
statuses
The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.
stigma
Which of the following is a theory developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton that suggests that people experience tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals?
strain theory
The calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective is called __________.
terrorism
Which of the following concepts is based on the central idea that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power?
the iron law of oligarchy
Which of the following terms did German political sociologist Robert Michels use to refer to the tendency of a bureaucracy to be ruled by the few?
the iron law of oligarchy
Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists?
to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of group members
Unlike the liberal feminist approach, the radical feminist approach
views the cause of women's crime as originating in patriarchy.
In the sociological sense, which of the following statements is true of a status?
It exists independently of the specific people occupying it.
In the context of conflict perspectives on deviance, which of the following statements is true about the critical approach?
It is based on the assumption that the criminal justice system protects the power and privilege of the capitalist class.
Which of the following statements is true of the postmodernist perspective on deviance?
It posits that social institutions categorize people into "deviant" subgroups and then control them through specific patterns of discipline.
Which of the following statements is true about rational choice theory?
It suggests that most people who commit crimes make careful decisions based on weighing the available information regarding situational and personal factors.
Which of the following types of crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit?
Organized Crime
In the context of the five types of societies based on various levels of subsistence technology, which of the following societies is based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food?
a horticultural society
According to Ebaugh, which of the following is included in the second stage of role exit?
a search for alternatives
An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n) __________.
bureaucracy
A number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender, is called a(n) __________.
category
According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is __________.
characterized by interdependence and practical considerations
Which of the following terms refers to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention?
civil inattention
Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________.
coercive organizations
Recent research indicates that women athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox." This paradox is an example of role __________.
conflict
In the context of the gang types identified by sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, which of the following types of gangs emerges in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities?
conflict gangs
Ali is pursuing a medical degree at one of the best universities in the United States. He wants to become a successful surgeon and works hard to excel at what he does. In the context of Merton's types of social adaptation, Ali most likely subscribes to __________.
conformity
Which of the following terms is used to refer to not only prisons and jails but also to a number of programs and organizations that manage people who are either accused or convicted of crimes?
corrections
Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show __________.
deference
Travis Hirschi's social control theory is based on the assumption that
deviant behavior is minimized when people have strong social bonds.
The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on
division of labor
According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.
dramaturgical analysis
The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.
dramaturgical analysis
Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes
efforts to reduce the number of people in dead end jobs
Which of the following types of leadership provides emotional support for members and is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues?
expressive leadership
Which of the following terms was used by Ferdinand Tӧnnies to characterize a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability?
gemeinshaft
A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of strict adherence to rules and regulations, this scenario exemplifies __________.
goal displacement
The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem. Some group members believe that the solution will lead to negative results. However, instead of discussing their concerns, they decide not to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. This scenario exemplifies __________.
groupthink
In his study of bureaucracies, Weber relied on an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). This model is called a(n) __________.
ideal type
A group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity is called a(n) __________.
ingroup
People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Which of the following terms refers to this pattern?
interaction order
Which of the following theories states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they, in turn, come to accept the tag placed upon them and begin to act accordingly?
labeling theory
In the context of sociologist Amitai Etzioni's classification of formal organizations, an organization that people join voluntarily to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member is called a __________ organization.
normative
Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence?
organic solidarity
Which of the following terms refers to a society in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy?
postindustrial society
George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n) __________.
primary group
Our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups are examples of
primary groups
Which of the following includes our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups?
primary groups
Burglary, larceny-theft, motor-vehicle theft, and arson are examples of __________ crimes.
property
When police officers single out African Americans and Latin Americans during criminal investigations and subject them to discriminatory treatment, the police officers engage in __________.
racial profiling
Which of the following theories states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and concludes that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such an action?
rational choice theory
Katy is a member of the literature club in her college, but she neither accepts nor follows the values and norms of the club. She, however, follows the norms and values portrayed by the members of her college sorority because she is a member. In this scenario, Katy's college sorority is most likely an example of a(n) __________.
reference group
Emma was convicted of larceny and is currently undergoing therapy in prison. She is visited by a counselor on a regular basis and also receives vocational and educational training to help her reintegrate with society. In the context of the goals of punishment, this scenario best exemplifies __________.
rehabilitation
Which of the following terms refers to a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status?
role
Which of the following occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity?
role exit
Sociologist Charles H. Cooley referred to a large, specialized group in which members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time as a(n) __________.
secondary group
Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her status __________.
set
Which of the following terms refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance?
social control
A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence is called a(n) __________.
social group
Which of the following terms refers to a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs?
social institution
The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of __________.
social institutions
Which of the following is the sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society?
social interaction
Which of the following refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles?
social solidarity
Which of the following ideas is central to the postmodernist perspective on deviance?
The powerful control others through discipline and surveillance.
Which of the following statements is true of laissez-faire leaders?
They are minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.
Which of the following terms refers to a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort?
achieved status