Sociology Final

What is the vision of postmodernity held by Manuel Castells?

"network society": world increasingly networked with technology -world is less centralized -less hierarchical -while modernity was stable, in postmdernity people on the periphery can have effects (ISIS) -social media disrupts state power -virtual reality becoming almost as real as reality (celebrities- never seen but feel like they're real) -"informationalism": power from control over networks (social media)

What were the methods of (a) the Asch "group conformity experiments", (b) the Milgram "obedience to authority" experiment and (c) the Zimbardo "Stanford Prison Experiment". What did each demonstrate about the relative power of individuals versus society? How did these demonstrate the 'social construction of reality"?

(a) Test subject agreed that short line was the longest. Power of group conformity. People think it is the longest because of pressure to conform (second guess what they see). (b) People administering electric shocks because scientist told them to. Desire to conform and obey experts. Power of the scientist. (c) Give roles of prisoner and guard. Role of the situation.

Sociologists often use historical and cross-cultural examples to show that common sense is shaped by social forces/culture and not by anything intrinsic to the world. Be able to talk in one or two sentences to the following (a) "childhood", (b) the "economy" (c) binary gender classifications, (d) ideas about divine intervention, (e) the witchcraft beliefs of the Azande Tribe, (f) Melvin Pollner's work on traffic courts.

(a) belief that children are different from us. Children used to be seen as small adults and pedophilia nonexistent (in middle ages) (b) the word economy not used until Keynesian. Used to be seen as treasury/revenue. (c) used to be taken for granted that gender was binary. (d) (e) tribe obsessed with causality and blamed witches when things went wrong. not just "crazy." stable society with these beliefs (witches apologized and were reintegrated, not punished). used to be common sense and now debunked. (f) in the west, only one way to solve disputes: someone must be wrong. No parallel universes, time in one direction. Traffic courts do not question these fundamental beliefs when deciding if light was red or green.

What is the scale and scope of sociology in terms of perspectives, methods and topics? Why is it vast?

(i) It encompasses issues from micro to macro, from how people behave in an elevator to the rise and fall of empires. (ii) Political science and economics are about specific domains. Sociology includes the topics of other disciplines such as economic and political life. The scope is wider in terms of empirical themes. (iii) Styles of work range from philosophical social theory to data driven quantitative inquiry.

Sociologists often show that the impacts of new media are not all that might be hoped. Give examples of studies showing 'same old, same old'.

-"alone together": prefer devices over interaction. sitting on laptops instead of talking to people in coffee shops. risk averse. shallow relationships -"africa on youtube": tourists upload pictures of tribes, africans upload concerts/games- perpetuates stereotypes -"sex in second life": online avatar. still has sexual scripts (hierarchy of desirability, unrealistically attractive avatars, misogyny, homosexuality is marginalized subculture)

What did Gans discover about the neutrality of the news?

-"deciding what's news" -ethnography -set of values for what's news worthy: clear damage to individuals, clear actors, clear story -climate change/inequality reported on less than serial killers -journalists like moderate capitalism -show both sides -need credible sources (often gives the establishment the voice- police/academics interviewed more than people on street) -importance of deadlines

How does the argument of Paul Willis challenge the ideas of Bowles and Gintis?

-"learning to labor" -working class high school boys in England went to went b/c rejected school/thought was waste of time, not b/c of hidden curriculum -bad grades, didn't respect authority, alternative subculture -working class job was result of own life choices

Bryan Turner argues that the body is central to the problem of social order. How so? What are the dimensions?

-"somatic society" -need body to do 4 things for there to be social order: 1. bodies have to be reproduced to continue human race. need healthcare, desire for kids. 2. bodies must be regulated/controlled. must control physical body to stop crime. It's the body doing things, not mind. 3. socialization/schooling causes bodies (not person) to do tasks. it is bodies that do jobs/tasks 4. have to coordinate with other bodies -as move through modernity, solving body problems more rationally (industrialized hospitals, mass transportation, education systems, demography)

"The 'summer slide' pushes back against the idea that schools make no difference to educational attainment". Explain this statement. How do we measure the 'summer slide'? Why does summer see some kids slide more than others?

-"summer slide": test scores fall in the summer -working class slides more than upper class -more affluent people stay engaged in the summer (camp, schooling in home environment vs. riding bikes) -pushes back on idea that school makes no difference: disparity between rich and poor is less when school is helping poor kids. when only input is home, disparity increases

What does Norbert Elias allude to when talking about the "sportization of society"?

-"the civilizing process" in modernity -both sports and parliamentary conflict moved away from aggression and towards rationality in 1800s. rhetoric instead of war: mirrors sports (not going to beat up the other team) -standards of social conduct changed from middle ages: bodily functions, silverwear, nudity, violence, management of emotional conduct, more disgust, more shame -"established" vs. "outsiders": cricket vs. boxing, nonviolent vs. violent, rich aristocrats vs. working class, civilized vs. uncivilized

Why do sociologists see beauty ideals as problematic?

-2nd wave feminism -pressure to fit unobtainable body ideals -commodification -manipulation -hierarchy related to beauty (racial undertones)

Give a statistic showing how much income inequality there is in the USA today.

-75% of U.S. income goes to top 10% -50% of U.S. income goes to top 1%

"Sleep is social not just biological". Write a page on this topic referring to several examples to back up your argument.

-8 hours not wired into us: babies don't do this (it's socialized) -people like Churchill slept just a few hours and took many napes -military in WW2 didn't sleep in 8 hour blocks -Robert Ekirk: 1st and 2nd sleep: 2 phases of sleep in the middle ages- wake up in middle of night to do social activities (sex, board games, reading, etc.) and then go to sleep again. sleep cycle dependent on work load (more sleep in winter to preserve energy). 2nd sleep disappeared in 17th century. insomnia talked about more in literature now b/c waking up used to be more normal. -cross-cultural variations: siesta in Spain, sleep/watch 4 hour shifts on ships -relationship to social coordination, task orientation

How are the media linked to nationalism? Name some theorists and concepts.

-Benedict Anderson: "Imagined community": nation has imagined sense of camaraderie/community/solidarity even though never met most of nation. if travel oversees and meet someone from your country, feel like have things in common. mechanisms for imagined community: newspapers (ritualized event of reading), national media (know what's going on nationally) -Michael Billig: "banal national": experience of being part of nation from reading results of sports games, etc. automatic, everyday things (not direct indoctrination). naturalized sense of belonging to nation. -Katz and Dayan: media events. events that disrupt day. people organize their schedule around tv event. festive activity. announced in advance. celebrations, coronations, contests. make people feel like they're part of nation b/c part of national celebrations

What are some of the social correlates of poverty?

-Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans -Single parent households (especially female-headed)

How is sport a form of "embodied cultural capital"?

-Bourdieu -sport speaks to social status -influenced by other types of capital (need money for golf but not basketball) -social networks: meet people through sports -playing a certain sport acts as a social asset to help promote your mobility

Specify the broad features of traditional society in terms of economic life, social organization.

-Egalitarian -Religious -Community -Less division of labor Early/band/hunting and gathering society: -kinship systems, small groups -little division of labor -egalitarian -spiritual orientation towards (belief in supernatural forces) -relatively weak sense of time (saw past as mythical golden age) -peaceful Neolithic revolution/antiquity/classical civilizations: -agricultural settlement -more division of labor -some hierarchy/accumulation of wealth (low social mobility) -GDP wall -first cities (Rome, Mesopotamia, Aztecs, etc.) -invention of writing: deeper sense of history -religious beliefs legitimated power of rulers -early science and math, but still belief in divine forces

Why has the body become more central to sociological theory and research in recent years?

-Gestalt switch: "people" to bodies" -social order as coordination of bodies rather than minds (like ants) -body studied more starting in 1980s -Chris Shilling: 4 reasons why body became more central: 1. aging population: more body related problems 2. second wave feminism: abortion rights/body image, control over women's bodies 3. consumerism: advertisements often abut body (cosmetics/clothing) 4. technology shifts limits of body: artificial hips, heart stints. made body more problematic

Sociologists often argue that we should "think like a sociologist". Name three things that are hallmarks of "thinking like a sociologist".

-Pointing to the power of social forces over individual choice Unintended consequences of action -Making the familiar strange -Going beyond common sense

Specify the broad features of postmodern society in terms of economic life, social organization.

-Rise of services and finance as economic sector. Loss of manufacturing jobs. -Loss of faith in 'grand narratives' of progress, science and reason: think that technology brings problems like climate change, addiction, war -Higher levels of education: "knowledge economy" and "Digital economy". -Confusion of reality and representation ('simulation' = Disneyland is a real place based on a myth). Pastiche (imitation) in culture) -Globalization/More rapid global economic/migratory flows -Fluid identities (social mobility possible) -Existentialism/Anxt

What are some of the key talking points/debates/issues when it comes gender in the workplace. Describe key terms.

-Sexual harassment involves a range of negative actions from sexual assault through to poor taste, joking and innuendo that creates a hostile workplace. -Vertical segregation deals with the fact that men tend to occupy the higher status or higher paying jobs in an organization or economic sector. This might be due to sexist attitudes of the fact that family responsibilities and cultural exclusion prevents women from displaying work devotion. Glass ceiling: women can't get into top positions. Tokenism: 1 woman gets to the top so organization can show it's not sexist. Labeling women at the top (aggressive). -Horizontal segregation: same level of pay but different jobs (house cleaners vs. street cleaners). -Pink collar occupations: dominated by women, pay/status decreases when a job becomes female dominated -Glass elevator: men in pink collar occupations get promoted quickly.

Where does the term "six degrees of separation" come from?

-Stanley Milgram -sent letters, took 5 people to get to intended destination -shows that you know someone that knows someone that knows someone etc.

differential association theory

-Sutherland: Criminals associate with different people. -push back against genetic theories. -social influence (become like the people you spend time with). -learning theory: learn techniques/motivations.justifications, socialized/normalized. -ex: people learn when in prisons. people might steal food at school (more general, not necessarily part of specific subculture that indoctrinates you but just general surroundings)

What is an 'ideal type' and how is it used in comparative sociology?

-Weber -Typical features of social institutions/behaviors. Not necessarily the "best." -Stress certain elements common to most cases of the given phenomenon -idea-constructs that help put the seeming ch aos of social reality in order -rarely found in their pure forms in regular lif

What is the 'problem/question of social action' in social theory? What is the difference between voluntaristic and deterministic understandings?

-Why people act in certain ways, 2 answers that create a spectrum: -Determinism: our actions are shaped by social facts (w/ baby names people think it's an individual choice but its actually more determined by social facts/forces. People socially conditioned to make a choice, socially constructed into the person that you are) Voluntarism: idea that every action is voluntary, free will

labeling theory

-a deviant person is a person who the label of deviant has been applied to (being deviant is not about inherent quality). -given when people are formally sanctioned. not applied equally: everyone is deviant but only some caught. weak/vulnerable people are labeled while powerful people have resources (lawyers, doing things behind closed doors) to dodge labels. -social control agents (police, psychiatrists) give labels. moral entrepreneurs create categories of deviance (obsessed with moral issue). -primary deviance: trivial, everyone does (weed, small stealing, etc). -secondary deviance: serious crimes. -labeling of secondary deviance can become "master status"- way people view you first, effects life outcomes unequally (lose opportunities in legitimate world like jobs, become part of cycle/subgroup). -minor deviance --> label --> major deviance

Routine Activities Theory

-about predatory crime. -eligible victims: don't deserve to be victim but there. -3 elements: motivated offender, absence of capable guardian, suitable target -certain locations conducive to crime (jogger running at night on empty street). -you are in danger if you are in these places (people who drive are less at risk than walkers)

What was Weber's famous "Protestant ethic" thesis?

-accumulation of wealth is sign of being chosen by God/favored/going to heaven -people work hard/want money to prove they were chosen -rational investing/saving, not spending as much on luxuries -asceticism: minimal lifestyle conducive to saving money

What is civil inattention? What is an 'open person'? What do feminists say about all this?

-acknowledge person but signal that they aren't special to you -give dignity -microscopic body movements/minimal eye contact -open person: stranger you feel entitled to talk to -feminist critique: women avoid eye contact to prevent sexual harassment (women are open people)

What was Robert Merton's typology of racial attitudes and behaviors?

-active bigot: racist attitudes and actions -timid bigot: racist attitudes but no actions -fair weather liberal: no consistent racist attitudes but racist actions (change mind on racism when something happens) -all weather liberal: no racist attitudes or actions

What is "rational choice theory"? What is the core paradigm vision of social actors and their environment? Underline key terms.

-adaptation of exchange theory in 1980s -like game theory/realism (do stuff you think will work) -actor is "seeking utility": individual is "utility maximizing"- get the most for the least cost -engage in a "calculation"

What idea is Michel de Certeau famous for?

-argued that flaneur movement could be creative/human resistance to regulations -walking around city is asserting own autonomy, fighting rules/regulations of modernity -encouraged people to take unorthodox paths

What is interesting for sociologists about people who are asexual or asexual heteromantic?

-asexual: no sexual desires -asexual heteromantic: want romantic relationships w/o sexual activity (gender script w/o sexual script)

The historian Philippe Aries says that death is social. What does he mean by this?

-attitudes for death changing, social patterns through time -in middle ages: surrounded by family, social activity, party while dying, ritualized, absolution of sin, less privacy -modernity: hospitals, death feared/hidden, people want minimal contact with death, hospital staff hides bodies

What is different about new media and social media? What might be utopian about all this?

-authority structure of mass broadcasting gone (not just 1 rich white man at top controlling) -got rid of filtering/hierarchy (anyone can upload, peer to peer sharing, professional encoding gone, more inclusive of minority views)

What is the "sick role"? Why does it exist? What do we find in it?

-being sick is social condition -sickness is bad for you and has net drain on society (not contributing when sick) -socially unacceptable to deviate from expectation that you have to get yourself out of sick role/back into labor force asap: go to dr, honest efforts to get better, do what dr says, want to get out of sick role. sanctions if you dont follow drs orders. people skeptical of people really being sick (things like chronic fatigue).

Sport is often thought of as a "social equalizer" in everyday life. Give some arguments against this optimistic notion.

-belief that there is open access, integrates outsiders, apolitical -but, sport is mirror of society and demonstrates segregation -often white owners and black players- while leagues are diverse, the higher up in managerial positions you go, there are less minorities -historical segregation of leagues -ideology of racial superiority: idea that black people are biologically better athletes -sports seen as route to success by black communities b/c of representation/role models (focus on developing athletic instead of intellectual abilities) -hegemonic masculinity: women are inferior athletically (challenged by Billy Jean King, U.S. women's soccer team) -women paid less than men -disability: able to include disabled bodies in able bodied competition? use of technology and "cyborg society"

What is the digital divide? What kinds of things were discovered and talked about in the 1990s and early-2000s for developed economies? What do people talk about today when looking at the North-South digital divide?

-benefits from new media (info about jobs, transport, schools, loans -in developed econs. white, middle class, suburban, educated, high income got internet first, rural lagged -global north-south divide: 80% usage vs 10% usage. cost of infrastructure, technical skills, language (most sites in dominant languages)

How is exchange theory similar to/different from symbolic interactionism?

-both microsociology -but, more individualistic, about rational actors, calculation, getting to most benefits (SI is humanist, about meanings, solidarity, and belonging)

What are some arguments that can be used against rational choice theory/exchange theory challenging core claims or scope?

-bounded rationality/imperfect information: limited info so make decisions based on assumptions/rule of thumb -satisficing: decision isn't perfect but good enough. people not relentlessly maximizing -limits on action/effort/transacting: 1. search costs: time to find good things, deliberating/looking 2. transaction costs: spending money on gas, equipment, taxes, fees 3.sunk costs: wasted investments (upgrade kitchen and then move out) 4. path dependence: difficult to change route once started. even when other choice is more rational, switching may have difficulties/sunk costs (changing what side of the road you drive on, metric system) -satiation (Homans): the more you get, the less you value it. -diminishing returns. -deprivation: if not getting something, you want it more (seamen going to brothels) -collective action problems and group actors: often shared interest but trouble finding prime mover (RCT has trouble explaining when there actually is a revolution despite risks- not god at explaining collective action) -hunt for market analogy: try to reconceptualize things as markets to analyze (choosing a religion is like shopping, dating, housing, schools) -better for addressing financial motivations than intangible rewards -preference origins are social facts but RCT has trouble explaining why preferences are implanted by society -model based on white privileged people. structural and legal barriers to choice architecture. (doesn't take into account trafficked women) -doesn't explain absurd/risky actions (the Holocaust, etc.) -trying to become like other disciplines while those other disciplines try to become sociology

What did Walter Benjamin do? What aspects of modern city life did he highlight?

-city as domain of pleasure, leisure, and consumption -contrasts Marx's visions (focus on fun activities rather than factories)

What do the following say about collective action: convergence theory, contagion theory, emergent norm theory?

-collective action: when lots of people have to do something together (crowd behavior, etc.) -convergence theory: collective action happens when people are in the same time/pace -contagion theory: people copy those around them, intimidation, enthusiasm in shared mood, emotional engagement causes crazy actions -emergent norm theory: in large group, norm emerges based on situation leaders, people look to leaders to understand definition of situation that is not necessarily originally apparent (ex- if 2 people start running back in battle, everyone will follow)

What is intergenerational mobility? How is this measured? Why is measuring it and comparing different generations and decades complicated? Why has it decreased or not shifted in recent decades?

-compare jobs of child and parent to measure amount of mobility in society -difficulties: new occupations today (hard to say if moving from banker to computer scientist is up or down). often mothers were not in labor force: difficult to measure mobility of daughters. -intergenerational mobility shrinking in recent decades: trade union shrinkage, bad outcomes if don't finish high school, less blue collar jobs, etc.

Why has income inequality increased in recent decades. Offer some candidate explanations.

-compound interest -tax rates more favorable for stocks than wages -inheritance tax decreased -less blue collar jobs (technology, oversees) -increase in low paying service jobs -weakness of trade unions -political weakness of poor (lack of real representation)

Some research suggests that "Blue Zones" are places where people can live an amazingly long time on average. What are the things that seem to be common to all such places?

-constant moderate exercise -vegetarian -social contact through old age -little smoking/drinking -no concept of retirement -move bar up for what is considered old

Crime and deviance are socially constructed. Give some cross-cultural, historical and 'matter of perspective' examples of this.

-constructed through legislation, setting norms/forms of mortality Historical: -homesexuality used to be deviance crime, then just deviance, now neither? -witchcraft was crime and deviance, now neither -smoking cigarettes now more deviant than before, weed less deviant now and no longer a crime Cross-cultural: -alcohol not allowed -women driving cars Matter of perspective: -terrorist vs. freedom fighter -tattoos deviant?

"Crime isn't all bad news: Durkheim's lateral thinking triumphs yet again". Why might this be a headline for a New York Times book review from 1895?

-crime good for innovation/social change (pirated music sharing led to facebook, etc.) -helps build morality by tearing at fabric of society/making people feel outraged, society repairs itself with rituals/denunciation/conversation -builds solidarity (attack on one is attack on all) -movable bar: what is a crime changes based on when/where

strain theory

-crime is innovation. -strain between what people want and what they have. -Merton said when strain becomes too big, delinquency (cheating to get something). -Agnew said not just money but emotions (loss of something valuable, humiliation, negative interaction lead to anger). -Why crime committed here/now? anger from trigger event.

rational choice theory

-crime takes place when benefits outweigh costs. -crime when people think they won't get caught. -ex- not putting money in the meter is sometimes rational. -problem with this theory is that some crimes (sex crimes, etc.) are not rational, often crimes are committed when drunk, people often don't commit crimes even when rational b/c morality prohibits

Write half a page on the relationship of crime and deviance to the wider universe of social order, sanctions and social control.

-crime: activity that breaks the law -deviance: activity that violated social norms (group sex, loud music) -mechanisms of social control: formal sanctions (courts, disciplinary procedures, informal sanctions (rules of thumb, interaction strategies, let them know they did something wrong- ostracism/ignore someone, dirty looks/death stare, chastise someone, physical gestures) -socialization/morality: people tend to conform, socialization gives you a sense of morality/tells you what to do even if you don't agree with it -rewards and punishments: encourage/discourage behaviors. punishments are generally sanctions. rewards are benefits for doing well. -visibility: mutual surveillance in public settings causes regulation (ex- people used to pee in museums b/c few lines of sight, graffiti done at night) -social approval: people want to maximize, comes from not being deviant (most of society self-regulations with lots of conformity and some informal sanctions, few formal sanctions needed)

Why do sociologists look to cults when it comes to exploring the social construction of reality? What are the methods cults use towards their ends in shaping the 'reality' of their members?

-cults define reality and shape behavior Methods: -cut people off from society -indoctrination -system of punishments and rewards

What are the common ways that sociologists 'solve' the problem of social order when explaining aspects of social life?

-custom, habit, routine, tradition (just been doing it for years) -culture (fulfill norms/ideology) -rationality (act to maximize utilities) -coercion control (avoiding sanctions, punishment in authoritarian societies) -organization (bureaucracies, companies)

What did Marx say about the essence of modernity?

-defined in terms of labor -increased exploitation of workers (proletariat vs. bourgeoise) -growing inequality -focused on role of industry/economy, not state

What is the script for 'hooking up'? Why is it 'adaptive'? Why is this script difficult for many younger women in college?

-deliberately vague term -way of avoiding dating script -minimal committment -sponteneity -good for people with academic/work priorities -women have to find balance between being seen as boring or slutty

How are sexual attitudes changing in the USA? How is the binary sexual order breaking down?

-different ideas about sex before marriage, multiple partners, homosexuality, etc. -becoming more liberal -gay marriage legalized, etc.

What did Weber say about the essence of modernity?

-disenchantment: losing meaning in world without supernatural beliefs -people doing meaningless talks -rationality takes away meaning from life/purpose -bureaucracies controlling people

What is the secularization hypothesis and how does this relate to Weber's vision of history? What are the elements of secularization?

-disenchantment: world no longer has magic/mystery. lost faith in God (Weber) -secularization: no longer religious society -at individual level, less religious beliefs and less behaviors (going to church, membership in organizations, contributions) -more self-declare as atheist/agnostic -separation of church and state -removal of religion from social spheres like healthcare and education -wars no longer crusades -reasons for secularization: 1. globalization/social mixing: reduced level of confidence in your own religion 2. other options for community building besides religious organizations 3. rise of science: alternative explanations for existential questions. encourages mindset of skepticism. 4. rise of industrial society/consumerism/materialism 5. values of religious tolerance: leads to anything goes attitude instead of doctrine society 6. moral humanism from enlightenment: possible to have ethics based on morals, not based on God

What are some of the common interaction patterns in a triad?

-divide and conquer (1 party divides other 2) -"tertius gaudens"- weaker party takes free things from others -3rd person acts as mediator/arbitrator (power from being go between)

Give an example of role complementarity or a role set? What is the physician role?

-dr and patient -parent and child -pairs that go together well have expected interactions -drs subject to sanctions if don't help someone (expected to treat all impartially)

What is the 'hidden curriculum'? According to Bowles and Gintis what is its purpose?

-education reproduces the workforce -compliant to authority -follow rules -put up with meaningless tasks -turn into robotic person that reproduces capitalism (marxists) -good grades for these behaviors

Why do people often not report crime to the police? At least six.

-emotional strain on victims (sexual assault, etc.) -nothing police can do (evidence problems) -fear of retaliation -embarrassment -know perpetrator and don't want them to be harmed -don't realize crime took place (identity theft) -not knowing something is illegal -don't want to implicate yourself -victimless crimes (drugs) -little trust in police competence

What is a social movement? Can you suggest some core features.

-engaged in sustained effort to have social change -want to change attitudes, not just one off event of rioting/panic (different than crowds) -goal directed activity -outside of formal political institutions but still political -some organized while others fragmented -some single-issue and some many (don't build local freeway vs. feminism) -if issue goes away, movement dissolves. in larger movements, issues don't go away but movement has multiple incarnations as things change

How does exchange theory connect through to network and group theory?

-exchange relationships create groups/networks -ex) music file sharing -often initial contact for econ./business reasons turns into friendship/solidarity

What kinds of crime are both the FBI UCR and the NCVS poor at capturing?

-fbi uniform crime reports: info from police. violent/property crime. -not good at picking up on corporate or environmental (toxic waste, etc.) crime. -shoplifting not found in NCVS b/c it doesn't have an individual victim (NCVS shows house break-ins, etc.)

"The mass media are a tool of power that emerged with modernity". Explain.

-for most of history, messages were face to face, through speeches (oratory skills gave power) -printing press gave way to mass produce materials -telegraph: linked world, know info in hours instead of months -movies, radio, tv -power of monologue: one person can talk to whole nation and nation can't respond -power of owning media infrastructure (media tycoons): small number of rich people who's values don't reflect all people

What did Durkheim see as the key purpose of education?

-forms citizens -unruly children to people w/ sense of discipline -learn to respect nation (moral duty, pledge of allegiance) -responsibility

Who invented ethnomethodology? What is it? How does it deal with the issue of the problem of social order? What are some of the ways in which "commonsense" is used to generate lines of action and social stability? Underline the key concepts.

-founded by Harold Garfinkel -social order happens because the world makes sense to people -people have to signal a shared vision of reality (in conversation, responding is an indication that you understand what is going on) -problem of social order solved when people signal that they understand shared definitions -commonsense of what's going on -breaching experiments: behave strangely, show that you don't have commonsense understanding of situation -people upset when don't have shared understanding of world (blue and black dress) -repair work: people realign actions so social life can move on. repair sense of reality (ex-give explanation for time travel photos) -accountability: people act in a way that they can explain to others -"etc. clause": argument against rules determining social life because rules can't specify everything. rules are expanded with common sense -indexicality: social order makes sense in very local settings. conversation about this thing and that thing only makes sense if can visually see -documentary method: put pictures together from little clues. gestalt idea that whole is bigger than sum of parts. (ex-coroner)

What kinds of things do environmental theories of crime talk about?

-gasoline regulations in 90s correlated with reduced crime -higher levels of lead linked to increased crime

"Doing gender"

-gender is performed in everyday life -how people manage being a man/woman in certain situations -cultural system defines how people do gender

What did Marcel Mauss say in his book The Gift?

-gift is a "total social fact" -system with laws, people follow patterns/rules without realizing it. -staying in debt for a gift builds a social tie

What are some of the general things that symbolic interactionists study that offer a frame, setting or limit to their inquiry? ie. "This is a study of......."

-groups: clubs, societies, gangs, etc. -work/workspaces: bureaucracies, prisons, etc. -informal social/leisure spaces: parks, nightclubs, bars, etc. -everyday activities: dog walking, taking drugs, waiting, etc. -classifications: who is hired, pulled over, etc.

Resource mobilization theory covers a range of 'resources' that a social movement might need to be successful. How did the range of things it talked about become more diverse over time?

-having a sense of injustice doesn't always lead to movement because need resources' -material: money, place to put equipment, transportation -organizational capacity: social media, social networks, internal organization structures -over time, started to consider: 1. human resources (charismatic leaders, expertise, etc.) 2. moral resources: if org. is seen as good people/operating for good (ex- CRM able to engage with white liberals in northeast b/c has moral resources that the Black Panther party didn't) 3. cultural resources: skill in generating passion for cause, framing of issue to make people pay attention/resonate, elusive form of power (ex- difficult for climate change, difficulty in making people think it's urgent)

Define heterosexual double standard, homophobia, heterosexism?

-heterosexual double standard: women held to different standard of sexual morality (women judged for having multiple partners while men are praised) -homophobia: hatred/fear of homosexuality. often connected to self-loathing (people scared of their own homosexual feelings) -heterosexism: belief in superiority of heterosexual relationships

What are some negative outcomes associated with poverty?

-homelessness -poor education -prison -addiction -housing/food insecurity -life expectancy -crime -drain on economy (bad for all of society due to costs of mopping up poverty- food stamps instead of fixing issue upstream)

Johan Huizinga: homo ludens

-homo ludens: "playing human" -culture/norms/values demonstrated through play -5 characteristics of play: voluntary/free, not ordinary/real life, specified time/place, creates/demands supreme order/rules, end in itself/no profit

What is credential inflation? What is the mechanism by which it works? Why is it bad for society and individuals?

-idea that you need education for skilled workforce, but getting more education than you need -get credentials to make application more competitive -people chasing higher degrees -bad for society: wastes money/time, meaningless degrees, irrelevant for jobs, sometimes learning on the job does the most

Psychological theories - what personal attributes to psychologists associate with criminality? How might these be social?

-impulsive behavior -not having capacity for empathy (psychopaths) -lack of self-control -ADHD -hormones -brain tumors -social b/c related to upbringing (bad parenting)

What did Simmel notice about behaviors in public?

-in traditional society, not many strangers because lived in villages -modernity: mass access to strangers. anonymity.

Give some examples of the social control of sexuality? Give some examples that indicate how this is cross-culturally or social role-relative?

-incest taboo -social construction of deviance differs by culture: age of consent, definition of incest, adultery being wrong vs. illegal

Identify four 'territories of the self' in Goffman's typology? How do we know these are related to a sense of the individual as 'sacred'?

-individual is sacred b/c people have bubbles of respect/courtesy -important to show respect in interactions with strangers- personal space, not entering sacred bubble (varies in different situations/cultures) -individualism/institutions that allow individuals to be their true selves valued 1. the stall: place you control, reserved/owned by your body -seat, car, bench, parking space -people get mad if you take their stall 2. stall defense: defending a stall with an object -saving a seat w/ jacket 3. use space: territory around someone that they are using -respecting someone's use space: not walking in between person and painting they're looking at, between photographer and subject 4. the turn: entitlement to something that is rationed -assume you get a turn when in line (mad if people cut b/c your turn is sacred)

How are middle class kids advantaged by habitus?

-ingrained habits, socialization by parents -people learn cultural capital (interests, preferences, knowledge) -middle class habits (preferences, ease, style, creativity, interest in school) line up with teachers, leads to better grades

What did Homans say about social relationships? Why is his approach like that of an economist? Underline his key terms.

-interaction is transaction: people get something out of interactions -cost/reward dynamic: interaction will continue if both people continue to have more rewards than costs. may continue interaction to avoid negative sanctions (going to church with parents, etc.) -tangible/intangible rewards: money/pleasure, social status, prestige, power -exchange relationship: continued relationship b/c repeat interactions give both people more rewards than costs (keep going to same restaurant, dating, etc.)

What is the problem of collective action as defined by rational choice theory with regard to social movements? How does this differ between democratic and authoritarian contexts?

-is rational to free ride/let others take risks -time/energy to show up (producing public good instead of doing stuff for yourself) -even more rational to not take risks when not in democracy (danger)

Why are the media important?

-look at media to discover culture/ideas/values/discourse (methodological resource) -media has influence/agenda setting power -media establishes worlds of discourse (people self select into groups) -pillar of democracy -socialization (teaches what it means to be a competent member of society) -builds ideology -social power

What kind of things does a sociologist look at in the 'production of culture' perspective?

-looks at how media content/industries are organized -products of organization/bureaucracy -skilled workers/collectivity produces content (content doesn't come from nowhere). -gatekeeping: select certain things and not others, sponsor/reject, editing (publishing companies choosing)

Identify different models of 'media effects'?

-mass society hypothesis: ideal type (unrealistic vision). society is undifferenciable mass of people, stupid easily manipulation. in comparison to "public" (rational people). Like Hitler controlling mass. popular model in 1930s -hypodormic model: ideas are injected into mass by owners of means of production (owners of radio, etc.) -Lazerfield model (1950s): "two step flow": media messages filtered by opinion leader (head of household, trade union leader). people tell you what to think about events (Trump). -agenda setting model: can't tell people what to think but can tell them what to think about. can keep issues off agenda. ignoring and promoting. -Stuart Hall: encoding/decoding model: narrative is encoded- professionally packaged into a digestible form (decides which side of story is told based on norms/skills). often encoded to not critique capitalism. public decodes (makes sense of info by employing common sense). people read in different ways: dominant reading (reinforces capitalism), oppositional reading (rejects message- often capitalism, recodes), divergent reading (weird/irrelevant interpretation)

How is the purpose of education linked to ideas about meritocracy?

-meritocracy: hard work and talent will get you to the top. fair chance at good outcome. -education supposed to create level playing field by helping people acquire skills -but, social background predicts academic success. schools don't do much to produce meritocracy (what goes in comes out other end). -best predictor of school success is parental income, not IQ

What did Foucault say about the essence of modernity?

-modernity dangerous b/c of increased control related to power and knowledge -surveillance -control of human body, treating bodies in utilitarian way

What did Bauman say about the essence of modernity?

-modernity intolerant of difference: obsession with classification -try to eradicate difference (ex- Jews didn't fit into societal boundaries so had to get rid of them)

What are "new social movements"? Give some examples. What are they supposed to be about? What are some common talking points used to critique the idea of 'new social movements"?

-more about identity recognition/cultural politics than class/income -race/gender (BLM, not union strikes) -criticism: can be traced back (BLM has historical ties since slavery): definition as "new" is fragile/distinction can be broken down -criticism: social justice has econ. dimension

With an eye to the problem of collective action what kinds of things enable a social movement to mobilize?

-more likely to show up if embedded in more networks: social pressure to participate b/c of involvement of friends/influence of social media -emotional commitment based on personal experience -ways to minimize risks (bring children, wear masks, etc.) -information flow: social media tells you where to go, know others will show up

What are some of the individual social advantages of being more physically attractive. Why did sociologists generally not study these?

-more pay -better chance of election -more likely to marry high earning person -potentially higher self esteem -not studied b/c individual, not structural: randomly cast/luck of the draw

education: big picture

-more than learning skills -sorts people into paths/statuses -socialization -social reproduction of inequality

control theory

-most people aren't deviant b/c of socialization, conformity, connections to legitimate world (institutions, values, etc.). -time taken up by bonds to school, activities, etc. so no time for deviance. -inequality: if school doesn't have clubs, time for deviance.

What did Peter Blau find in his federal agency?

-new agents went to experienced people for help: deference/advice relationship -new agent: cost of exposing themselves as incompetent, reward of getting help -senior agent: time cost, reward of deference (compliments/saying they are helpful)

What is a "structural hole"? What has this got to do with the "strength of weak ties"?

-no tie between 2 networks -anyone that can occupy the structural hole gains power -ex) buyers and sellers -most people get jobs through weak ties, not ads -weak ties important b/c strong ties know similar things to you but weak ties have access to more info to get you in touch with people. no one can have 1000 strong ties, but if have many facebook friends to recommend you it's useful (larger network) -hiring through weak tie gives reliability (would feel guilty if recommend bad person) -weak tie acts as go between to connect job network and you

Why should we treat official statistics on crime with skepticism? Or put another way, in what ways might official statistics not reflect real crime rates or the demographics of crime perpetration?

-not all crime is reported and so comes to the attention of the authorities (reported vs. invisible crime). -could reflect institutional priorities: war on drugs, etc. -filtering through system. advantage of good lawyers to have good outcomes. people with resources drop out of system (OJ Simpson). -many cases dropped b/c not enough evidence

Sociologists speak of the 'social construction of reality". What are they generally talking about here? Are they saying that 'reality is invented by society' or something more subtle. Talk to this.

-not saying the world doesn't exist -views of the world come from your group/culture -concepts of religious ideas, causality, time and space are social -socialization (way that society imprints a particular set of understandings) shapes your commonsense understandings about what is 'real' and 'how the world works' -how people understand reality is shaped by: authority/power, peer pressure/desire to conform, common sense, information/deception, cultural structures

What is a social movement organization? What kinds of problems emerge as one comes into existence?

-often become NGOs (incorporated) -tensions between grassroots and bureaucracy -centralized control: might think passion/commitment has left organization

Set out Durkheim's argument in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. (What did he study? What were his key concepts? What did he argue was the origin of religious feeling? What are the consequences of these sentiments?)

-opposite of Weber -world highly religious, but in different way -sense of sacred/that things carry sacred core: law, family, person, property have sacred nature -people angry/feel bad about violation of sacred (stealing, etc.) -religion is ultimate social fact: invisible belief in collective morality -every religion separates sacred (heightened emtions, dangerous yet special, awe/fear, sense of superpowers, hidden from sight, ritual protections) and profane (mundane, utilitarian, boring, most of life) -aborigional corroboree: ritual activity- feasting, chanting, dancing -totem: object like carved stone/wood that contains power of sacred. collective sentiment of community/morality/solidarity/empowerment in totem. still have objects that are sacred (battle flags, etc.) -religion good for society b/c sense of community/empowerment/dignity -religion is society worshiping itself

What did Weber say about occupational closure and education?

-particular professions are monopolized/shut off to outsiders -drs, lawyers, pharmacists -ex- radiologists know what's wrong but can't tell you -regulated by credentials (degree, training, license, etc.) -legally can't call yourself certain things (dr) but anyone can call themselves other things (artist)

Researcher effects

-people change their behavior when they know they are being observed -bias of researcher can influence observations (insensitivity, confirmation bias): different ways to narrate things -priming: researcher suggests what they want subject to say

Girls tend to do better in the education system than boys today? Why is this? Give two reasons.

-pink collar occupations require more skills than blue collar occupations

Georg Herbert Mead: play and game

-play: self-development through role play (playing dr, house) -games: self-development by following established rules

The social control of sexuality is not only through prohibitions. What are the ways that it is 'positively' shaped and controlled?

-positive reinforcment is signals telling you what to do (not necessarily good) -advertising -mass media -popular culture -literature/the arts -talk amongst friends (girl talk, locker room talk)

What did Durkheim say about the essence of modernity?

-positive view of modernity: secular life offers freedom (tradition traps people), more tolerance -differentiation -solidarity because people depend on each other due to division of labor -risk of anime: more differentiation in society (few highly internalized norms that come from everyone doing the same task) could lead to less solidarity- modernity happened quickly and society needs time to catch up to have moral direction

What was Marx's big picture vision of the distribution and origins of power in modernity? Who had power? Why? Who was subject to power? What is the role of the state and of culture in all this? Or Q. You are Karl Marx making a speech to a trade union in 1870 explaining the organization of society. Write out your motivational speech hitting your key analytic talking points and trademark concepts as you unpack the nature of their world for them.

-power lies in controlling the economy by owning the means of production -bourgeoise vs. proletariat (labor force, just a body) -state serves bourgeoise (purpose of police is to help capitalism, preventing revolution so bourgeoise keep power, etc.) -culture/religion telling people to calm down (wait for afterlife, etc.): prevents revolution

What are the features of a successful park or plaza? How did White figure this out (methods)?

-purely observational methods. tallied where people were sitting -people like to sit ~20 feet from where people are walking -successful parks had "guardian": person in uniform that makes people feels safe (gardener, hotdog vender, sweeper, etc.) -people generate people (feel safe if others are around, like people watching)

What is the "problem of social order" in social theory? What did Hobbes say about this in Leviathan? What is a more general and less analytic way of understanding or defining the 'problem of social order?"

-question of how societies are ordered and why -Hobbs: Hobb's said society/people are fundamental chaotic/out of control, state (government) is solution to problem of social order, social contract: give up a piece of your freedom (to authority) and get civilized society in return -More general understanding: why is social order structured in certain ways/non-random? Not just why not total chaos

Rational choice theorists argue that large scale aggregate patterns (ie. "social facts") can emerge from multiple individual choices. Can you give some examples.

-racial segregation in housing/schools is result of utility curves: people who want good schools move, people without money left behind -gayborhoods: people want to live where they feel welcome. individual choice to move for safety/solidarity creates pattern

What is the usual method of a crime victimization survey? What do they typically find? What are some typical problems they face?

-randomly sample people and ask if victims of crime. door knock/electoral role/phone book surveys -find many people are victims of trivial, unreported crimes -young/male correlates with both perpetrators and victims (old people go out less so less likely to be victims) -problems: don't survey most vulnerable people (homeless, undocumented, etc.). common sense about what is a crime doesn't match legal categories.

What did Marx have to say about religion?

-religion as ideology -opium of people (makes them less angry, stopping feelings of alienation/unfairness/exploitation)- stops people from complaining -religion is not very important -religion is bad

What was the major argument of Weber's comparative sociology of world religions?

-religion is important -doctrines offer solutions to suffering/salvation (tell you to do something to be saved) -implications for modernity (western religion): "this worldly activism": do good work to make God's Kingdom on earth. try to change world for better. -eastern religions: pathway to salvation involves retreatism, contemplation, meditation. otherworldly: trying to get to other world by retreating. didn't develop into modernity in the way that the west did b/c not trying to change the world around them.

What is the "Horatio Alger Myth"? What do sociologists generally say in response to this?

-rich if you work hard -make your own luck by trying -mobility common in U.S. -something is wrong with you if you are not succeeding -sociologists debunk (structural barriers to mobility) -people don't want to redistribute wealth due to Horatio Alger myth, don't want to give free money to poor black people. Idea that welfare causes laziness.

subculture theory

-role of subcultural groups (like gangs, delinquent boys in HS). -learning from peers. particular- social influence of specific groups, norms to do specific things (differential association theory speaks more broadly)

Durkheim is generally thought of as a theorist of social 'consensus'. How have his theories been adapted to deal with power and conflict?

-sacred/ritual allowing for motivation and mobilization -society tied together with ritual, groups -thought sacred didn't go away with modernity

Over time the classical rational choice vision has been modified to fit with social reality? What are some of the ways this has taken place? Underline key terms in your explanation.

-scarce resources: can't just get what you want, don't have enough time, money, influence, power -preference structures: vary between individuals (some people value money while others value prestige, time, etc.) -tradeoffs and utility curve: people get as much as they can given scares resources and preference structures. find sweet spot of utility curve (tradeoff size of apartment for location, etc.)

What did James Coleman discover about school quality?

-school quality (age of building, books, etc.) made no difference when you control for status of parents -different outcomes are based on parental background -differences manifest at early age w/ resources at home

What is the major reason for school segregation given that it is formally 'illegal'? Why do busing, vouchers and lotteries not help as much as some might like?

-school segregation: bad for minority students, deprives benefits of having peers with social networks, lack of diversity -happens b/c of residential sorting driven by affluence: red lining, income segregation (buy your way into better school district), white flight into suburbs in 60s and 70s -busing doesn't work: white flight- incentive to leave district with busing -vouchers: token from gov. to use for school fees- but schools aren't required to take vouchers, best kids leave to private schools and leave public schools behind worse off -lotteries: if you don't get chosen, privileged people can find plan b (pay for school, etc.) but poor can't -collective action problem: net loss to school when talented kids are pulled out. no school choice would be better for all, but people choose what's best for their kids (value choice in U.S.). racially disparate consequences of individual choices that are not necessarily meant to be racist

Give four of the seven characteristics of modern sport according to Alan Guttman, and describe them shortly. What is "Weberian" about any of this?

-secularism: fun, not reenacting myths/rituals (Weberian- disenchantment) -equality/meritocracy: players/winners have the best skills/athletic ability -specialization: specialize in 1 type of sport, lays foundation for pro athletes -rationalization: coming up w/ unilateral rules, universal application of rules, physiological science (rationalizing sport as science)- Weber rise of logical thinking -bureaucratic organization: enforcement of rules, network of competitions (NFL, FIFA, olympics, etc.)-Weber -quantification: statistics, technology (electronic timers, etc.) -quest for records: competition over distant time/spaces, heritage of athletic excellence

What are the talking points that people use to push back against the argument that modernity has led to secularization?

-secularization seen in Europe mostly (exception to rest of world- Africa, etc.) -U.S. different: 80% believe in God -many fundamentalists like evangelicals and taliban (not an anything goes attitude) -separation of religiousity and religion: being "spiritual": nature engagement, artistic activities. no doctrine associated with it. pick and mix spirituality: don't believe in organized religion, take meaning/truth from parts of multiple religions, don't go to church.

What are 'audience ethnographies'? How do you do them? What do they often show?

-show news footage to audience -LA riots: black people see injustice and white see violence (different decoding) -romance novels: women read to give them break from housework, not b/c enjoy content -difficulty in reading "impacts"/power of media- does media actually change ideas? do ads with unrealistic body image cause anorexia? hard to know b/c other factors like peer culture

Is there anything else that predicts social movement success?

-size: signal that people care (mass media reports crowd size) -media attention: people not involved in movement know message exists. multiplier effects. "stunt": do something for media attention. -diffuse support in civil sphere: if people protesting are seen as rational/moral (moral capital important)

Core beliefs and principles of symbolic interactionism.

-small details of social life (microsociology: face to face encounters) -explains social order -groups, encounters, social spaces, interactions, situations -can observe -action vs. behavior (Blumer): action is response due to shared meanings. Behavior is instinctive and not connected to shared meanings (things animals do) -symbolic: people act on basis of meanings. interactionism: real people in real settings -humanistic: SI treats humans with respect/dignity. the self: worthy, purposive, acting deliberately. "reflexive" self: think about how others see you and behave accordingly. Meade: "I and me": distinction between personal desires and how others see you. make choices to balance "I and me." Cooley: "looking glass self": manage behavior from internal sense of self and as if looking in mirror. -voluntaristic: emphasis on personal agency/creativity -problem of social order (why social life is patterned) is solved from bottom up: people are clever and figure out way to make society work -definition of the situation: agree what a situation is in order to start coordinating actions (problems arise when people disagree about the definition- bank robbery/protest) -local/situational meanings: how you are supposed to do things in specific situation -"negotiated order": society is not just run by strict rules. more complex. some rules are not enforce (ex- bind eye turned to gambling in prison). too difficult to enforce all of society's rules -grounded theory: inductive method of observation

Allan Kellehear says that death is social. What does he mean by this?

-social b/c patterns are indications of social facts: norms, expectations, duty script for dying the ideal way: "the good death"- make preparations (legal, financial), don't blow money in Vegas, settle grudges, tell people you love them/are thankful, sort out own medical care, organize funeral, remain active as long as possible

Relative Deprivation Theory

-strain is about who you compare yourself to (reference group), if they have more than you. -ideas about poor committing crimes: dependent on who they compare themselves to (not all poor people commit crimes). crime continues when overall standard of living for poor improves (aspire to higher level drug dealers, don't want to be below median of graduating class, etc.)

Behaviors in public

-subfield of symbolic interactionism -look at people like ants -study of streets, waiting rooms, etc. -ethology: study of animal group behavior

Why did Durkheim claim that Suicide demonstrated the power of 'social facts' as set out in his Rules of Sociological Method? What was his typology? What factors encouraged suicide or buffered individuals from suicideogenic currents in the population?

-suicide not randomly distributed -risk factors: protestant, single, live in city, widowed man, etc. -buffers: Jewish/Catholic, rural, times of war, widowed woman, etc. -typology: 1. Egoistic Suicide: too little integration into society (common suicide, don't feel like they belong) 2. Altruistic Suicide: too much integration where it is the individual's duty to die for the good of the group. (kamikaze pilots) 3. Anomic Suicide: too little social regulation/normlessness, where society's norms become unclear or outdated by rapid change. (celebrity suicide) 4. Fatalistic Suicide: too much social regulation, where society controls individuals completely --> little sense of individual worth. (military, prisons)

What are 'sexual scripts'? What do people do with them? How might they be harmful?

-tell people what to do when they know who they are -what people who are like you think is normal -come from friends, role in society (gay, priest, musician, etc.) -pressure to conform to script, judge yourself/others on if conforming

What is a reference group?

-the group to which a person compares themselves -who you think you are, group you belong/aspire to belong to -sexual script has to do with reference group -could cause you to waste time trying to aspire to a reference group

"Baby names are a social fact". Discuss and talk to this quote.

-there are trends, patterns, class and race effects (all of them 'social facts'): predictable to demographics -individual choice is shaped by collective social forces -patterns are currents in collective conscience (shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society, shared understanding of social norms) -connected to belief/prejudice (name affects life chances)

What is 'tracking' and why does it lead to cumulative disadvantage?

-tracking: putting kids into tracks (classes w/ ability levels) -seems meritocratic, but unfair -compounding achievement/disadvantage (self-reinforcing feedback loop): teacher expectations, classroom cultures -middle class/certain races better at negotiating with school to prevent kids from being put into lower classes

What did Thomas Piketty say about wealth. Why is it hard to eliminate wealth inequality and redistribute money from the seriously rich?

-wages going up until '70s and now stagnated -stocks, bonds, and property allow for wealth. people who rely on wages for wealth are not rich -large amount of money compounds quickly -hard to tax rich due to global mobility of capital (offshore accounts)

Why are strong ties often not as useful as weak ties?

-weak ties important b/c strong ties know similar things to you but weak ties have access to more info to get you in touch with people-hiring through weak tie gives reliability (would feel guilty if recommend bad person)-weak tie acts as go between to connect job network and you

Veblen talks about "conspicuous leisure" and how the "leisure class" is different from the working class. Explain.

-wealthy people distinguish themselves (display their wealth) not just w/ what they buy, but w/ what they do in their free time -working vs. wasting resources/time off work for leisure

Society influences sexuality through more than prohibitions or the shaping of desire and scripts. Talk about the role of opportunity structures.

-what is in the world around you, dating pool -can vary according to occupation, location, etc. -influences who people have sexual activities with (work with their options)

Why do sociology lecturers like to talk about situational homosexuality?

-when opportunity structure is closed to same sex --> increased homosexual behavior -pushes back against the idea that sexuality is defined by hormones. people decide who is desirable based on opportunity structures

Why is sex survey research difficult?

-who's gay/straight depends on how you draw the line (3 factors to take into account) -sexuality spectrum -people give sexually normative responses -sex surveys today show more lgbtq than before (b/c increased knowledge/labels, greater social acceptability, environmental changes, etc.)

Which demographic is responsible for most crime, delinquency and deviance today? Why should we be a bit cautious before pointing the finger?

-young (16-26) -male -could be hormones, quest for manhood, etc. -cautious b/c visibility (white collar crime less visible than selling drugs on corner)

What are the two ways that the terms in-group and out-group have been used in sociology?

1. -in-group: people you identify with -out-group: people you don't identify with 2. -in-group: group with power -out-group: group without power (disadvantaged)

What are the forms of waiting behavior identified by Lofland?

1. "sweet young thing": looking virginal, reading book, trying to not look like prostitute 2. "explorer": walking around waiting space 3. "nester": rummaging around bag and arranging contents

Give five ways sociologists conceptualize power in general. Provide an example of each.

1. Domination/winning contests/control/getting ones way: one person wins an election and gets to enact world view/control others. 2. Shaping common sense/preventing people from thinking outside the box/determining what is thinkable/locking people into habits (no contest involved): housewives in Victorian era subject to power 3. Agenda setting/shaping what's a public issue/shaping what's on the record: some things on the floor of the house and others not. 4. Mobilization: social movements, getting people to demonstrate/vote 5. Social system capacity/ability of society to do something (non-adversarial): capacity of FEMA to be effective

Theories of the emergence of modernity

1. European voyages of discovery 2. Scientific innovation/technology 3. Military Competition 4. Rise of urban bourgeoise (fall of feudal lords) 5. Protestant religion generated capitalism ($=heaven)

Be able to write a page on body projects giving examples and using Atkinson's typology. Offer some examples for the typology that are about (a) seeking conventional beauty and (b) seeking some alternative subcultural body or practical and useful kind of body.

1. camouflaging projects: make body more presentable. everyone does it. using what you already have (makeup, clothing, etc.)- subculture- dying hair 2. extending projects: improving body without physical changed (eyeglasses, hearing aids)- maybe wear contacts instead to fit conventional ideal. 3. adapting projects: more extreme (dieting, exercise)- subculture: try to be pale to be emo so don't go into sun 4. redesigning: invasive and permanent (sex reassignment, plastic surgery, tattoos) -body commodified in capitalism. advertisements depicting conventional beauty. some occupations involve money for body work (plastic surgeons, hair dressers). essentialist ideas about beauty are different for different races

Talk us through three steps in the evolution of an enduring social movement?

1. emergence -people talk about problems -community meetings (get-togethers in houses, churches, etc.) 2. coalescence -fundraising, producing literature, mailing lists, regular meetings 3. routinization: -organized, complex bureaucracy that keeps movement alive, division of labor -headquarters, mailing address, paid employees, incorporated as nonprofit

Why do sociologists study power? List some things it is associated with that we might like to explore.

1. inequality 2. social outcomes 3. social process 4. social organization

What were the five kinds of social facts that Steven Lukes found in Durkheim?

1. social rules/laws, sanctions 2. pragmatic necessities (like all speaking the same language) 3. objective features of society beyond control (econ. downturn, aging population, etc.) 4. psychological currents (people swept up in riots) 5. culture, norms, morals, sense of obligation (volunteer for army)

What are the talking points of exchange theory for dissing other sociology and a more positive manifesto?

1. social theory too much like philosophy -abstract/fuzzy/imprecise 2. social theory doesn't understand that society consists of nothing more than individual social interactions 3. sociology should be more like science

What are three dimensions of 'sexual orientation'?

1. what you desire 2. what you do 3. who you think you are

Specify the broad features of modern society in terms of economic life, social organization.

1700~1980 -Religion loses influence, rationality gains influence -extremely complex division of labor -cities -industry (carbon, steam, coal, oil based) -bureaucracy -emphasis on science/technology -people think things are getting better (think tech. is good for society) -starting to have existential crises about if life is meaningless (freedom and prosperity at what price?)

Define absolute poverty, relative poverty and the US poverty line in common sense English.

Absolute poverty: defined by human need for survival. fixed Relative poverty: how far from average income in your society U.S. poverty line: 3x cost of food

Distinguish four kinds of assimilation that a sociologist of migration and ethnicity can study.

Assimilation: mircrogroups come to resemble host population more and more. Multiculturalism: political philosophy that countries should value having muliple cultures (don't assume assimilation). Can research imperically how multicultural a country is. 1. cultural assimilation: lifestyle and values 2. structural assimilation: jobs, housing, income, levels of disadvantage 3. marital assimilation: marrying someone in host population 4. civic and political assimilation: voting, involvement in community life

Name two black feminist scholars. Give a couple of their main talking points?

Bell Hooks Patricia Hill Collins Feminism doesn't understand experience of black women. excluded from discussion, especially with labor. white feminists don't understand microaggressions. intersectionality: multiple types of feminism.

Sampling

Can't ask everyone so pick certain number of people

Be able to write about the differences between centralized and decentralized networks.

Centralized: -single point where things come together -associated with hierarchy (all info/resources go through one person), power resides in middle -easy to destroy (take out center of network) Decentralized: -dispersion of info/resources -no focal point

What is "network embeddedness"? What are its consequences?

Density of network ties -high: everyone connected to everyone else, hard to break contact w/ other people

What themes did Dickens, Baudelaire and Poe write about?

Dickens: stories about meeting strangers on journeys horse and carriage, railway) Baudelaire: life in paris, strolling around the city -flaneur: walking around aimlessly looking at things Poe: gas lights made night time usable, wrote about crowds

What are the kinds of things that move around a network that can be studied by sociology? What is the sociologists favorite word for this?

Diffusion (when things come into a network and move around): -information -money (credit networks) -knowledge -opportunities/jobs -trust -STDs -disease -norms/habits -language/slang

What did Simmel say about dyads and triads? What changes when a third person joins a group of two?

Dyads: -no longer exists if 1 leaves -egalitarian, mutual dependency even if difference in power (dresser and actor) -intimate -don't have to worry about what third person will think -easy to allocate blame/not much secrecy (good for norm enforcement) Triads: -persists if 1 leaves (power in dyad exists b/c ability to walk out, don't have in triad) -2 can have secret from other -can lie/blame (options of who crashed car, ate food, etc.)

What is the relationship of feminism to sociology?

Feminism is a philosophical point of view. It is also a form of advocacy. Sociologists are often pro-feminist and most believe society disadvantages women. However the first thing we do is to study, collect data and try to understand the causes of this.

Describe ethnography and identify its problems.

Fit in with group. Learn from the inside. Cultural relativism. Problems: hard for generalizability. Hard to gain trust. Ethical problems (power relationship if studying vulnerable population)

Be able to offer summaries of the visions of Foucault, Elias, Durkheim, Bourdieu and Haraway.

Foucault: -discipline -microphysics of power -biopower: power over bodies/populations. rise of demography/sexology (studying human populations/reproduction). Elias: -civilizing process -in modernity, less violent/angry, more ashamed of bodies (sex/defecation), more etiquette, refined emotions (being witty/sophisticated gives advantage in courts, etc.) Durkheim: -bodies important for ritual -do things to conjure up sense of sacred/solidarity/social glue- chanting, dancing, imitation of animals, tattooing, scarring -prohibition: fasting, abstaining- prepare yourself to access sacred Bourdieu: -body linked to social class through habitus -culture is incarnated into body through common sense -different body ideals: muscular (working class) vs. toned (upper class) -internalize habitus based on class: working class clumsy, awkward in interactions with higher status, higher status more relaxed Haraway: -post-human body -assembly of biological techniques/devices -cyborg body -pacemakers, transplants, hearing aids

Write a page on functionalist and critical theories of stratification.

Functionalist (Durkheim): -stratification inevitable -need leaders to do difficult tasks (need incentives for these tasks) -compensation for difficulty/pressure of visibility -prestigious jobs do good for society, so stratification is needed -best people in toughest jobs Critical: -sometimes people are rich from doing things that are not necessary in society (sports, etc.) -not always a positive correlation between wealth and contribution to society -disparity between top and bottom too large (too much inequality) -many low status jobs are essential for society -those in power act in self-serving ways (collude amongst themselves) -if wealth was about talent, there would be more demographic diversity

Action Research

Giving back to people that you researched. Empower groups that are studied. Facilitate community organization. Problems: guilt of researcher (help and then go back to your better life). intellectual neutrality. managing time between research and activism.

What does Jennifer Lee say about the future of race boundaries and the racial order in the United States?

Hispanics and Asians following assimilation track, seen as less racially different. Black people left behind. Shift from white vs. non white in '70s to Black vs. non Black)

Why do Sociologists point to Italians and the Irish migrant groups to the United States in the past as examples of the social construction of race?

Irish people used to be seen as bad. They were seen as a different race than the other white people in the U.S. Today they are seen as the same race, demonstrating that where racial lines are drawn is not biological.

What did Lukes/McNeil/Collins say about ritual and power. Be able to write three or four sentences on each of these theorists.

Lukes: -argued that ritual has major role in politics -ritual gives enthusiasm to mobilize -ex) coronation ritual gives queen power (common sense), marches to draw solidarity and raise awareness McNeil: -muscular bonding: sense of solidarity when moving muscles together -conjuring a sense of sacred/collective energy -dancing, marching, military gains solidarity from drills, group happy if all clapping together Collins: -interaction ritual -ranges from face to face to big groups -cool people are dominant and advance their own power in positive feedback loop -emotional energy: excitement/confidence to be successful in social life -interaction rituals can lead to stratification: happy people have more friends, jobs, money, power, etc. -counter rituals of people that are excluded lead to social movements (Hitler, Jesus, etc.)

Whiteness" is often spoken of as an "unmarked category". What does this mean? What are some examples of white privilege in everyday life?

Marked category is something you notice as a difference. Don't notice whiteness when it is the majority of the population (whiteness unmarked in U.S.). Whiteness has attributes attached to it just as blackness does: associated with high status/moral purity White privilege: -higher social status, correlation with wealth -actions not seen as representing whole white population (vs. black person being seen as a spokesperson for all black people) -consumer products aimed at whites -no fear of racial violence -don't have to think about race in everyday life

What did Marx say was the main basis for stratification? What did Weber say? Give examples for Weber.

Marx: owning means of production vs. labor -Marx's "reserve army of labor" keeps workers from striking b/c don't want to lose job to unemployed people Weber: typology of 3 bases for inequality -class: wealth, what Marx was talking about -status: halo of respectability (tied to occupation) -power: ability to give orders within an organization (ex- military generals)

What did R.W. Connell say about hegemonic masculinity? What is this? What is its female counterpart?

Men have social advantages (respect, etc.) b/c linked to heterosexuality, dominance, control power. Emphasized femininity: women linked to heterosexuality, passivity, emotionally attuned -in sports, muscular men/unfeminine women -are things changing? more flexible masculinity (with parenting, etc.)?

What are some examples of social facts or phenomena sociologists can study through the lens of sports?

Microsociology: -symbolic interactionism: rituals (shaking hands, etc.) -crowd behavior -individual identity/belonging -leisure studies Macrosociology: -class, race, gender, (dis-)ability -segregation -socialization -group identity -networks -nationalism (national pride in teams) -colonialism (cricket in India) -globalization (olympics) -branding (endorsements) -modernity

What are the positive and negative views of the mass media that a sociologist can pitch?

Positive: -info -pleasure -ideas debated -important for changing social values -informed citizenship -investigative Negative: -produces conformity -discourages critical thinking -reproduces stereotypes -doesn't reflect all political views/people -white men -established parties -makes people lazy -could be more democratic

How did Foucault conceptualize the new forms of power that arrived with modernity? What are distinctive features of his analysis? Be certain to include some of his famous key concepts.

Power in modernity is defined by control/discipline -studied prisons -In modernity people aren't punished (capital punishment/torture not as common). In traditional society, there was more physical harm of body -"docile body": submissive, don't resist control. Modernity has turned people into weak/malleable/controlled beings -"soul training": person shaped by routine body actions, repetition -microphysics of power: power works in minute way on the body through drilling/training (ex- soldiers practices trigger on gun) -panopticon: don't know if being watched so start to self police -surveillance an element of power in modernity -relationship of power and knowledge: professions/expertise a way of suppressing people (diagnosis of mental illness controlling people) -biopower: controlling bodies, connected to sexology and the census (the government monitoring populations, feeling secure about military capacity)

Distinguish primary and secondary groups according to Cooley.

Primary: -group bond is end in itself -endure over time -not task oriented -strong ties -members not substitutable -like family, platoon, etc. Secondary: -means to an end -weaker ties -interchangable members -part time -like sports team, trade union, etc.

Surveys

Questions with series of fixed responses Problems: people tend towards middle choices. people might by picking random answers to finish faster. response rates declining. some groups have higher response rates (retired vs. homeless people). don't want to admit bad behavior.

What is the usual distinction that is made between 'race' and 'ethnicity' in terms of talking points? Why is the distinction easily complicated?

Race is said to be about real or presumed biological differences and ethnicity is about differences based on culture, lifestyle, place of origin, and language. Both socially constructed. Society has made skin color a big deal/major organizing principle. Ethnicity can be imposed on group/self-imposed by feeling identity/solidarity. We decide people are different to justify calling them inferior (justified colonization/slavery). The complication comesas (i) 'ethic' groups might think of themselves as a 'race' or as having shared lines of descent. And (ii) Racial differences between humans are trivial in the big scheme of things (e.g. a few DNA differences) and are made relevant by cultural activity (e.g laws, census classifications). Also (iii) some people can be classified by both race and ethnicity e.g. "black Hispanic".

Deductive

Reasoning from general to specific. Start with theory and look for evidence.

Inductive

Reasoning from specific to general. Look at facts and build theory.

Distinguish "scientific racism", "eugenics" and "the new racism".

Scientific racism: 19th century pseudoscience. Race based on scientific criteria like skin color and skull shape. Races are objectively distinguishable. Hierarchy. Darwinian ideas applied to legitimize colonialism. Eugenics: breeding superior races. Active involvement including limiting births, making certain people marry others, population control. Ideas led to Nazism. The new racism: need to treat everyone the same to preserve the dominant population. Universalism: don't like special treatment of minorities. Emphasis on culture, not science. Against multiculturalism (like white culture). Xenophobia. See whites as victims. Racism spoken in a coded way.

Describe 'sect' and 'church' as ideal types. How might they be linked sequentially via a kind of never-ending evolutionary cycle?

Sect: -informal group -intense religious experiences -join voluntarily -self-organizing/not hierarchical -demanding/have to be involved -think more pure than church -charismatic community Church: -bureaucratic -born into it (go with parents) -more inclusive than sects/don't have to be very involved -codified rituals (books) Break away from churches b/c they get big and people want to do their own thing/disappointment in church --> form sect --> successful sect turns into church by becoming larger/more bureaucratic/letting people in that aren't as hard core committed

Distinguish sex, gender and sexuality.

Sex: biological difference Gender: culture, beliefs, and practices that are (believed to be) based on biological sex Sexuality: sexual preferences/activity

What is sexuality? What is sexual identity?

Sexuality: incompassing category. sexual identity and what you do. Sexual identity: how you think about yourself

What did the following people say about how consumption is linked to stratification: Simmel, Veblen, Bourdieu, Peterson.

Simmel: -fashion a form of stratification -lower income people copy higher income -fast fashion trends Veblen: -"conspicuous consumption" -rich do things poor can't compete with -flaunting wealth/showing that other people can't copy Bourdieu: -cultural consumption linked to taste linked to class -poor don't have econ. barrier to like certain things, yet they don't -upper class obtain power by valuing certain cultural activities (gatekeepers) -"having good taste": pick up from family/background, not school Peterson: -omnivore thesis (contrasts Bourdieu) -high class has a variety of taste (not just "good taste")- high class likes both opera and rap -working class only has low class taste due to information asymmetries

Distinguish a small group, party, and large group according to Simmel's discussion of these.

Small group: -face to face contact -self-organizing -egalitarian -turn-taking in conversation -shared focus of attention Party: -self-organizing -multiple foci of attention -egalitarian -small group can morph into party when more people join Large group: -hierarchical -rule driven -coordination problems: not self-organizing (has leaders)

What did Durkheim say about "social facts"? How is this linked to 'determinism'?

Social facts cannot be reduced to individual psychology. They include values, norms, beliefs, and institutional structures. They are also in a way active 'forces' for Durkheim. They shape individual actions and desires and generate patterns and regularities in social life. They are external and constraining on individuals, hence he has a deterministic view on social action. Society dominates the individual. However he also emphasizes sometimes how people are swept up in enthusiasms and how shared morality is a 'social fact'. This suggests 'voluntarism.'

What is the difference between sociology and socialism?

Socialism = political ideology about redistribution. Sociology= academic field. Some sociologists study issues not related to power or inequality (e.g. elevator behavior, streaking). Some sociologists are conservative.

What did Herbert Gans say about symbolic ethnicity? How might we push back against this?

Symbolic ethnicity: can pick and choose how much sense of ethnicity you want in your life. some people identify with their ethnicity more than others. Push back: ethnicity is sometimes imposed. people might see you a certain way if your ethnicity is revealed by your physical appearance/language.

Interviews

Talk to people. Open ended questions. Problems: recoding and transcribing. People give socially preferred answers. People can't always articulate what they feel. Researcher effects.

Be able to offer a sentence on the key concepts of symbolic interactionism.

The "definition of the situation" is something shared that enables people to organize their action and produce local social order. "Encounters" are a building block of social life. Individuals meet and engage in social activity.

Who was W.E.B. DuBois? Name two books he wrote and give an idea of the content or some themes in these?

The Philadelphia Negro (1899): study of black community. said disadvantages in black community were effect of slavery/institutional racism. Issue is not laziness but no access to credit/jobs/quality housing. The Souls of Black Folk (1903): "double consciousness": black people have internal sense of self but also have sense of how others see them. Judge themselves through lens of other people.

What did Goffman argue in "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life". What did Goffman argue in "Asylums"? In what ways is the 'self' central to this book?

The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: -"theatrical analogy": world is a stage -life is performative and you adjust your role depending on the audience -impression management: try to seem successful/respectable (clean house for company, etc.) -frontstage/backstage: spend a lot of time preparing to be in front of others -props: help impression management (priest with bible, etc.) -role of settings (in determining what your role is) -role distance: not internalizing/identifying with role (strippers, etc.) -criticism of Goffman: people take their roles seriously (moms define themselves as moms, etc.) Asylums: -ethnography of mental hospital -total institution: example of an ideal type. place that controls every part of life. timetables. can't leave. hierarchy separating inmates from staff. strict rules. (boarding schools, convents, prisons, orphanages, etc.) -rite of passage: ritual that takes away civilian identity and give one that's tied to institution -people are standardized, degraded by rules, -"cracks" in institution where people try to hold onto identity/true self. people break rules to hold onto sense of dignity/autonomy

Generalizability

The extent to which your findings can be said to apply more widely, in other social communities, contexts, times or places.

Observation

The researcher just looks at what is going on without actually interacting with people or talking to them. They might make notes, draw a map or use a coding sheet. For example, we can code where people sit in a park and evaluate the use of space. Problem: motivations for behavior have to be guessed. The approach can be thin on explanation compared to, for example, an ethnography of the same place.

Dependent variable

The result; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Independent Variable

This is the thing that does the explaining. It 'causes' change in something else. What you manipulated.

Q. What was Max Weber's typology of power? Be able to write a short paragraph on each one. Be able to identify problems for each.

Traditional Authority: -rulers appeal to culture and tradition to get consent -people see power as legitimate because it's how things have been done for a long time -associated with tribes/kingdoms -Weber saw as legitimate -problems: bad when there's social turbulence. hard to adapt to innovation/invasion. Legal Rational Authority: -power given to written laws: officials must follow rules (separation of person and office) -power legitimized by record keeping -linked to bureaucracy -predictable outcomes by following rules -idea that citizens should follow written rules even if they don't like them -associated with modernity/nation states -problems: Weber associated with disenchantment: iron cage, caught up in bureaucracy instead of meaningful community Charismatic Authority: -domination based on personality of individual leader -must produce signs of being special/chosen by luck/fate -don't need records/laws because leader is trusted -explains sudden change -rule breaking/controversial -routinization of charisma: charismatic authority turned into legalized authority --> legitimacy -ex) Jesus, Hitler, Gandhi, Buddha, etc. -problem: succession after death

What did Howard Winnant say about 'colorblind racism"?

Treating everyone the same/giving same opportunities ignores structural racism that gives certain groups disadvantages. Stereotypes of different groups are not equivalent.

Higher status and higher income people have a better health status than low income people. Why is this the case even if there is free universal healthcare? List some possible explanations.

Upstream factors: -access to good food -info about healthy choices -overcrowding -pollution/asbestos -preference structures (apples vs. big macs) -exercise -clean water Downstream factors: -pay for healthcare -take time off work -diffusion of info about treatments -pay for elite medical services -networks to tell you about drs -better able to advocate for yourself/explain symptoms (intimidation by drs) -cultural attitudes toward medicine

Define vertical, horizontal and structural mobility?

Verticle: up and down in social life. Often in terms of wages/occupation Horizontal: moving around different occupations of same social standing/pay grade Structural: changes in overall economy (ex- agricultural to industrial, blue collar to service jobs)

Name some cognate (intellectually similar) disciplines/sub-disciplines to sociology.

WGSS, ERM, American Studies, Public Health, Political Science, Social Psychology, Cultural Anthropology, Developmental and Behavioral Economics, etc.

"A distinctive feature of Durkheim and the Durkheimian tradition is that you can have a religious sociology of modernity without "Religion" as such being central. Explain with reference to Durkheim, Lloyd Warner, Shils and Young and Bellah.

Warner: -"yankee city" study -memorial day ritual: remembering dead brings sense of being part of community Shils and Young: -coronation of queen: brits felt collective solidarity/sense of being british. ritual event. televised so can participate from afar. micro rituals: street parties Bellah: -civil religion in america -quasi religious/sacred beliefs about destiny/mission of nation -U.S. chosen by God -U.S. is special, will rise above trials, live up to ideals, become better place -historical events/speeches from MLK, Lincoln arre sacred -civil religion is good b/c symbol of universalism/patriotism/belonging, encourages people to make America a better place if not living up to ideals

Sampling frame

a list of individuals from whom the sample is drawn (electoral role, student population, etc.)

Comparative method

compare 2 case studies. compare 2 that are relatively similar to look for differences

situational and opportunity theory

crime takes place when situation is right. less crime when targets are hardened (bike locks, car theft gone down b/c better technology).

What is 'cultural relativism'? What is the attitude of the sociologist towards things that are considered evil, strange or illegal like Hitler or polygamy or drug use?

instead of condemning morally, try to understand why (look at causes and consequences), understanding instead of judging -look at practices in the context of a culture -possibilities for analytic comparison

Discourse/content analysis

look at texts for meaning. look at media to understand why people think/behave in certain ways.

What did Susan Bordo say was a problematic outcome of the emergence of multiple feminisms and ideas about intersectionality?

made feminism less politically effective due to less unity (activism was harder)

moral emotions theory

many crimes involve moral emotions. intense feelings. not just rational choice. standing up for something/dignity of self: parking spaces. feeling of playing game/thrill: shoplifting.

How was Durkheim's study of suicide a precursor to much present day quantitative work on crime and deviance?

noticed patterns/regularities of deviance (certain people more likely to be deviant)

Case study

one individual or group is studied in depth. picked because typical/deviant/significant/purist example.

What are the public and private spheres? How do these relate to gender and gender roles?

public: visible/society/politics/public spaces/discourse private: home/romantic activity/private spaces gender roles: idea of men in public and women in private cult of domesticity: idea that ideal woman is chaste homemaker (less since 1960s)

"Gender is socially constructed. As a sociologist I reject the biological determinism that says it is an expression of sex". How do cross cultural or historical examples support this claim?

socialization causes people to have beliefs about what is natural a gender. concept of gender binary is taught to us by society. Contrasts essentialism: you are not socially constructed. Gender binary is real in nature. Biological determinism: society is the way it is because of the capacities of the genders. -Nadle tribe: people switch between male and female -Hijra (in India): biological male that engages in "female acts" -many people have ambiguous genitalia (rates suppressed by gender reassignment surgery)- sex is a continuum as shown by intersex people -trans issues today: 'denaturalize' or 'problematize' binary view of gender

"Gender is a master status". What does this mean?

something that people see when they see you. you can't shake it. defines how people perceive you.

Lifecourse Criminology

spin-off of control theory. deviance decreases as you age. 2 factors: jobs (rewards for not being deviant) and tie to partner

Define status consistency and status inconsistency with regard to Weber's ideas.

status consistancy: when class, status, and power line up

What are "gender roles"? How are these related to 'socialization"?

tasks and behaviors tied to certain genders socialization: taught how to behave to be competent member of society. as a kid, taught to behave w/ gender role by colors toys, etc. inequality: housework, etc.

concomitant variation

the degree to which a presumed cause and a presumed effect occur or vary together (does 1 factor affect another). 2 things varying at the same time could indicate causation.

Socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society

Natural experiments

things that disrupt the world in unexpected ways (earthquakes, world fair, etc.). Try to unpack why something is happening in relation to this change. Problems: finding something not obvious worth investigating.

Experiments

try to isolate one factor. Problems: don't consider multiple factors of real world

What is the 'second shift'? By and large what does sociological data say about this? Is the trend continuing or changing?

when women and men both come home from jobs, women do housework while men sit in armchairs. gap is shrinking.