Sociology Final

"first encounters" can produce feelings of sexual or romantic attraction if

"appropriate PLO" in presence; you're experiencing a state of physiological arousal, arousal may result from PLO presence or unrelated source

How sociologists think about race?

"category of people labeled and treated as similar based on common inborn biological traits e.g., skin color, color, hair texture...;" often more genetic variation within perceived racial groups than between them

Guidelines for getting happy?

1/2 happiness is genetically determined so parents; buy experiences instead of things; spend on others; remember experiences more often

We replace ________ our friends every 7 years but network ________

1/2; stays the same

What is the number that the average person discusses important matters with?

2 to 7

In class, we discussed research that showed Whites viewed discrimination against Blacks vs Whites as zero-sum, meaning ___________. A) as one goes up, the other goes down B) both decrease at equal levels C) both increase at equal levels D) whites believe they are never discriminated against

A) as one goes up, the other goes down

Which self-presentation technique has the goal of self-promotion? A) attempt to emphasize your strengths B) attempt to appear moral C) attempt to appear likable/relatable

A) attempt to emphasize your strengths

Your textbook distinguishes between caste systems, class systems, and meritocracies. In which of these systems is mobility (having a different status and different earnings than your parents) least likely? A) caste system B) class system C) meritocracy

A) caste system

Defect, match, or opposite for A) prisoner dilemma B) chicken dilemma C) valentine's day dilemma

A) defect B) opposite C) match

Which is the best strategy for a self-interested person in the prisoner's social dilemma? A) defect every time B) always do what the same as the other C) always do the opposite as the other

A) defect every time

A student expects to do poorly on their upcoming Sociology 101 exam tells the professor that they will probably not do well on the test because they are sad about the Gamecocks losing an important game. This may be an example of what? A) disclaimer B) self-handicapping C) homophily D) seasonal affective disorder

A) disclaimer

The study by Asch, in which participants were seated in groups and asked to judge the length of lines was high on _________ realism. A) experimental B) mundane C) both A & B D) neither

A) experimental

According to lecture, the death rate of working class white men in the US has _________ in the past decade. A) increased B) decreased C) stayed the same

A) increased

According to lecture, which statement about politics and morality does modern research support? A) liberals care less about authority and purity than conservatives do B) there are no differences in the way conservatives and liberals weigh moral foundations C) conservatives do not consider authority as important to morality D) none of the above are supported

A) liberals care less about authority and purity than conservatives do

Which of the following view of religion listed below matches the sociological perspective of Weber's Protestant Work Ethic? A) religion motivates social change B) religion distracts people from their unhappiness with the economy C) religion helps people connect with their community

A) religion motivates social change

Imagine that you are a high school boy named Johnny. Consider the networks below. Ties between people indicate who can go to the junior/senior prom with whom. The more power a person has in the network, the more power he or she has in determining the color schemes for the prom dress and tuxedo, and which songs the couple will dance to. Your job is to pick the network you'd prefer to be in. That is, pick the network that increases your power. Good luck and have fun at the prom Johnny! A) sara - johnny - betty B) sara - johnny - betty - fred C) doesn't matter - johnny has the same power in the two networks

A) sara - johnny - betty

In Cohen and colleagues' study on the effects of the Southern Culture of Honor on institutions, which of the following employers was more likely to send applications to potential applicants convicted of manslaughter? A) southern employers B) northern employers

A) southern employers

Which theoretical perspective is used to explain "Society works like an organism, with each part working together in harmony." A) structural functionalism B) exchange theory C) symbolic interactionism D) conflict theory

A) structural functionalism

In class, we noted that both the "Detection" and "Projection" arguments could account for the tendency for cooperators to "find" each other, and for non-cooperators to end up going it alone. Which of these arguments assumes that people overestimate the number of others who are like them? A) the projection argument B) the detection argument C) neither

A) the projection argument

Consider the reading by Best ("Telling the Truth about Damned Lies and Statistics"). Which is the most accurate summary of the main point of his article? A) the solution to the problem of bad statistics is to become better judges of the numbers we encounter B) advocates of gun restrictions use misrepresentative statistics to suggest that the frequency of child deaths by gun is higher than is actually the case C) advocates of gun rights use misrepresentative statistics to suggest that the frequency of child deaths by gun is lower than advocates of gun restrictions suggest. D) the solution to bad statistics is to assume that all statistics are bad

A) the solution to the problem of bad statistics is to become better judges of the numbers we encounter

Imagine that internationally renowned hip-hop star Brent Simpson ("Master Microphone Mutilator") decides to step out of self-imposed retirement and team up with his purported girlfriend (Beyonce Knowles) to start recording songs. They will eventually release an album together. Further imagine that Master Microphone Mutilator writes some songs by himself, Beyonce writes some songs by herself, and they co-write some songs. According to our discussion of social loafing and social dilemmas, which of the following songs are most likely to be the worst on the album? A) those they write together B) those they write separately C) according to social loafing and social dilemma research, all of the songs will be bad

A) those they write together

According to your textbook, a monarchy is based on which type of authority? A) traditional B) charismatic C) legal-rational

A) traditional

A conflict theorist is more likely than a functionalist to view social change as very common. A) true B) false

A) true

According to Badger and Chokshi's NYTimes article "How We Became Bitter Political Enemies," Americans' political prejudice is stronger than racial prejudice. A) true B) false

A) true

According to Goffman's theory of impression management, having houseguests for an extended time is exhausting because it forces people to be their "front-stage self" when the home is where we would normally be "back-stage." A) true B) false

A) true

According to Western and Pettit's article "beyond crime and punishment: prisons and inequality," taking into account the prison population would show that inequality in the US is higher than it is typically assumed to be. A) true B) false

A) true

According to arguments and evidence discussed in class, as inequality increases in a given country, people tend to view the rich and poor as more different from one another (in terms of their merit, worth, competence, etc). A) true B) false

A) true

According to class discussion, Tit-for-Tat can even lead to cooperation among enemies (for example, opposing sides in a war). A) true B) false

A) true

According to class discussion, most people trace the rise of sociology to two events: the Industrial Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment. A) true B) false

A) true

According to class discussion, whites' views of the level of disorder in a community are influenced by the number of African Americans in the community. A) true B) false

A) true

According to class lecture, herding economies tend to be more approving of violence than agricultural economies. A) true B) false

A) true

According to class lecture, we tend to assume that those who have more are "worth more" (i.e., they are more competent, intelligence, hard-working, etc.) than those who have less. A) true B) false

A) true

According to lecture, people in collectivist networks are less likely to be trusting of strangers than people in individualistic networks. A) true B) false

A) true

According to our lecture on "social capital and trust," people who are trusting of others generally fare better than those who trust others less. A) true B) false

A) true

According to research discussed in class, those who are continually treated as white versus black are more likely to eventually see themselves as white (versus black). A) true B) false

A) true

According to the reading by Brody ("Social interaction is critical for mental and physical health"), smokers with close social ties lived longer than non-smokers with poor social ties. A) true B) false

A) true

According to your textbook, assimilation is the cultural arrangement in which members of minority groups give up their own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture. A) true B) false

A) true

All other things equal, societies with higher levels of inequality have more social problems than societies with lower levels of inequality. A) true B) false

A) true

As discussed in class, therapists were most likely to respond to requests for appointments from middle class white patients. A) true B) false

A) true

Consider a 1st grader who is better in class and more focused than her classmates because she is about 9 months older than them. Her teacher interprets this difference as her being smarter than her classmates. She gives her special attention, tells her parents, and other teachers how smart she is, etc. All of this leads the kid to get further attention from later teachers in the 2nd grade, 3rd grade, etc. She goes on to graduate college with honors. This is an example of the "Matthew effect" from the reading of the same name by Malcolm Gladwell. A) true B) false

A) true

Consider a person who can "pass" as black or white. According to evidence presented in class, that person is more likely to subsequently be identified as black if he is imprisoned, falls below the poverty line, or loses his job. A) true B) false

A) true

Even though members of strict religious groups tend to make less money than members of mainstream religions, they tend to donate more of their income to their church A) true B) false

A) true

Imagine that, at the end of the semester, Brent strongly encourages all students from the class to form a new student group and religious movement called "Professor Simpson is the Greatest Man Alive." Each student in the class actively goes along with all the professor's suggestions: every student makes weekly pilgrimages to Sloan to visit the site where they once saw the Grand Man lecture. Each student believes that all others are devout believers in the student group/religious movement. In private, however, each student dislikes the idea of the group/movement and all that it entails (monetary contributions and weekly pilgrimages to Sloan). This is a case of pluralistic ignorance. A) true B) false

A) true

In the study where nurses were videotaped while telling lies, the subjects who saw just the nurses' bodies were better at detecting liars than the subjects who saw only the nurses' faces. A) true B) false

A) true

Karl Marx was a materialist, which means he believed personal property/wealth was the main factor that determines a person's power and status. A) true B) false

A) true

People tend to have more weak ties than among strong ties. A) true B) false

A) true

Taking Sociology 101 will help you develop your sociological imagination. This means that you will understand how your and others' personal lives are impacted by broader social forces and broader social trends. A) true B) false

A) true

The exciting studies you've heard about in Sociology 101 have motivated you to conduct your own experiment. Following data collection, you brag to your friends that your design gets at the relationship you hoped to get at. "My results," you exclaim, "were not contaminated by extraneous variables." You are making claims about the internal validity of your study. A) true B) false

A) true

Ties between best friends are more likely than ties between acquaintances to be multiplex. A) true B) false

A) true

When Bernie Madoff targeted other fellow Jewish-Americans to be in his Ponzi Scheme he was exploiting category-based trust. A) true B) false

A) true

The culture mismatch hypothesis argues that one reason for the achievement gap between lower and middle class college students is: A) universities emphasize norms of independence while lower class people are often taught norms of interdependence B) universities emphasize norms of interdependence while lower class people are often taught norms of independence C) lower class students have lower IQs than middle class students D) middle class students are better at cheating than lower class students

A) universities emphasize norms of independence while lower class people are often taught norms of interdependence

Imagine a world where there are only two singers - Katy Perry and Bruno Mars. Further imagine that each citizen of that world has the brain capacity to like only one singer. Assume that 50% of citizens like Katy Perry and the other 50% like Bruno Mars. 100% of Bruno Mars fans think most others prefer Bruno Mars, while 100% of Katy Perry fans think most others prefer Katy Perry. With respect to musical preferences, is this world characterized by false consensus? A) yes B) no

A) yes

You and Brent are best friends. Brent and Jered do not know one another. Is this an example of a forbidden triad? A) yes B) no

A) yes

Collectivist Networks -->

Assurance (expectation of benign behavior for reasons other than goodwill of other)

Which of the following best summarizes Crandall and White's "Trump and the Social Psychology of Prejudice?" A) after Trump publicly denounced a group, Republicans were more accepting of discrimination against that group, but Democrats were not B) after Trump publicly denounced a group, both Republicans and Democrats were more accepting of discrimination against that group C) after Trump publicly denounced a group, Democrats were more accepting of discrimination, but Republicans were not D) none of the above

B) after Trump publicly denounced a group, both Republicans and Democrats were more accepting of discrimination against that group

According to your textbook, which best explains the meaning of "one person, one vote?" A) one person should not be allowed to vote twice B) all people's votes should count equally C) a voter deserves one chance to vote D) a voter should vote only once a year

B) all people's votes should count equally

Which is the best strategy for a self-interested person in the valentine's day social dilemma? A) defect every time B) always do what the same as the other C) always do the opposite as the other

B) always do what the same as the other

Which self-presentation technique has the goal of exemplification? A) attempt to emphasize your strengths B) attempt to appear moral C) attempt to appear likable/relatable

B) attempt to appear moral

Standing close to a stranger in an elevator and taking things from other customers' shopping carts are examples of what? A) breaking formal norms B) breaking informal norms C) reinforcing material culture D) none of the above

B) breaking informal norms

Imagine the following study: Participants in Condition A were asked if they would volunteer to chaperone juvenile detention center inmates on a day trip to the zoo. Participants in Condition B were first asked to serve as unpaid counselors at a juvenile detention center for two hours per week for the next two years. Thereafter, they were offered a concession. "If you can't do that," the researchers asked, "would you chaperone a group of juvenile detention center inmates on a day trip to the zoo?" According to the reciprocity influence tactic, which condition would you expect would result in the highest level of compliance with the request to chaperone juvenile detention center inmates on a day trip to the zoo? A) condition A B) condition B C) they would result in the same level of compliance

B) condition B

Group position theory states that prejudice and discrimination result from A) attempts by members of all groups to improve their position in society B) desire of dominant group members to maintain their position in society C) desire of subordinate group members to improve their position in society D) none of the above

B) desire of dominant group members to maintain their position in society

Consider the argument discussed in class about why there are so many African Americans in professional sports. Imagine that we begin to see a steady increase in the proportion of professional athletes who are African Americans (relative to their numbers in the population). This would most indicate that: A) discrimination against African Americans is decreasing B) discrimination against African Americans is increasing C) none of the above

B) discrimination against African Americans is increasing

According to Granovetter, if you wanted to most efficiently gain information about a new job opportunity you should contact your _______. A) close friends and family B) distant friends and acquaintances C) local senator and congressperson D) none of the above

B) distant friends and acquaintances

Which theoretical perspective is used to explain "Beyonce has the most power in a relationship when her potential dates have no other options." A) structural functionalism B) exchange theory C) symbolic interactionism D) conflict theory

B) exchange theory

According to Lovaglia (author of "From Summer Camps to Glass Ceilings: The Power of Experiments"), the purpose of experiments is to describe populations. A) true B) false

B) false

According to Sherman's "What the Rich Won't Tell You," the rich generally flaunt their wealth in order to gain higher social status. A) true B) false

B) false

According to Weber's three dimensional conception of class/inequality, once a society eliminates wealth-based inequalities, other forms of inequality also disappear. A) true B) false

B) false

According to Youli et al.'s "How to get people to pitch in," informing Californians of how much water they use compared to their neighbors leads them to use more water due to competitive motivations. A) true B) false

B) false

According to Youli et al.'s "How to get people to pitch in," paying people for cooperation is always the most effective way at increasing cooperation levels. A) true B) false

B) false

According to class discussion, illegitimate power is usually more effective than legitimate power. A) true B) false

B) false

According to class lecture, increases in life expectancy over the past century have been about equal for people in higher and lower social classes. A) true B) false

B) false

According to class lecture, people in states with lower levels of inequality tend to do internet searches for more status-related goods than people in states with high inequality. A) true B) false

B) false

According to class lecture, self-disclosure tends to follow a norm of authority (i.e., the lower status person tends to disclose more than the higher status person). A) true B) false

B) false

According to class lecture, the "even a penny will help" type campaigns lead people to give more often. The problem is that because people only give a penny, these campaigns do not raise much money. A) true B) false

B) false

According to evolutionary approaches to human behavior, common "guilty pleasures" often entail eating high-calorie foods because humans' brains are evolved for 21st century life (i.e., our current environment). A) true B) false

B) false

According to lecture, class evolutionary and biological theories of crime, such as Lombroso's theory, are supported by empirical evidence. For instance, recent findings support Lombroso's claims that criminals tend to have somewhat lower foreheads, somewhat more prominent jaws, and their bodies tend to be more "ectomorphic" than non-criminals. A) true B) false

B) false

According to lecture, membership in strict churches (compared to membership in "mainstream" churches) has been decreasing because strict churches forbid so many activities that people enjoy doing and people are unwilling to give up those forbidden activities. A) true B) false

B) false

According to our lecture on inequality/stratification, Americans tend to think that there is less mobility in the US than is actually the case. A) true B) false

B) false

According to research discussed in class, use of violence by groups tends to increase public support for the group. A) true B) false

B) false

According to the principle of least interest, the person with the least power in the relationship is likely the one who has the least interest in it. A) true B) false

B) false

According to your textbook, crime rates have been increasing for the past few decades. A) true B) false

B) false

An American who believes in the "American dream" and that "hard work pays off" believes that the US is a caste system. A) true B) false

B) false

Discussed in your textbook, Collins' intersection theory argues the importance of examining the effects of traits such as race, class, and gender separate from one another in order to clearly see their impact. A) true B) false

B) false

In Milgram's original study of the small world problem ("6 degrees of separation"), he found that it took an average of five intermediaries to get a letter from a white Midwesterner to a white Northeasterner. Milgram then decided to see how many intermediaries it would take to get a letter from a white Midwesterner to a black Northeasterner. Compared to the number of steps it took to get from a white Midwesterner to a white Northeasterner, it took almost twice as many steps to get the letter from a white Midwesterer to a black Northeasterner. A) true B) false

B) false

In a study discussed in class, cheerleaders cheered louder and tried harder when they believed they were being judged as part of a group than when they believed they were judged individually. A) true B) false

B) false

In a study that uses a random sample, members of minority groups are more likely to be selected than members of majority groups. A) true B) false

B) false

In our discussion of politics, we noted that Americans tend to engage in selective disclosure. Selective disclosure means you are more likely to disclose your disagreement with others when it comes to politics than religion. A) true B) false

B) false

In the "Matthew Effect" reading, Gladwell found that kids from richer families are more likely to go on to play certain professional sports. A) true B) false

B) false

In the Pager study discussed in class (where researchers sent applications from white and black job seekers who had or had not been convicted of a felony) employers were equally likely to give "callbacks" to black and white applicants, as long as they had similar records or resumes. A) true B) false

B) false

In the contemporary US, the reason low status males tend to have more offspring than high status males is because they have more sex with more partners than high status males on average. A) true B) false

B) false

On average, your friends have fewer friends than you do. A) true B) false

B) false

Research discussed in class showed that whites who believed that whites were becoming a racial minority were more open to multiculturalism and immigration compared to whites who believed that whites would remain a racial majority. A) true B) false

B) false

Research discussed in class suggests that we tend to replace nearly all of our friendships every seven years (on average). A) true B) false

B) false

Social dilemmas are situations where the individual's best interests can always be fulfilled by doing what is best for the group as whole. A) true B) false

B) false

When a salesperson shouts "That's not all!" right before asking you to buy a product on TV, they are using a "Commitment and Consistency" influence tactic. A) true B) false

B) false

Xenocentrism describes a feeling of strong dislike towards products and ideas from foreign cultures (i.e., our current environment). A) true B) false

B) false

Looking at the table below of drinking norms on college campuses, which group will feel more deviant about their drinking behaviors? How many drinks do you have on average: males - 3, females - 2 How many drinks do you think the average student has: males - 5, females - 6 A) males B) females C) both D) neither

B) females

The __________ theory of stratification (also known as the Davis-Moore theory) states that inequality helps societies ensure that the more talented people in a society occupy the more important positions in the society. A) conflict B) functionalist C) symbolic interactionist D) american

B) functionalist

When surveys ask people how much they trust strangers they are attempting to measure __________. A) specific trust B) generalized trust C) gullibility D) none of the above

B) generalized trust

In the experiment we discussed in class on severe (vs. weak) initiation and liking for groups, what was the dependent-variable? A) severity of initiation B) liking for the group C) age of experimenter D) age of female research participants E) gender of research participants

B) liking for the group

Norms are prescribing incest are ________. A) folkways B) mores

B) mores

Consider the reading by Rouner ("No, it's not your opinion, you're just wrong"). Based on the arguments made by Rouner, is the following statement an opinion? "Vaccines cause Autism." A) yes B) no

B) no

A potential barrier to the sociological imagination is Hindsight Bias. What is Hindsight Bias? A) having your background distract from facts B) once you hear a fact, it seems obvious C) seeing the general in the particular D) none of the above

B) once you hear a fact, it seems obvious

Laud Humphreys' "Tearoom Trade" study (that investigated anonymous sex between men) was what type of study? A) experiment B) participant observation C) audit study D) historical comparative research

B) participant observation

Which method of data collection would a qualitative sociologist be most likely to use? A) laboratory experiments B) participant observation C) both are equally likely D) none (Qualitative sociologists don't collect data)

B) participant observation

Which of the following is not one of Weber's 3 Ps of inequality? A) power B) people C) prestige D) property

B) people

A sociologist hypothesizes that a person will be more likely to obey orders from a person wearing blue pants than a person wearing red pants. Using a coin toss, the experimenter randomly assigns each participant to one of two conditions: "Blue pants" or "Red pants." Participants in the "Blue pants" condition are escorted to a room by a male experimenter in his fifties (wearing blue pants) who asks participants to administer shocks to a "learner" in an adjacent room when the learner responds incorrectly. Participants in the "Red pants" condition are escorted to a room by a male experimenter (wearing red pants) in his twenties who ask participants to administer shocks to a "learner" in an adjacent room when the learner responds incorrectly. The experimenters follow a predetermined script. Those in the blue pants condition were more likely to obey orders. Based on the information given, this study is most problematic with respect to _______________. A) random assignment to condition B) procedural control C) all of the above D) none of the above

B) procedural control

According to the Komorita and Parks ("Social Dilemmas"), a ____________ is a commodity or service that can be supplied to all members of a group (community, society). Furthermore, once provided, no member can be excluded from its consumption or use. A) private good B) public good C) endowed good D) social provision E) none of the above

B) public good

The main point of the reading by Jon Ronson ("How one stupid tweet blew up Justine Sacco's Life") is that A) tweeting can result in loss of one's job and earnings when your employer finds out that you are tweeting about work-related issues on your personal twitter feed B) public responses to stupid tweets can take punishment too far C) people often "blow up" in popularity -- and become well-liked -- by doing and saying stupid things on social media D) none of the above

B) public responses to stupid tweets can take punishment too far

Which of the following view of religion listed below matches the sociological perspective of Marx's Conflict Theory? A) religion motivates social change B) religion distracts people from their unhappiness with the economy C) religion helps people connect with their community

B) religion distracts people from their unhappiness with the economy

Consider two families. They both have household incomes of $80,000 per year and have the same number of kids. The Joneses live in a neighborhood and interact with people whose average household incomes are $100,000/year. The Smiths live in a neighborhood and interact with people whose average household incomes are $60,000/year. According to class lecture, who will likely end up saving more of their income, all else equal? A) the Joneses B) the Smiths

B) the Smiths

Which of the following sentences is the best summary of the reading "The Problems of Social Order" by Hechter and Horner? A) the first person to reach for the check is socially obligated to pay the bill B) the tension or conflict between individuals' self-interest and the need for social cooperation is a core issue for social science C) the order in which you are born among our siblings has a great effect on your personality and social status D) when people study a problem, they are to greatly influenced by the first conclusion they think of

B) the tension or conflict between individuals' self-interest and the need for social cooperation is a core issue for social science

Is the triad on the right balanced or unbalanced? A + C - B + A A) balanced B) unbalanced C) neither D) both

B) unbalanced

What kind of social dilemma is the one shown in the table below? You cooperate, other cooperate: you - 6, other - 6 You cooperate, other defects: you - 3, other - 5 You defect, other cooperates: you - 5, other - 3 You defect, other defects: you - 4, other - 4 A) prisoner's dilemma B) valentine's day dilemma C) chicken dilemma D) all of the above E) A and C

B) valentine's day dilemma

Imagine that Richland County is about 50% African Americans and 50% white. Further imagine that Lexington County is about 10% blacks and 90% white. Assuming most people formed their friendships within their own county, who would show the highest level of baseline homophily with respect to race/ethnicity? A) whites in Richland County B) whites in Lexington County

B) whites in Lexington County

What are the 2 classes that society is composed of?

Bourgeois: own means of population; Proletariat: own only their bodies, Sole to bourgeois

According to Hechter and Horne ("The Problem of Social Order") two things characterize societies with a high level of social order. Which of the following is not one of them? A) people must have stable expectations about what others will do B) people must cooperate to attain common goals C) all of the above characterize societies with a high level of social order

C) all of the above characterize societies with a high level of social order

Which is the best strategy for a self-interested person in the chicken social dilemma? A) defect every time B) always do what the same as the other C) always do the opposite as the other

C) always do the opposite as the other

Which self-presentation technique has the goal of modesty? A) attempt to emphasize your strengths B) attempt to appear moral C) attempt to appear likable/relatable

C) attempt to appear likable/relatable

According to your textbook, a leader who attracts followers due to personal qualities and a dynamic personality has what type of authority? A) traditional B) legal-rational C) charismatic D) all of the above

C) charismatic

Which of the following is a macro-level theory? A) exchange theory B) symbolic interactionism C) conflict theory D) cognitive dissonance theory

C) conflict theory

Consider the reading by Esping-Anderson ("Equal Opportunities and the Welfare State"). She asks why, over the last thirty years or so, people born in the lower income categories of Scandinavian countries have made remarkable gains in completing high school, while those born in the lower income categories of the US have not made similar gains. Her research finds that which of the following factors plays the most important role? A) low levels of income inequality in Scandinavia versus the United States B) lower levels of crime among the lower social classes in Scandinavia C) expansion of early childcare programs in Scandinavia D) higher IQ among lower social classes in Scandinavia

C) expansion of early childcare programs in Scandinavia

Which most accurately describes how sociologists define power? A) ability to lie without getting caught B) using your charisma to get people to willingly follow your lead C) getting people to do what you want, even when they don't want to D) none of the above

C) getting people to do what you want, even when they don't want to

In the EEA (environment of evolutionary adaptedness), the fitness variance of females was __________ than the fitness variance of males. A) greater than B) equal to C) less than

C) less than

According to research we discussed on stereotype threat, African Americans tend to score lower than European Americans on exams that they are told __________. A) measure cultural capital B) are culturally biased C) measure intelligence D) are biased towards whites

C) measure intelligence

Which of the following view of religion listed below matches the sociological perspective of Durkheim's Functionalism? A) religion motivates social change B) religion distracts people from their unhappiness with the economy C) religion helps people connect with their community

C) religion helps people connect with their community

If you walk into class after the exam and the students are all sitting on the floor instead of their seats, you will likely feel a pressure to do the same. This is due to what type of social influence? A) scarcity B) liking C) social validation D) none of the above

C) social validation

Which of the following is a widely held, oversimplified view of a group? A) prejudice B) discrimination C) stereotype D) segregation

C) stereotype

Which theoretical perspective is used to explain "New marijuana users had to learn to 'feel high.'" A) structural functionalism B) exchange theory C) symbolic interactionism D) conflict theory

C) symbolic interactionism

According to your textbook, the idea that people cannot experience something that they do not have a word for is predicted by A) enthocentrism B) the linguistic context hypothesis C) the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis D) the "words before worlds" hypothesis

C) the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Which of the following illustrates the "paradox of authority?" A) when you act authoritative, people like you more B) when you act submissive, people give you more power C) the use of power results in the loss of power D) none of the above

C) the use of power results in the loss of power

According to Jered's religion lecture, what is the main way religions spread? A) door-to-door B) celebrity endorsements C) through family and friends D) none of the above

C) through family and friends

According to class lecture, which is the best method for determining whether race-based discrimination has happened? A) personal accounts from those discriminated against B) statistical studies of differences in earnings between race-categories C) treatment of people in experiments who differ only with respect to race-category D) personal accounts of majority group members

C) treatment of people in experiments who differ only with respect to race-category

________ networks: dense, strong ties, multiplex; ________ networks: sparse, weak ties, simplex

Collectivist; Individualist

Which of the following is consistent with the findings from our discussion of cultures of honor and domestic violence? A) in honor cultures (compared to non-honor cultures), a male's reputation can be partially restored through the use of violence directed against women B) in honor cultures (compared to non-honor cultures), female infidelity causes more damage to a male's reputation C) in honor cultures (compared to non-honor cultures), women are more often expected to remain loyal in the face of violence directed against them by their spouses D) all are consistent E) none are consistent

D) all are consistent

According to our lecture, why are most people so bad at detecting when others are lying? A) we rely on non-verbal cues, like eye contact, which are easy for deceivers to fake B) we cannot detect some good indicators of lying, like voice pitch C) we can mistake a person's anxiety or nervousness for lying D) all of the above

D) all of the above

To be able to say that an independent variable (IV) causes a dependent variable (DV), which of the following do you need? A) the IV and DV need to be correlated (correlation) B) the IV must come before the DV (temporal order) C) other explanations are not the cause (non-spuriousness) D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Tit-for-Tat? A) it is retaliatory. (if the other defects, it defects in the next encounter) B) it is nice (it is never the first to defect) C) it doesn't hold a grudge (after it gets even, it goes back to cooperating) D) all of the above are characteristics of Tit-for-Tat

D) all of the above are characteristics of Tit-for-Tat

Members of the same ethnic groups tend to have which of the following in common? A) beliefs B) language C) religion D) any of the above

D) any of the above

Consider the Wolfers et al. article: "1.5 Million Missing Black Men." According to the authors, these black men are "missing" because they are much more likely to _________ than any other group. A) be in prison B) die early C) move away from their hometowns D) both A & B E) all of the above

D) both A & B

The Paxton reading for Topic 7 ("Trust in Decline") showed that over the last forty years A) americans' trust in people has decreased B) americans' trust in people has increased C) americans' trust in financial institutions has decreased D) both A & C

D) both A & C

Which theoretical perspective is used to explain "Social change is caused by groups fighting over limited resources." A) structural functionalism B) exchange theory C) symbolic interactionism D) conflict theory

D) conflict theory

Which best summarizes the findings from the Pager study discussed in class, where fake resumes were sent to employers? A) black and white applications received similar callbacks B) black applicants received more callbacks for low-income jobs C) criminal record had no effect on the callbacks for white applicants D) none of the above

D) none of the above

The purpose of the "pantyhose study" discussed in class, was to show what problem of survey research? A) people often don't complete surveys B) people complete surveys, but you have to remind them to do it C) people are reluctant to admit the reasons they like certain things D) people often do not know why they make the choices they do E) none of the above

D) people often do not know why they make the choices they do

According to Jered's religion lecture, what is the difference between a cult and a New Religious Movement (NRM)? A) cults practice social manipulation (brainwashing) B) new religious movements start with low-income members C) cults focus on charismatic leaders, while NRMs often have authoritarian leaders D) there are no differences between cults and NRMs

D) there are no differences between cults and NRMs

Christakis and Fowler (in Chapter 1 of "Connected") describes "rules of networks." Which of the following is not one of those rules? A) our friends' friends' friends affect us B) our friends affect us C) we shape our network D) our network shapes us E) they describe all of the above as rules of networks

E) they describe all of the above as rules of networks

Imagine that you like Donald Trump and you dislike Obama. Imagine also, that Donald Trump doesn't like Obama. Which of the following actions would balance this social network? A) if you convinced Obama and Trump to become friends B) if you started disliking Trump C) if you started liking Obama D) all of the above E) this network is already balanced

E) this network is already balanced

Individualist Networks -->

Generalized Trust (default expectation of goodwill or benign intent)

"Rational" basis of discrimination?

If employer believes blacks (on average) have fewer skills than whites or different distributions

Marx vs Weber's view?

Marx view: critical (unnecessary) but optimistic (not inevitable); Weber view: critical (unnecessary) and pessimistic (almost inevitable); Marx is the strongest

Increasing Social Isolation?

Putnam: decline in trust reflects increased tendencies to "bowl alone;" We're less likely to join voluntary associations than in the past; sees voluntary associations as way of building strong ties, dense social networks, and trust; voluntary associations to weak ties to trust

Power?

ability of person or actor to carry out will despite resistance; more effective when it is legitimate

What is power?

ability to get someone to do what you want them to do via rewards and punishments

Social capital?

ability to use social networks for benefits

Fortunately...

accuracy increases with training and length and intensity of relationships; accuracy improves more with close than nonclose friends over time

Balance in Social Ties?

actions that reduce cognitive dissonance lead to "balances" social networks

Front stage?

actors on show, try to give convincing performances; carry out performances attempt to maintain appropriate impressions

Pros of surveys?

address issues that are difficult to address via experiments; can be inexpensive; based on statistical sampling techniques; representation of general population

Excitation transfer?

arousal caused by 1 thing transferred or added to arousal elicited by 2nd thing; rampant emotions and misattributions about them can lead to feelings of sexual attraction and potentially (help) sew seeds of love

Origin of False Consensus: Selective Exposure

associate with similar others; generalize from our associates to general population; voting, racism, sexism; others may publicly agree but privately disagree

What's testosterone?

associated with aggression and dominance

What's Cortisol?

associated with stress, anxiety, arousal

Projection?

assume others are like us

Exemplification?

attempt to convey an impression of virtue

Self-promotion?

attempt to convey positive information about ourselves by emphasizing favorable accomplishments and characteristics

Ingratiation?

attempt to gain another's favor through deliberate effort; opinion conformity and playing dumb

Racial homophily works against ________

baseline homophily

What's That's not all technique?

before target can say no, sweeten the deal

Door in face technique?

begin with a large request, concede; first asked to be long term blood donor; then asked to make a one time donation (50% vs. 32% compliance)

What are norms?

behavioral rules that define what is expected, accepted, and prohibited ("normal"); powerful effects on behavior; often don't like people who don't follow norms; breaking social norms illuminates their power

How/why do Americans tolerate the level of inequality that exists?

belief in meritocracy/legitimacy; optimistic about opportunities for social mobility; underestimate level of inequality; believe they are higher in rankings than is the case; feel powerless to change things

What's category based trust?

belief that most people "like me" can be trusted ... use social categories, such as race, religion, and class status, to categorize people as members of either in-groups or outgroups, and extend trust to "ingroups"

Hedonic treadmill and satiation?

bigger grills, houses, cars, etc become standard; work more hours to get things that won't make us happier

Labeling?

bring targets attention to existing commitments

Purpose of procedural assignment?

by holding constant variables other than IV, can be certain the differences result from IV rather than "extraneous" variables

What're nodes?

can represent individuals, groups, nations, etc

Social class?

category whose members share similar position in stratification structure

3 issues of research ethics?

confidentiality, voluntary participation, harm and deception

Purpose of random assignment?

controls for existing differences among people by making groups "statistically identical"

Tit for tat?

cooperate, then mimic partner's prior move

What's self-handicapping?

creating "obvious" handicaps to performance

Modesty/Self-Deprecation?

de-emphasizing one's positive traits

Divorce rate has...

declined

What's generalized trust?

default expectation of goodwill/benign intent; i.e. in strangers

What's happiness?

degree to which an individual evaluates overall quality of his/her life positively; sum of pleasure and pains; subjective appreciation of life vs objective circumstances of individual

How do we know when someone has been discriminated against?

difference between treatment of person and how she would have been treated had she been a member of different category (but otherwise same)

Fitness Variance?

difference in the number of kids you have; females of most species have much lower fitness variance

Discrimination?

differential treatment of person because of characteristics that are functionally irrelevant to outcome; typical hypothesis: prejudice or stereotypes discrimination

Properties of relations?

directionality: Symmetrical/Asymmetrical (friendships, power relations, celebrity); intensity (strength): absent to weak to very strong; sign (positive or negative); breadth: simples/Multiples (teacher and student: simples, parent and child: multiples)

Root of Pluralistic Ignorance?

discrepancy between public actions and private sentiments; each privately rejects social norm; each publicly acts in accordance/voices support

Prejudice?

dislike based on faulty or inflexible generalization; 2 elements (negative emotion toward group/category, faulty/unfounded belief about members of group/category (stereotype))

Collective Networks leads to...

distrust

Foot in the door technique?

e.g. Getting people to wear lapel pin supporting charitable-cause increased donations (vs. control)

Supplication?

emphasizing weakness or dependence

What's the strongest basis of inbreeding homophily (maybe politics now)?

ethnicity

_______ wired us to be happy but not too happy or satisfied

evolution

Specific, or particularized, trust?

expectations based on prior interactions

Experimental Realism?

extent to when P thinks events in experiment are meaningful; takes them seriously (impact); Ex: Ash Study

Potential love object?

feels really good, partly due to ups and downs of market

In honor cultures...

female infidelity will cause greater damage to male's reputation; reputation can be partially restored through use of violence; women often expected to remain loyal in face of violence

What are the macro-level sociological perspectives?

functionalism; conflict theory

Causes of homophily?

geography, family, organizations, choice, influence

What is social behavior?

governed by rewards and punishments between people

Where countries mess things up?

government right to focus on wealth creation but not at expense of policies aimed at reducing extreme inequalities, providing safely nets (which, other things, reduce stress and conflict) etc; personal choice/decision (think spending more on material things will bring more happiness, think spending more on self bring more happiness, money (having/thinking) interferes with some sources of pleasure)

Thomas Hobbs believes that...

government should prevent people to pursue self-interests in respect to others; points to social dilemmas and conflicts between individual and collective interests

Social rank hypothesis (Veblen effects hypothesis)?

greater inequality, greater concern with keeping up with Joneses'

International comparisons?

happiest countries tend to be capitalist, high wealth, low poverty, strong social-democratic support systems (low cost/free education, low cost/free healthcare, welfare and safety nets), low crime

Authority?

higher status suggests superior knowledge, information; more likely to follow jaywalker wearing a suit and tie; more willing to follow requests from someone who is a legitimate authority

Synthetic happiness?

how we come to feel when we don't get what we want; change view of our situation to feel better about it; as powerful and lasting as "real" happiness; freedom to choose decrease this

Real/natural happiness?

how we feel when we get what we want

External Validity?

how well conclusions generalize to other people, places, and times

Racial homophily results from?

inbreeding

Cultural mismatch hypothesis?

individual performance against contingent on whether people experience (mis)match between own cultural norms and norms that are institutionalized in given setting

Bait and Switch technique?

induce commitment, remove original option and replace it

Materialist?

inequalities in status, prestige, political power (and all aspects of culture); stern from inequality in wealth (means of production)

What's a disclaimer?

intended to lessen negative implications of impending actions

Both Smith and Hobbs points to...

interdependence of outcomes

What are the key dependent and independent variables to power in networks?

key dependent variable: person's power; key independent variable: person's location in overall network

_________ care more about harm and fairness and less of authority, ingroup, and purity. ________ care more about authority, ingroup, and purity and less of harm and fairness

liberals; conservatives

Cons of field research/qualitative methods?

little control: makes testing causal arguments difficult

Social validation?

look to others as way of knowing if we're right; more willing to comply with request if (similar) others are doing it

Why are we Bad at Detecting Lies?

many indicators of lying not easily perceived; same "real" indicators related to other factors; many are skilled at deception and consciously plug nonverbal leakage; we often look at/for wrong cues

Detection?

moral sentiments compel nice to do right; sentiments evident in "telltale signs"

Liking?

more apt to comply with requests of folks we like

Compared to individual networks, collectivist networks...

more densely connected; ties are stronger; ties are more complex

Members of distinct churches are strong. They contribute ________

more despite making less

Causes of earlier rise in divorce rates?

more socially acceptable; easier to get; rise in female labor force participation; romantic love can fade

Reciprocity?

more willing to comply with request from someone who previously offered help, concession, etc

Types of Realism?

mundane; experimental

Why is tit for tat so effective?

never first to defect: avoids unnecessary conflict; gets back at other immediately; doesn't hold a grudge; easy for others to discern strategy

Ethnicity?

nonbiological traits - e.g. shared culture, history, language patterns of behavior and beliefs - that provide members of a group with a sense of common identity

Northerner or Southerner: Quick to show mild irritation

northerner

What's density?

number of actual ties/number of possibilities

Property?

objective economic conditions (wealth and income)

Inbreeding homophily?

occurs over/above baseline homophily or opportunity set

Hypodescent (vs hyperdescent)?

offspring from mixed unions (race, ethnic, or SES categories) assigned to lower status one

One drop rule?

offspring of slave and slaveowners

What's social network?

patterning of relations/ties among actors or groups of actors

Cons of surveys?

people may not know why they hold certain attitudes/do certain things; dishonest accounts of "true" identities; attitudes may not predict behavior

Commitment and Consistency?

people want to be and/or appear consistent; after committing to position, person more willingly to comply with requests consistent with that position

False uniqueness?

perceived negative correlation between self and other's attitudes, traits, behaviors, etc

What is the principle of least interest?

person with least interest in relationship has most power

What're props?

physical artifacts to convey particular impressions

Reminders of money lay lead to...

preferences for independence

Group position theory?

prejudice and discrimination result from desire of dominant group members to maintain rank in hierarchy; group position is considered zero-sum; predicts greater perceived threats in areas where minority groups are large or growing

Front regions?

primary place for strategic self-presentations

What's social influence?

process through which a person's behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes are altered via others; conformity (with norms); compliance (with requests)

What's Worse...

professional detectors often no better than laypeople (normal, regular people)

Which projection states that nice people can read telltale signs?

projection

What're the 3 P's for stratification?

property, power, prestige

Adam Smith believes that...

pursuit of self-interest can work to the advantage of the whole; government should create conditions where people should pursue self-interests

Micro-level?

race influences what others expect from us, how they treat us, and what we expect from ourselves; stereotypes can become self-fulfilling

Macro-level?

racial groups stratified education, income, wealth, occupation; can be subject to violence/differential treatment under law (e.g. Jim Crow, Apartheid)

Low ball?

raise cost after inducing commitment

What makes an experiment an experiment?

random assignment: 2 or more conditions; procedural control: only difference between conditions is the factor the researcher is interested in studying

Age of Enlightenment emphasized what?

reason

The blalock number reflects what 2 things?

relative absence of other avenues to wealth and status; minorities can overcome discrimination in areas where performance most easily/accurately assessed

Relative vs Absolute standing?

relative may matter as much/more than absolute wealth; compare situation to past; how we expect things to be; we work longer hours to buy more stuff in order to keep up with others

Concept of utility?

relative satisfaction

Solutions to social dilemma?

repeated interaction and tit for tat

Situations to social dilemmas?

repeated interaction and tit for tat; reputations; norms and sanctions; motivational solutions

Internal Validity?

researcher is getting at relationship she thinks she's getting at; relationship between IV/DV not affected by extraneous variables

Baseline homophily?

results from demographic make-up of the potential tie pool

What's self-disclosure?

revealing "true" nature, "true" intentions, and "true" feelings

Pros of field research/qualitative methods?

rich source of data; allows researcher insider's view

What is sociology?

scientific study of patterns and processes of human social patterns

What is sociological imagination?

seeing the general in the particular; understand how our lives shaped by social forces (for example, employment rates, divorce rates, suicide bombers, birthdates)

What arises out of interaction symbolic interactionist perspective?

self meanings; cooley's looking glass self; come to see ourselves as (we think) others see us

Mundane Realism?

similarity between events in experiment to events that might occur in the real world

What is social dilemma?

situation that poses a conflict between what's good for an individual vs. what's good for a whole

What is norm of reciprocity?

social expectation that benefits should be reciprocated; can be used to exercise power over others

Conflict perspective is...

society characterized by conflicts between opposing groups over money, power, status; results in division of societies into dominant/subordinate groups; basic factors in social life determined by dominant group; struggles between groups primary determinants of social change; since such struggles are so common, so too is social change

Northerner or Southerner: Using mild forms of anger to signal that one is bothered is relatively foreign to them

southerner

Prestige?

status or social honor

What's Impression Management?

strategies we use to give particular impression

Davis moore theory?

stratification exists because it has beneficial consequences for society; some positions more "financially" important; some personnel/talent scarcer; important positions often require more training, longer hours, etc

________ ties are more like us (homophily)

strong

_________ ties link you to primary groups while _________ ties link you to rest of the world

strong; weak

Looking for Lies in all the Wrong Places...

structure of people's faces; normally believe lies are accompanied by less smiling and less eye contact; body movements are better predictors; nonverbal speech patterns better predictors than facial expressions but not as good as body movements

What are the micro-level sociological perspectives?

symbolic interactionism; exchange theory (social exchange)

Which sociological perspective states that to understand action, must look at meanings things have for person enacting them?

symbolic interactionist

How would a functionalist define society?

system or "organism;" made up of different interdependent parts where each part contributes to whole/system

Back Stage?

take off masks, frantic, complain about the audience, etc; inaccessible to the "audience": we knowingly violate impressions we attempt to make in front region

What are consent forms?

tells participants about the task, any possibilities of harm, they are allowed to withdraw at any time

Lake Wobegan Effect?

tendency for most people to describe themselves or their abilities as above average

What's the false consensus effect?

tendency to overestimate number of others who share one's values or normative standards; projection; "other" choice says more about a person

Perspectives provide springboard for constructing...

theories; influence what we look for, see, ignore, etc; incomplex

What's the balance theory?

theory of attitude stability and change; seek consistency in our attitudes or beliefs; if beliefs inconsistent, creates imbalance and tension; increases likelihood of attitude change

What are the 2 aspects of science and define them?

theory: arguments, hypothesis, etc; empirical research: data to test arguments

What is hindsight bias?

things seem obvious once you "know" them; we're quick to find "explanations"

What are some barriers to sociological imagination?

things seem obvious once you know they're; hindsight bias

Belief in meritocracy?

those who deserve (are worth) more, get more

Friendship paradox?

those with many friends show up in many friendship relations

Stereotype threat?

threat of being viewed through lens of negative stereotype, or fear of inadvertently confirming stereotype

Homophily principle?

ties between similar people occur at higher rate than ties between dissimilar people (c.f., heterophily); vast majority of tie types show homophily

What're relations?

ties or connections between nodes

Intimidation

to elicit fear

Intentional design?

to solve coordination and cooperation problems; ex: driving on the right side of the road

Unintended consequences?

to solve individual problems; ex: restrictions on pork, trichinosis

True/False: According to functionalism, societies tend toward equilibrium. Change in one institution leads to changes in others.

true

True/False: Durkheim can't explain society merely with reference to individuals.

true

True/False: Functionalists reacted against micro-level thinking/

true

True/False: Herding cultures more approving of certain forms of violence

true

True/False: Obviousness of talents breaks down barriers to certain jobs.

true

True/False: White male homicide rates are higher in South than North, but only those that are argument or conflict related

true

True/False: White southern women more likely to kill than northern counter parts

true

Scarcity?

try to grab possibilities that appear in danger of going away; goods seen as better in markets where they are unavailable

Stratification?

unequal distribution of rewards among members of society

Southerners should be more likely to...

view insult as damaging to status/reputation; be upset (physiologically, emotionally) by insult; be prepared (cognitively, physiologically, behaviorally) for aggressive and dominant behavior after insult

Origin of false consensus: Motivational?

want to see ourselves as right, good, etc; generally occurs with respect to widely valued and rare traits (IQ, physical beauty, honesty, kindness, etc)

How do we know what's Normative?

we learn social norm (and other's attitudes) by observing other's actions; adjust our behavior/attitudes to reflect social norm; relationship between Private Attitudes (e.g., whether you like something) and public norms/values (whether you're "supposed" to like it)

Traditional economic view equates happiness with...

wealth

What's pluralistic ignorance?

when almost every member of a group privately rejects a norm but believes that virtually every other member privately accepts it; each knows discrepancy between own attitudes and behavior caused by conformity to norm; does not make connection for others - assumes their behavior a sign of support

Social identity?

when individual thinks in terms of similarities to other members of an ingroup and differences from members of an outgroup; race category is strong basis for categorizing self and others

According to Blalock, how would we know when discrimination against blacks is declining?

when the number of black professional athletes decreases because that means they're going to other jobs

Who has the most homophilous networks?

whites

Stereotype?

widely held, oversimplified image of a group; can be implicitly held (implied or understood though not directly expressed) or explicitly held (fully and clearly expressed)

Covenant marriages?

will save high divorce problem and make more people think more seriously about marriage; HOWEVER, will trap women and children in bad/abusive marriages and courts will be clogged with people trying to get out of covenant bond

From a penny would help?

works by getting more people to give, and they give at "normal" amounts