SOCIOLOGY FINAL EXAM

parents who have a high level of education

"Cultural capital" refers to privileges accompanying a social location that help someone in life, such as __________.

Marx's notion that religion diverts the thoughts of workers to the afterlife rather than toward rebellion against their worldly oppressors is expressed by his statement ________.

"Religion is ... the opium of the people."

Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis?

"Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men"

The later older years

1. are marked by growing frailty and illness 2. is ended by death

A significant sociological point about the life course is that it

1. as you pass through a stage it affects your behavior and orientations 2. it differs by social location

concerning the effects of daycare researchers have found that

1. children are smart but mean 2. there are differing personalities for children

Most rape victims are aged

16 to 19

The age range of women most likely to be victims of rape is ________.

16 to 19

transitional adulthood covers ages

18-29

Stephen Schwarzman, one of the members of the global superclass, stated that __________ people make the world's major decisions. 5 to 10 20 to 50 100 to 250 2,000 to 5,000

20 to 50

Since 1789, about ___ men have served in the U.S. Senate, compared to ___ women

2000; 44

parents

26. If teaching is done well and students are held to high standards, some students accustomed to low standards will not graduate. This upsets ______

Because Jane is in management at the Pepsi company, she knows she will be serving as a mentor for at least __________ junior staff people who are different from herself. 3 5 10 20

3

Today, __________ of workers are women and __________ are minorities. 10 percent; 8 percent 26 percent; 21 percent 47 percent; 34 percent 56 percent; 41 percent

47 percent; 34 percent

Approximately what percentage of each U.S. tax dollar is dedicated to Social Security and Medicare benefits?

52 percent

Between the top of the bureaucratic structure of a university and a sociology professor on the bottom, how many layers are there? (Include the top and the bottom in the count.) 2 3 4 7

7

The later older years begin at about age

75

A small group of seven students evaluated Professor Zanylo's lectures. On a scale of 1 to 10, the scores the students registered were 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10. Professor Zanylo's mode score was ________ and his median score was ________.

9; 8

Peer group

A group of if individuals, often of roughly the same age, who are linked by common interests and orientations

Cultural diffusion is

A group of people adopting things they find desirable from another culture

Which of the following is not an example of sexual harassment?

A high school boy acting obnoxious around a girl he is attracted to

Sociologically, what is a blended family?

A husband or wife brings a child into the new family from a prior relationship

Which of the following provides the best example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A person whose native language does not contain separate words for jam and jelly cannot distinguish between jam and jelly.

Total institution

A place that is almost totally controlled by those who run it, in which people are out off from the rest of society and the society is mostly cut off from them

What did Stanley Milgram's teacher-learner experiment demonstrate?

A substantial number of people will inflict pain on others in order to do so by a person

How does a Ponzi scheme work?

A system where instead of investing people's money in the stock market, the money is used to pay returns to other investors, causing them to think the firm is very successful

Looking glass self

A term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others reactions to us

Degradation ceremony

A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someones self by stripping away that individuals self identity and stamping a new identity in its place

Abby is a member of parliament in a small country in Europe. Today, she and her fellow parliament members will vote on legislation to have a bridge built near Abby's hometown. Because there is a similar bridge nearby, this new bridge is not necessary. However, if it is built, the construction company Abby owns will receive the contract, and she will make millions of euros. According to Italian sociologist Gaetano Mosca, what is Abby likely to do?

Abby will vote for the bill because it will benefit her.

In what way would a person who has high social class according to Max Weber's theory of social class also have high social class in Karl Marx's theory of social class?

According to Weber, a person who has high prestige or power would be able to use those to obtain property.

The group with the highest percentage of one-parent families with a female head of household is ________, and the group with the lowest percentage of one-parent families with a female head of household is ________.

African Americans; Asian Americans

religion

After doing a survey of worldwide religions, Durkheim defined __________ as the beliefs and practices separating sacred from profane and unifying followers into a moral community.

Nancy and Don took their children to the zoo while on vacation. It was a busy day. Those that were at the zoo that day were all members of an...

Aggregate

With respect to group dynamics, what is the defining characteristic of a small group?

All members of the group can interact directly with one another.

Patti Sue is having difficulty adjusting to George, the new office supervisor. George is quite a "bean counter" and has shown a great deal of insensitivity toward everyone in the office. In view of this, what is the most likely course of action Patti Sue and the other office workers will take?

All the affected office workers will develop a greater sense of social solidarity.

People from all walks of life, races, religions, and ethnic groups participate in the U.S legislative process. In view of this, which term best described American society?

America is a pluralisitc society.

People from all walks of life, races, religions, and ethnic groups participate in the U.S. legislative process. In view of this, which term best describes American society?

America is a pluralistic society

What is the politically powerful group with 39 million members that monitors federal and state legislation and mobilizes its elderly members to act on issues affecting their welfare?

American Association of Retired Persons

The term "new technology" refers to ______

An emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life

Which of the following research errors is less likely to be classified as fraud and more likely to be considered as simply sloppy work?

Analyzing the data incorrectly

__________ is (are) a condition of lawlessness or political disorder caused by the absence or collapse of governmental authority. Pluralism Anarchy Checks and balances Functionalism

Anarchy

Values are like lenses through which we see the world

As it ought to be

What does it mean to say that we become the roles that we play?

As you play a role, you become more like it. It becomes incorporated into our self-concept.

Laura is an Asian-American girl born to a young mother and adopted by a middle-aged black couple. She is raised in relative wealth, attends college, and goes on to become a district attorney and have a daughter of her own. Which of the following would be considered Laura's ascribed status?

Asian American

Of all ethnic groups, in which group are children most likely to grow up with two parents and least likely to be born to a single mother?

Asian American

Goffman believes that in social situations participants suppress true feelings in favor of behavior acceptable to a group. Which example best illustrates his claim?

At a performing arts center, a woman quietly watches an opera she hates.

In the bureaucratic structure of a medium-sized university, approximately where would one find the instructor for this course, provided that he or she is not the chair of the sociology department?

At or near the bottom of the chart

The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was ________.

Auguste Comte

The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was _______.

Auguste Comte.

A __________ is a common understanding of how the world operates, while a __________ is an assumption of what people are like.

Background assumption; stereotype

For the social institution of religion, name some of the basic needs addressed and some norms of the institution.

Basic needs: concerns about life after death, the meaning of suffering and loss, and the desire to connect with the Creator. Norms: attend worship services, contribute money, follow the teachings

What did Solomon Asch's experiment on group conformity demonstrate?

Because of group pressure, most people are willing to say things they know are not true

the cultural transmission of values

Because of the emphasis of her teachers, Inez was able to name the first few presidents of the United States from memory by the time she was in fifth grade. This demonstrates the way schools celebrate founders and pass on the society's core values through __________.

Why would a very wealthy person in a class system not be concerned that his children will lose their social status?

Birth in a class system can overcome many other obstacles.

How has the age of the average first-time bride and groom in the United States changed since 1890?

Both the bride and groom are older than at any other time

Who believes that social institutions were originally designed to meet basic survival needs? conflict theorists functionalist theorists both conflict & functionalist theorists the status set

Both the conflict & functionalist theorists

The sociologist who developed the concept of the power elite was ________.

C. Wright Mills

Which of the following would not be considered unobtrusive measures?

Cameras that follow you through the store recording your every move.

According to Max Weber, the Protestant ethic was a central factor in the birth of ______.

Capitalism

Based on the research of sociologists James Coleman and Thomas Hoffer, what is the reason Catholic school students score higher on tests than public school students?

Catholic schools have higher standards and greater parental involvement

Pigs, spiders, elephants, and other animals that rely solely on instinct act as they do because they lack a ______.

Cerebral cortex

John worked at a steel mill for 25 years. A recessionary economy and competition with foreign steelmakers forced the closing of the mill. At the age of 45, John is unable to find work in his town, lives in poverty, and must go on welfare. What is the most likely cause of John's poverty?

Changes in the social structure are the most likely cause.

With respect to contemporary China, which of the following statements best reflects its policy toward the elderly?

Children are obligated by tradition,and sometimes contract, to care for aging parents.

Feral children

Children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated for humans

__________ is a set of rights that comes with birth in the United States. Retroactivity Citizenship Dictatorship Township

Citizenship

Because Annette was born to wealthy parents, she has high status in her society. She was able to attend the best schools and landed a job in a high-paying field. After several risky investments and poor job performance, however, she loses most of her money, her job, and her status in society. What type of stratified society does she live in?

Class

Karl Marx suggested that the force that drives human history and is at the core of human society is ______.

Class conflict

__________ is a form of power that people consider unjust. Legitimate power Large-scale power Authority Coercion

Coercion

a decrease in

Concerning deaths in school shootings, the trend is toward __________ deaths

In an experiment, one groups of participants is exposed to an application identified to them as treatment, and another is not exposed ti any treatment. In such a procedure, the participants who are not exposed to any form of treatment, either genuine or false, are classified as the _____ group.

Control

__________ is the idea that capitalist and socialist systems, in taking on ways of doing things from each other, will ultimately create a mixed economic system. Communism Convergence theory Market forces Divergence theory

Convergence theory

Some of the values and norms of a _____ place it at odds with the dominant culture.

Counter culture

The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another refers to ________.

Cultural diffusion

_____ refers to one part of a culture changing while other parts remain behind.

Cultural lag

In recent years, cultures, have become more similar to each other as a result of travel and communication. Sociologists use the term "_______" to describe this process.

Cultural leveling

Which of the following about cultural relativism is true?

Cultural relativism has come under-attack because it can lead to acceptance of practices like genital cutting and wife beating

Anthropologist Ralph Linton said, "The last thing a fish would ever notice would be water." What does this imply about culture?

Culture is taken for granted by members of society who share it.

Many fundamentalist Christian lobby for laws making same-sex marriage illegal. Gays and lesbians consider same-sex relationships and same-sex marriage as a basic human right. Which concept best describes the relationship between these fundamentalist Christians and the gay/lesbian community?

Culture war due to conflictng values.

Give three ways that functionalists such as Durkheim say that deviance contributes to the social order.

Deviance, including crime (according to Durkheim), contributes to the social order by clarifying moral boundaries and affirming norms, encouraging social unity, and promoting social change.

What is differential association theory?

Differential association is a term coined by Edwin Sutherland. From the different groups we associate with, we learn to deviate from, or conform to, society's norms. We may get mixed messages, but we end up with more of one kind of message than the other. Consequently, we tilt in one direction (conformity) or the other (deviance).

_____ said that sociobiology will eventually absorb sociology.

Edward Wilson

Achieved status can be based on __________.

Effort

The author that added three values to the original list of ten core values that Robin Williams indentified as the most common in American society. Which of the following is NOT one of the three values added?

Equality.

Which of the following terms would be most useful in explaining why a person from the United States who views dogs and cats as pets might be disgusted by a culture who viewed them as a source of food?

Ethnocentrism

The refusal of Christians to accept Islam as a valid religion is a form of _____, while the sincere effort to understand the practice of having multiple wives in some societies is a form of _____.

Ethnocentrism, cultural relativism.

In 1906, sociologist William Summer made the comment "One's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it." This statement is most aligned with the concept of _______.

Ethnocentrism.

Who surrounds themselves with a personal bubble (personal space)? No one Children only Only adults past middle age Everyone

Everyone

Sociobiology emphasizes

Evolutionary explanations of social behavior in animals including human beings

Which of the following is an example of a first step of resocialization in a total institution such as prison?

Experiencing the removal of your existing identity

What is the first significant factor in gender socialization?

Family

The town of Durkheim, New Hampshire, creates a new youth baseball league for teenagers aged 13 through 17, and the response is tremendous. Because the emphasis of the league's creators is on fun rather than competition, none of the games played by the teams during their four-month season are scored. At the end of the season, all the players on the league's twelve teams receive a small trophy with the inscription, "You're #1!" Following the Davis-Moore thesis, which of the following would be the most likely result of the town's new youth baseball program?

Far fewer teenagers sign up to play baseball the following year, and those who do were the first season's poorest players, leading the league's creators to rethink their procedures.

According to reports of ______ children, they walked on all fours, growled, and showed no sensitivity to cold

Feral

What is another term used to describe the research method called participant observation?

Fieldwork

What is another term used to describe the research method called participant observation?

Fieldwork.

which of the following is an example of the clear levels in a bureaucracy?

Fiona, who is the head of her department, meets with her employees each week to distribute assignments and hear their reports on the work they completed

When someone is jogging on the left side of the side walk and you, running faster, overtake that person on his or her right this runs counter to a ___________ folkway in the United States.

Folkway

What sport did anthropologist Douglas Foley and sociologist Donna Eder examine to illustrate the devaluation of females as a method of motivating men?

Football

Mass media

Forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, and television that are directed to mass audiences

How do Piaget's and Freud's views on human development differ?

Freud believed that people were passive in their own development, while Piaget thought that they were active in their growth.

Ego

Freud term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society

id

Freud term for our inborn basic drives

Super ego

Freud's term for the conscience; the internalized norms and values of our social groups

should not be based on property taxes

From a conflict perspective, school funding __________.

declined further than ever before

From the 1960s to the present, verbal scores in the SAT have __________.

__________ believe(s) the three major trading blocs that have emerged in the world benefit people globally, not just the multinational corporations. Conflict theorists Functionalists Durkheim Small-town residents

Functionalists

According to Ferdinand Tönnies, individuals in the __________ way of life are unified by a desire to help improve the well-being of everyone.

Gemeinschaft

The Old Order Amish of the US exemplify the concept of _____ Gesellschaft Gemeinschaft modern mainstream

Gemeinschaft

What do the German terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft mean? In which direction - toward which of the two - is society changing

Gemeinschaft means intimate community Gesellschaft means impersonal association

Gena makes a nice salary and invests her money in the stock market. She is saving some of her money and hopes to someday open a cupcake shop. She considers herself to be of relatively high social status. What would Karl Marx say about Gena's social class?

Gena thinks she is bourgeoisie but she is not.

Mr. and Mrs. James buy boxing gloves for their son and a doll carriage for their daughter. What is this an example of?

Gender socialization

tracking

Girish found himself in honors classes or special, smaller, more innovative versions of regular classes as soon as he entered high school. He had not asked for this; it just happened automatically, based on his performance in middle school and perhaps some tests he had taken along the way. Girish's experience is an example of __________.

_________ refer(s) to the ways that individuals affect groups and the ways that groups influence individuals. Dyads Group dynamics Leadership styles Groupthink

Group dynamics

Which one of Williams' U.S. values is condtradicts the other values of the freedom, democracy, and equality?

Group superiority.

How does the structure and function of groups change as they grow in size?

Groups tend to develop a more formal social structure.

_____ would be a part of material culture.

Hairstyles.

What did Ezekiel suggest as the reason why some people are attracted to racist hate groups?

Hate groups provide some people with a type of meaning in their lives

In order to recruit a sufficient number of teachers in California, the competency level of teachers to be hired was lowered to a tenth grade level. Other states have made similar adjustments. How did the author of the text describe this change?

He called it a national disgrace

Why did a number of sociologists think Laud Humphreys' research on tearooms was unethical?

He did not identify himself as a researcher.

Bartholomew is a member of the second estate in Europe during the middle ages. In view of this, what is Bartholomew's most likely social location?

He is a monk in the St. Thomas Aquinas parish.

Ralph, age 45, has decided to stop putting in overtime at work and stop going to Chamber of Commerce meetings in order to spend more time with his family and friends. According to Elaine Cumming and William Henry, what is transpiring in Ralph's life?

He is in the early stages of disengagement theory.

How did psychiatrist Thomas Szasz describe mental illness?

He said mental illness was neither mental nor an illness

The term "survival of the fittest," which is a principle part of the concept of the social Darwinism, was coined by ______.

Herbert Spencer.

__________ refer(s) to stereotypical traits that create self-fulfilling prophecies as they produce high-performing and underperforming workers. Self-fulfilling stereotypes Quality circles Hidden corporate culture The conflict perspective

Hidden corporate culture

Alfonzo was in sixth grade. some of the stories that his teacher told when teaching English, history and math included lessons in patriotism and honesty which were part of the schools

Hidden curriculum

avoid losing funding

High school administrators across the nation have faked their graduation rates to __________

There were much-publicized myths of the late 1800s that centered around the rags-to-riches exploits of fictional boy heroes. These myths were perpetuated by their author, ________.

Horatio Alger

In freud's psychoanalysis the _________ causes us to seek self gratification

ID

Americans glorify academic progress and material success. However, most students do not graduate with honors and most citizens are no wealthy. This condition characterizes the difference between ______ and _______.

Ideal culture, and real culture.

Why would it be considered offensive to use the U.S. "A-OK" gesture to express your enjoyment of a meal eaten in a restaurant in southern Italy?

In Italy, the "A-OK" gesture is used to refer to a part of the lower body in a negative way.

politicians are interested in using the educational system to shape minds

In Russia, __________.

set on a certain course only a few days into kindergarten

In a classic study by Ray Rist, it was determined by observation that a child's education was essentially __________.

false;true

In a self-fulfilling prophecy, the assertion was originally __________, and becomes __________.

study exactly the same thing at exactly the same time

In grade schools in Japan, all children in a class __________.

made it less difficult

In recent years, to accommodate today's students, those who design the SAT have __________.

According to control theory, when are inner controls most effective in deterring deviant behavior?

In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society

many simply don't have enough time or money to go to school

In the world's Least Industrialized Nations, __________, which used to be the case everywhere.

What are the five techniques of neutralization given by Sykes and Matza (1957/1988)?

In their studies, Sykes and Matza found that boys use five techniques of neutralization to deflect society's norms: denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of a victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties.

Marcus works as an air conditioner technician. This places him solidly in the upper middle class. However, he has a lot of freedom in his job, because he is on the road alone most of the workday. What character trait will Marcus likely appreciate in his children?

Independence

What nineteenth century event experienced by Karl Marx gave rise to his ideas about social class?

Industrialization

By a narrow margin, Dr. Moreau was elected chair of the largest academic department at Faber College. She appointed faculty members who support her views to the most influential and important committees in the department. This group of loyal colleagues, on which Dr. Moreau is relying to advance her policies, is an example of a(n) ________.

Inner circle

Why is it in the best interests of the government of China to maintain Internet censorship, even though it is unpopular with the people?

Internet censorship is an easy method to control what the people of China believe.

An attractive African American woman is conducting random interviews on campus to gather data on students' opinion on the reverse discrimination suit filed by white students at the University of Michigan School of Law. Four out of five white respondents and virtually all of the African American respondents favor the court's ruling and supports "bonus points" being given to applicants of color. Based on this information, what is probably affecting the data collection process?

Interviewer bias.

The concept of "groupthink" was developed by ________.

Irving Janis

What is the defining characteristic of a random sample?

It gives each person in the population of interest an equal chance of being chosen.

What is the sociological significance of social structure? It has a major effect on how we act. Understanding it helps to prove the randomness of human behavior It is a synonym for the term "sociology" Our behavior guides it.

It has a major effect on how we act.

What has been the result of the industrialized Western nations exporting food and medicine to the Least Industrialized Nations?

It has caused population explosions in the nations receiving the aid.

Sociologically, why is gender especially significant?

It is a device by which society controls its members.

Based on the work of Elaine Cumming and William Henry, when does disengagement begin?

It is a gradual process that begins in middle age and continues over several decades

What does the spirit of capitalism refer to, as proposed by Max Weber?

It is a new approach to work and money that emphasizes investment to make profit.

In an experiment, one group of participants is exposed to treatment, another is exposed to an application identified to them as treatment, and another is not exposed to any treatment. In such a procedure, the participants who are not exposed to any form of treatment, either genuine or false, are classified as the ________ group.

It is a spurious relationship.

There is a high correlation between the number of Americans who pay income tax in the month of April and the number of swimsuits sold. Which of the following statements is the best description of this relationship?

It is a spurious relationship.

Which of the following statements best describes how feminists view sexual harassment?

It is based on the structural problems imbedded in society.

Although debatable, what does evidence suggest about the emphasis on machismo in Latino families?

It is declining with each new generation.

How would sociologists classify communism in respect to its religious qualities?

It is functional equivalent of religion.

In the United States, what is the choice of a marriage partner most dependent upon?

It is influenced by age, education, class, race and religion

In his research on family, what did sociologist Melvin Kohn discover about how parents socialize their children?

It is often based upon the norms of their work environment

What do conflict theorists believe is the purpose of the hidden curriculum?

It promotes social inequalities.

Maria and Brian recently gave birth to their first child. Based on sociological findings, what is the likely change in the marital satisfaction that Maria and Brian feel towards one another?

It will decrease.

Because of her outstanding contributions to social reform, as demonstrated in her work as co-founder of Hull- House, ________ was a co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

Jane Addams

Of the following countries, in which one do the citizens have the longest life expectancy?

Japan

___________ studied the natural process that children go through to develop their ability to reason

Jean Piaget

The practice the South employed after the Civil War to segregate blacks from whites was called ________.

Jim Crow law

Jim and Jan are working-class Americans making a combined income of $47,000. Today they won a $125 million lottery. How will this immediately impact their lives?

Jim and Jan are working-class Americans making a combined income of $47,000. Today they won a $125 million lottery. How will this immediately impact their lives?

This theologian proposed that God has predestined some people to go to heaven and others to hell at the time of their birth.

John Calvin

mainstreaming

Julio, a student who is deaf, attends classes with students who can hear; to accommodate this situation, an interpreter translates everything the teacher is saying into sign language. This is known as inclusion, or __________.

In her study of 47 corporations, what was the relationship that Rosabeth Moss Kanter discovered between the flexibility of a corporation and corporate profit?

Kanter discovered that the relationship was direct, showing that greater flexibility increases profits.

The social thinker of the 19th century who predicted that there would be a classless society once the working class united and began a revolution was _____.

Karl Marx.

The main way people communicate is through

Language

Which of the following forms the basis of human culture?

Language

Anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf concluded that ______.

Language creates ways of thinking and percieving.

All of the following statements are accurate regarding language, EXCEPT for which one?

Language is universal in terms of the meaning of particular sounds.

College provides a haven for several million potential workers who are classified as "students" rather than "unemployed," which helps stabilize the job market. This situation represents what Merton would describe as a _______.

Latent function

Sociologists have identified an emerging set of five interrelated values in American society. What are these emerging values?

Leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, youthfulness, and environmental concern.

What is the concern about artificial intelligence?

Lethal auto mass weapon systems, the adverse impact on labor, important decisions delegated, risk of humanity losing control of machines

___ is the number of years that na average person (including newborns) can expect to live.

Life expectancy

Describe the relationship between homelessness and mental illness.

Living on the streets can cause unusual thinking and behaviors, or mental illness. Mental illness can also result in homelessness. In this way, they are reciprocal.

What do less rigorous teaching, dummied down textbooks and less reading have in common with watching television, and playing video and computer games?

Low verbal scores on the SATs

In his book, The Ruling Class, Gaetano Mosca offered three arguments regarding society and power. All of the following represent his arguments EXCEPT for which one?

Man is naturally good.

As the "baby boom" generation reaches retirement age, what can be expected of its effect on the economy?

Many jobs will open at roughly the same time.

Why would Karl Marx disagree with the functionalist view of social stratification

Marx believed that members of the elite are no more qualified than other people.

If you study hard to get a degree so you can get a good job and afford a nice home and car, you could be said to be bound up in ________

Material comfort

When there is culture change, a group's _______ usually changes first.

Material culture

Jewelry, art, hairstyles, and clothing each represent examples of ____.

Material culture.

A society in which women hold the authority would be a(n) __________. a. patriarchy b. bilineal system c. matriarchy d. egalitarian society

Matriarchy

The sociologist who believed that social class is made up of three components - property, power, and prestige - was ________.

Max Weber

The __________ of society refers to the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them. goal displacement alienation bureaucratization McDonaldization

McDonaldization

Which statement is most accurate regarding U.S. suicide rates?

Men commit suicide at a higher rate than females

Which statement about female circumcision is true?

Men dominate the societies that practice it

Which statement best summarizes the relationship between killers and their victims?

Men outnumber women as both victims and killers

What did Skeels and Dye learn about institutionalized children?

Mentally handicapped children gained IQ points. While the infants considered more intelligent lost them.

Two slaves in an ancient nation fell in love. Their masters allowed them to be together, and eventually the woman gave birth to a little boy. Luckily for this little boy, the society that had captured his parents and made them slaves did not consider slavery to be hereditary. In which of the following places was this young boy most likely born?

Mexico

one god

Monotheistic religion is a religion which beliefs in ( )

how might groupthink have affected the disastrous decision to risk the fate of the space shuttle columbia in 2003

NASA officials disregarded engineers' warnings, convinced that a loose piece of foam could not harm the shuttle

When you break norms, you receive

Negative sanctions

The emerging tools and the skills needed to use them, which have a signifigant impact on social life are called _______.

New technology.

Which statement about incest is true?

No society permits generalized incest for its members.

How do norms make a social life possible?

Norms make behavior predictable. We are socialized to follow norms, to play the basic roles that society assigns to us. Without norms, we would have social chaos. Norms bring about social order.

The concept of the maquiladoras was made possible by the passage of the ________.

North American Free Trade Agreement

16;eighth

One hundred years ago, U.S. schools required attendance by everyone usually until age __________ or until they completed the __________ grade

It is becoming more common for corporations to provide daycare facilities as a fringe benefit for their employees. What has evaluative research found regarding the costs and benefits of these facilities?

Operating on-site daycare reduces employee absenteeism, improves production, and increases staff morale.

In the 1920s, who was the German high school teacher who wrote The Decline of the West and proposed that Western civilization had passed its peak and was in decline?

Oswald Spengler

have high income

Overall, children are more likely to get a higher education if their parents __________.

Matthew is completing his master's thesis, which addresses the culture outlaw motorcycle gangs. For the past six months, he has been riding with a gang, observing and describing behaviors in an attempt to present a view of these groups from a gang member's perspective. Like Mario Brajuha, he is determined to keep the identities of his subjects confidential. Which research method is Matthew employing?

Participant observation

Julian conducts an experiment at a formal retirement ceremony. When he is introduced to people at the ceremony, he shakes hands with his left hand as opposed to the usual right hand. What is the expected result of the experiment?

People become mildly confused by these actions because a social rule has been broken.

How has being elderly in the United States changed recently?

People who are in good health today are coming to experience their 60s not as old age, but as an extension of their middle years.

What conclusion did epidemiologist Lynda Powell and her colleagues reach after studying data on the effects of participation in organized religion on health?

People who attended religious services at least once a week have 25 percent fewer deaths than people who do not attend church.

What is the sandwich generation?

People who take care of their parents and their children

In the United States, people tend to stay several feet apart when talking to each other. In the Middle East, however, both men and women tend to stand much closer. Which of the following does this demonstrate?

Personal space is defined culturally.

A person's consistent manner of acting, feeling, and thinking is part of his or her __________.

Personality

Nick was a promising caseworker for an agency. After earning several lower-level promotions, he was appointed to a supervisory position. Supervisory work did not mix well with Nick's abilities and he fell into a professional rut. This is an example of the ________.

Peter principle

Pietro, a wealthy businessman, has been a devoted Roman Catholic his entire life. But a few months ago he received a vision from God to wage a campaign to change the policy of the church to accept women as priests and to accept a prochoice philosophy. Based on this, the Vatican has stripped Pietro of his membership in the church. Which phrase describes what has happened to Pietro?

Pietro has been excommunicated

The 1896 Supreme Court ruling that approved "separate but equal" accommodations for blacks and whites as a reasonable use of state power was ________.

Plessy v. Ferguson

__________ is the exercise of power and attempts to maintain or change power relations. Micropolitics Macropolitics Power Politics

Politics

Recieving the Medal of Honor and making the Dean's List are both examples of _______.

Positive sanctions.

According to Max Weber, the idea that Protestants should work hard and be thrifty was an unexpected consequence of the ________.

Protestant Reformation

Max Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life characterized by people living frugal lives and saving their money as the ________.

Protestant ethic

Taking the role of the other

Putting yourself in someone elses shoes; understanding how someone else feels an thinks, so you anticipate how that person will act

__________ in place within the policies of the United States. Quite a few elements of socialism are Social Security's independence from the government is Market-force-blind capitalism is No socialist practices are

Quite a few elements of socialism are

Which of the following variables formed the basis of the only example of a caste system ever present in U.S. history?

Race

inadvertently perpetuated it

Randolph gave all pupils an equal chance to succeed in his second-grade class, but he demanded more from the children of professionals and the wealthier families in town. It only seemed natural because they were generally better readers and better students overall. He did not deliberately discriminate against students from disadvantaged homes. In fact, Randolph was delighted when one of them performed well. However, when it came to social inequality, he __________.

The term "cultural lag" referring to the varying _______ among elements within cultures, was coined by sociologist ______.

Rates of change, William Ogburn.

self-expectations

Research shows that certain kinds of __________ can help you to rise to many challenges in college and in life.

girls

Researchers found that from kindergarten to fifth grade, when children have equal test scores, __________ receive higher grades.

When Joe enters the Army, he is assigned a number, given a uniform, and told to shave off all facial hair. If you consider the Army a total institution, what process is Joe experiencing?

Resocialization

The sociologist who identified ten underlying core values of American society was _____>

Robin Williams

The behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status is called a __________.

Role

Based on Weber's research, which religious denomination was slow in accepting capitalism and dedicated to the acceptance of tradition?

Roman Catholicism

Most Americans feel that the only proper basis for marriage is ______

Romantic love

Which of the following provides the best example of cultural relativism?

Sarita, a college student from Detroit, visits Spain during her summer break. While there, she attends a bullfight. Afterward, she writes postcards to her friends back home, telling them that it was so exciting and impressive that she plans to attend another bullfight in a few days.

separating religion from public life

Secularism means ( )

The human potential movement exemplifies the emerging _______ value.

Self-fulfillment

Of the five interrelated core values emerging in American society, the one that is reflected in the "human potential" movement that focuses on "self help, relating, and personal development" is ________.

Self-fulfillment.

What has the Supreme Court ruled regarding the treatment of homosexuals in the workplace and sexual harassment?

Sexual harassment laws apply to homosexuals who are harassed by heterosexuals or other homosexuals on the job.

Why might a teenage girl suddenly start listening to a new type of music?

She is experiencing anticipatory socialization.

What distinction did sociologist Frances Perkins hold in American history?

She was the first woman to hold a presidential cabinet position.

Which distinction did sociologist Frances Perkins hold in American history?

She was the first woman to hold a presidential cabinet position.

As a full professor of sociology, Jackie ranks high in prestige, but relatively low in income. What can one expect of her political views?

She will be more politically radical.

men and women are equal

Sikh religion's position with respect to gender relations is that ( )

The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ________.

Social Darwinism

The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ______.

Social Darwinism.

Religion, class, and interests are all part of our __________ that affects how we perceive the world.

Social background

Several years ago, the gay community applief for a permit to march in the St. Patrick's Day's Parade in Boston. When denied, the gay community filed suit and won. Rather than permitting the gay community to march in the parade, the parade trustees cancelled the event. Sociologists would suggest this conflict in values between the trustees of the parade and the gay community would eventually lead to _________.

Social change that brings attention to gay rights and evventual acceptance.

The French sociologist Emile Durkheim is most identified with which of the following areas of study?

Social integration

All of the following statements are accurate in describing gestures, EXCEPT for which one?

Social scientists have identified many common gestures and agree that gestures are universal.

Distinguish the term "social status" from the term "Prestige".

Social status: the position a person holds within a group Prestige: value associated with a person's position

In The Scarlet Letter, why was Hester Prynne required to wear a scarlet "A" on her dress?

Sociologically, this served as a negative sanction and an example of shaming

What is the reasoning by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore to support their beliefs that social inequality has beneficial consequences for the operation of society?

Some form of social stratification has been found in every known society.

Which group of men do women fear the most as potential rapists?

Strangers

A distinct world within the overreaching culture is a

Subculture

Which research method involves collecting data by having people answer a series of questions?

Survey.

Another term for no material culture that sociologists use is

Symbolic culture

The American sociologist who focused on social analysis, developing abstract models showing how parts of society harmoniously work together, was ________.

Talcott Parsons

One of the latest fads to build corporate teamwork and solidarity is the "cook-off." Which statement best summarizes this activity?

Teams of workers prepare culinary dishes to be judged by professional chefs.

Which of the following is central to a group's material culture?

Technology

Which of the following is an example of a recently created modern symbol?

Text message abbreviations

Compared to the German American population, Latinos in Miami, Florida, have been slower to accept the English language. Which of the following is most responsible for this finding?

The United States shares a border with Mexico and experiences steady immigration both from Mexico and Latin America. The United States does not share a border with Germany.

Which of the following best describes Erving Goffman's "impression management"?

The efforts of a person to control the impressions that other people have of him or her

Why do functionalists argue that the incest taboo is a nearly universal norm?

The incest taboo facilitates the socialization of children and avoids role confusion

manifest funtions

The intended beneficial consequences of people's actions are known as __________.

Manifest functions

The intended beneficial consequences of peoples actions

What is a social environment?

The key social factors influencing the behaviour of businesses and their customers.

How is our nine-month school year a living example of a culture lag?

The length of the school year was determined by the farming culture of the late 1800s.

According to Karl Marx, what do the bourgeoisie have that the proletarians do not have?

The means of production

All of the following statements regarding the "graying of America" are accurate EXCEPT for which one?

The median age of Americans has almost doubled since 1950.

Why did the creation of the industrial society lead to greater social inequality?

The new technology was far more efficient than anything that preceded it, leading to larger surpluses and greater inequality

The term "real culture" refers to

The norms and values people actually follow

Generalized

The norms, values, attitudes, and expectation of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of self

What is a social environment?

The people we interact with regularly

According to the concept environmental injustice, what two groups are affected the most by pollution?

The poor and minorities

Anticipatory socialization

The process of learning in advance and anticipated future or role status

If a secondary group does not satisfy one's need for intimate association, which of the following is most likely to occur?

The secondary group will break down into primary groups.

Life course

The stages of our life as we go from birth to death

Which of Freud's hypothesized personality parts controls a person's set of moral behaviors?

The superego

Why do most acquaintance rapes go unreported to authorities?

The victim feels partially responsible because she knows the perpetrator.

At the steel plant, all minorities hired are assigned to work the battery pits, one of the dirtiest jobs in the mill. Even so, the battery pit workers wear this assignment as a badge of honor and have developed a close social bond that transcends the time they spend at the mill. How would Karl Marx describe their solidarity?

The workers share class consciousness.

Which of the following is an effect the increasing aging population will have on society?

The younger generations will be forced to interact more with the elderly.

Mark and Sally are married, both are working, and they chose not to have children. What classification best fits them?

They are DINKS.

Courtney raises champion sheep, Joe is a cab driver in New York, and Rufus is a member of the RAW family of professional wrestling. What do Courtney, Joe, and Rufus have in common?

They are all members of subcultures.

Based on Merton's typologies, what do drug addicts, the homeless, nuns living in a convent, and monks living in a monastery have in common?

They are all retreatists.

How a society treats its deviants is one measure of how humane it is. What would an examination of prisons and mental hospitals in the United States suggest regarding this standard?

They are both used as warehouse for the unwanted

At the Back to Nature Nudist Colony, Ernie and Morello take a walk every morning along the beach, totally nude. Within the colony, which statement best describes the behavior of Ernie and Morello?

They are conforming to the folkways of their subculture.

Why are both macro sociology and micro sociology necessary to understand social life?

They both yield distinctive perspectives that we need to gain an understanding of social life

What is the greatest flaw in using self-administered questionnaires for a research study?

They cause the researcher to lose control of the data collection.

Harry and Margaret Harlows' experiments involving the isolation of baby monkeys were important because they __________.

They confirmed that infant-mother bonding is the result of intimate physical contact

What part of the experiment performed by Skeels and Dye would be challenged today

They limited visual and physical stimulation for all the babies.

According to Piaget, children all over the world learn in what way?

They move from the concrete to the abstract

Which of the following is one way in which modern sociologists have refined Piaget's theory of development?

They postit that some people do not progress through all stages

What did Higginbotham and Weber discover about women from working-class backgrounds who now occupied professional, managerial, and administrative positions in Memphis?

They were encouraged by their parents to get an education.

signaling

Through __________, a student may affect how the teacher perceives him or her and get higher grades.

Why do many corporations, such as those employing the labor of the maquiladoras, have their products manufactured in other countries?

To increase corporate profits

Which of the following is a reason school children were made to witness executions three hundred years ago?

To scare children into good behavior

Basically, technology is associated with

Tools

Twyla and Tyreke are biological twins separated at birth. Twyla was raised in a working-class, strict Catholic family. Tyreke was raised in a free-flowing, pagan, middle-class family. Which prediction would sociologists make?

Twyla and Tyreke will have similar personalities.

People's ____ have to do with what they think is appropriate in life.

Values

Which statement about the origin of values is true?

Values are related to conditions of society.

the reproduction of the social class structure by the educational system

Vera is a conflict theorist. She is particularly interested in looking at __________.

Which of the following people is most likely to have an experience similar to that of the author when he visited Morocco?

Vijay's company transfers him from the main office in Washington, D.C. to a satellite office in Lima, Peru.

__________ seems to have real potential for more effective diversity training. The old boys network The hidden corporate culture Virtual humanization Virtual reality

Virtual reality

The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, who spent his lifetime studying race relations in America and was one of the founders of the NAACP, was ________.

W.E.B. Dubois

"If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." This statement was made by sociologist(s) ______. Emile Durkheim WI & Dorothy S. Thomas Mark Snyder & Elliott Warsaw Erving Goffman

WI & Dorothy S Thomas

Which of the following is the best example of a gesture?

Waving your hand to greet a friend

Hindu, Buddhism, Sikhism, Confucianism

What are Eastern Religions

Religion that is limited to a specific race or ethnicity

What is the meaning of ethnic religion?

religion is open for anyone with no restrictions

What is the meaning of universalizing religion?

has always been a matter of dispute

Whether community colleges should prepare high school graduates to enter four- year colleges or prepare the students for vocational work, __________.

Hinduism

Which religion considers the Ganges River is a spiritual site?

Hinduism

Which religion considers the case system as its major social manifestation

Why do sociologists classify females as a minority group?

Women are discriminated against because of their physical characteristics.

What did Karl Marx predict after workers were exploited year after year by the capitalist class?

Workers would revolt against the bourgeoisie and assume control.

Which activity best represents the use of a back stage in a typical teenager's life?

Writing in a diary

Are street people influenced by social structure? No Yes Only in scattered instances The research is unclear

Yes

social placement

__________ refers to a function of education that funnels people into a society's various positions.

Functional illiteracy

__________ refers to high school graduates who have never mastered things they should have learned in grade school.

Mandatory education laws

__________ require that all children attend school until they reach a specified age or until they complete a minimum grade in school

Sacred

__________, for Durkheim, meant things connected with the supernatural.

Latent functions

___________are the unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions.

All of the following acts qualify as a white collar crime EXCEPT for which one?

a bank teller robbing the First National bank

Despite recent confirmation of Milgram's findings, Milgram's experiment on small group phenomenon has received much criticism over the years. For example Kleinfeld criticized the study by making the analogy that "we live in a world that looks a lot like ________."

a bowl of clumpy oatmeal

When a researcher focuses on a single event, situation, or individual, the resulting research is known as ________.

a case study

In the model of historical change proposed by Karl Marx, the final stage in the process would be called ________.

a classless state

In the absence of _____, the same person will catch a fish, drive it to market, and sell it. common sense a division of labor basic capitalism mechanical solidarity

a division of labor

Because of our sense of belonging and loyalty to in-groups, we often judge our own group's traits as virtues, but view the same traits in other groups as vices. This judgment of superiority is an example of ________.

a double standard

According to symbolic interactionists, the deciding factor that determines if change in society is good or bad requires ________.

a framework or context from which to view the meaning of the change

The new world structure has integrated the world's nations into __________. a stockholder society mechanical solidarity a global production and distribution system corporate neosocialism

a global production and distribution system

What is a core value reflected by the education system in Japan?

a group-centered approach that stresses uniformity

Which phrase best describes Miss Rivers' Lodge?

a health care experiment at Tuskegee University

Democratic socialism is __________. an economic system where only individuals own businesses a hybrid economic system pure capitalism an economic system where only the government owns businesses

a hybrid economic system

In which of the following settings would shaming be LEAST effective?

a large inner-city neighborhood

A sociologist should use __________ to analyze the broad features of society.

a macrosociological approach

Sociologically, how would a cult be defined?

a new or different religion at odds with the dominant culture and religion

Conflict theorists take the position that __________ dominate(s) the United States. lobbyists functionalists anarchy a ruling class

a ruling class

Sociologists would categorize the United States as __________.

a stratified society

Functionalists refer to how parts of a society fit together to form a whole as ________.

a structure

Dr. Zak is trying to determine what traits, if any, high-achieving students have that students who do poorly on his exams do not possess. To assess personal information from both groups of students, what research method should Dr. Zak probably use?

a survey

What is a government based on the principle that God is king?

a theocracy

Using the macrosociological approach and the examples of the "Saints" and the "Roughnecks," who has the best chances of success in the United States?

a white boy born into a wealthy, prominent New England family

Women commit about __________ of murders, but make up only __________ of death row inmates. a. 9.6 percent; 2 percent b. 10.3 percent; 4 percent c. 18.5 percent; 11 percent d. 21 percent; 13 percent

a. 9.6 percent; 2 percent

__________ violate(s) rules written into law. a. Crime b. Deviance c. Personality disorders d. Social order

a. Crime

According to functionalists, deviance __________ a feeling of solidarity in a group. a. actually promotes b. has no discernible impact upon c. virtually destroys d. discourages

a. actually promotes

Mary was adamant that her sorority's practice of hazing should be stopped. Though this attitude was considered __________ in her sorority at the time, it caused her sorority sisters to reconsider the morality of their hazing practice, move forward in changing with the times, and end all hazing activities. a. deviant b. strained c. white-collar d. differential

a. deviant

Killing is __________ in mainstream society, but for members of the Mafia, when certain of their norms are broken that threaten a person's honor, not killing would be __________. a. deviant; deviant b. not deviant; more desirable c. frowned upon; more desirable d. not deviant; deviant

a. deviant; deviant

The __________ refers to opportunities for crimes that are part of the fabric on one's life. a. illegitimate opportunity structure b. strain theory c. legitimate opportunity structure d. social disorder theory

a. illegitimate opportunity structure

Judge Judson sentenced Freda, a 13-year-old shoplifter, to a diversion program consisting of counseling instead of sending her to reform school or jail. The judge did not want Freda to be imprinted with a reputation as a thief so early in life. This exemplifies a practice influenced by __________. a. labeling theory b. neutralization c. shaming d. degradation ceremonies

a. labeling theory

The motorcycle policeman appeared out of nowhere and pulled Teresa over for speeding. He was friendly and businesslike as he stood by Teresa's open window and issued her a $250 ticket. This is an example of a __________. a. negative sanction b. neutral sanction c. positive sanction d. street crime

a. negative sanction

Techniques of __________ are ways of thinking that help people rationalize the breaking of society's norms. a. neutralization b. the cyber age c. control theory d. degradation

a. neutralization

Who did the spate of "three-strikes" laws actually end up convicting? a. nonviolent offenders b. murderers c. rapists d. child molesters

a. nonviolent offenders

A group's __________, or typical social arrangement, is brought about by norms. a. social order b. deviance c. crime d. stigma

a. social order

Serial murder is defined as the killing of several victims in __________ or more separate events. a. three b. five c. eight d. fifteen

a. three

Francis has recently been told that he has a terminal disease and can expect to live for only a short time. He has made a will, paid all his bills, and given instructions to his children. According to Kübler-Ross, Francis is in the stage of ________.

acceptance

strain theory asserts that whether an individual engages in deviant behavior depends largely upon the individual's _____

access to cultural goals through legitimate means

Ex-con, class president, and doctor are examples of _____. ascribed status social classes lack of status achieved status

achieved status

According to ___ theory, satisfaction during old age is related to a person's amount and quality of activity.

activity

Dr. Loomis' introductory sociology class is composed entirely of first-year students who are 18 years old. Together, these 55 students, and all other 18-year-olds, comprise a(n) ________.

age cohort

Prejudice, discrimination, and hostility directed against people because of their age is called ________.

ageism

individuals and groups that influence our orientations to life are called

agents of socialization

As she was walking through the park, Consuela was struck by the sounds of two improvising musicians. They were standing on the grass near some benches, one playing a guitar and the other a flute, and Consuela stopped to listen to them. Half a dozen other people also stopped. The people listening to the musicians made up a(n) __________. category aggregate social network secondary group

aggregate

Individuals who temporarily share the same physical space, but who do not see themselves as belonging together, make up a(n) __________. aggregate category in-group clique

aggregate

Having family photos and personal decorations in one's workspace is a way to resist __________. rules making friends at work alienation working

alienation

The experience of being cut off from the product of one's labor, which results in a feeling of powerlessness, is called ________.

alienation

In the early years of the United States, __________ could vote. anyone all men all white men all white men who owned property

all white men who owned property

The amount of control wielded over a people by totalitarianism is __________. almost total moderate very slight nonexistent

almost total

In kohlberg's theory, children in the ________ stage focus on personal needs to be satisfied and recognize no right and wrong

amoral

According to Timasheff (1965), one of the three necessary conditions for a war to take place is __________. aggressive impulses a weaker nation's desire to dominate a stronger one an aggravation representing an unresolvable incompatibility slight to the nation's honor

an aggravation representing an unresolvable incompatibility

How do ascribed status and achieved status comparae?

an ascribed status is assigned, but an achieved status is largely earned

Some social analysts believe that postindustrial society will be followed by a biotech society. Such a society would be characterized by ________.

an economy centering around the application of genetic structures

John desires the best things in life - a fast car, designer clothes, and membership in exclusive clubs. But rather than work his way through the system, he has discovered he can have all these things by selling crack cocaine in the inner city. How would Merton classify John?

an innovator

One of the emotions identified by paul ekman is

anger disgust fear happiness sadness surprise

According to strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is that people experience a sense of normlessness. This sense of normlessness is referred to as ________.

anomie

The social science discipline that concentrates on the study of artifacts, social structure, ideas, values, and forms of communication is ________.

anthropology

when you learn to play a role before entering it, this is known as

anticipatory socialization

A form of the caste system that, until recently, was legal in South Africa was called ________.

apartheid

The sandwich generation is so called because they __________. a. are torn between work and family responsibilities b. are caring for both their children and their parents c. have bad eating habits, which lead to obesity d. are caring for both their parents and grandparents

are caring for both their parents and grandparents

How have television advertisements and other forms of cultural media typically portrayed the elderly?

as unimportant and stereotyped

A(n) _____ status is given to you; you do not earn it. achieved ascribed earned marital

ascribed

in a bureaucracy, ____ flows downward from level to level and _____ flows upward

assignments; accountability

according to control theory, which of the following four types of social controls contribute to self-control

attachments, commitments, involvements, and beliefs

A(n) ________ leadership style has the tendency to encourage either aggressive or apathetic behavior among group members with aggressive members growing increasingly hostile towards their leader.

authoritarian

Any leadership style might create resentment, but the one most likely to do so is the __________ leadership style. democratic expressive authoritarian instrumental

authoritarian

According to Adorno, a(n) ________ is a person who is prejudiced and ranks high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissiveness to superiors.

authoritarian personality

__________ is the violation of norms. a. Negative sanction b. Deviance c. Social control d. Stigma

b. Deviance

__________, the decision to arrest someone or even to ignore a matter, is a routine part of police work. a. Police corruption b. Police discretion c. Recidivism d. Medicalization of deviance

b. Police discretion

How does deviance clarify moral boundaries and affirm norms? a. by following the tenets of strain theory b. Punishment of a deviating group member helps make clear what it means to be a member of the group. c. by opening up the illegitimate opportunity structure d. Rewarding deviance enhances the strength of the group as a whole.

b. Punishment of a deviating group member helps make clear what it means to be a member of the group.

Conflict theorists view the criminal justice system as __________. a. operating impartially to bring justice to all b. a way for the elite to exert control c. focusing on punishment of the powerful d. an honest endeavor by society to settle disputes equitably

b. a way for the elite to exert control

A good indicator that the death penalty is disproportionately applied to lower-class citizens is that __________ of all the prisoners on death row have not finished high school. a. a quarter b. almost half c. a tenth d. almost all

b. almost half

In strain theory, institutionalized means are __________. a. rejected b. approved ways of reaching cultural goals c. unapproved ways of reaching cultural goals d. outmoded

b. approved ways of reaching cultural goals

A corporate executive who gets in trouble for authorizing her company to pollute a river will most likely __________. a. get away with a modest amount of jail time b. bypass the courts altogether c. go into the witness protection program d. can count on her corporation not having to pay any fines

b. bypass the courts altogether

The __________ as a whole consists of several components, such as police departments and officers, the court system, and jails and prisons. a. social service system b. criminal justice system c. halfway house system d. poor house

b. criminal justice system

In a(n) __________, people answer to a group, hear testimony against themselves, are found guilty, and have their statuses as group members removed. a. example of conflict theory b. degradation ceremony c. example of differential association theory d. illegal type of self-control

b. degradation ceremony

The sharp decline in violent crime can be attributed to __________. a. increased unemployment b. multiple factors c. a higher birth rate d. lead in gasoline

b. multiple factors

Ted gave a talk to his high school class that was laced with humor and understanding and showed that he really grasped the important points in the history of the French Revolution, which was what his history class was studying. When he was finished, Ted was praised by his teacher as well as by several classmates. The praise was an example of a __________. a. norm b. positive sanction c. stigmatization d. negative sanction

b. positive sanction

In families living in dangerous neighborhoods, parents want to move because they feel that if their children have delinquent friends, they will also be likely to become delinquents. Sociological research __________ this belief. a. rejects b. supports c. has not addressed d. is mixed in its findings on

b. supports

A __________ is committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations. a. street crime b. white-collar crime c. victimless crime d. crime that results in society's most severe punishments

b. white-collar crime

Advances in technology have created the new possibility of __________. a. waiting less than three months for a human baby to be fully developed and ready to be born b. having full-grown children c. baby shopping d. arranged marriage

baby shopping

According to Goffman's scheme, we have ______ where we can have some privacy and relax. front stages bleachers back stages precast dramas

back stages

Ethnomethodologists explore _____ assumptions about how the world operates that underlie our behavior. background written legal foreground

background

Dr. Zahn's academic interest is analyzing various aspects of society and publishing his findings in sociological journals. In view of this, Dr. Zahn is considered to be a(n) ________ sociologist.

basic or pure

An advantage of knowing a culture's gestures is

being able to communicate with simplicity

When many students graduate from college, they are able to earn an extra $1,435 a month between the ages of 25 and 65. These students manage to earn this bonus by ________.

being born male

What are the three elements of religion based on the writings of Emile Durkheim?

beliefs, practices, moral community

groups are made up of people who interact with one another and who _____

believe they belong together

Sociobiologists believe that

biology is a basic cause of human behavior.

According to the author, the biological and economic enmeshment of the emerging __________ society will probably increase the amount of surplus and trade even more. industrial biotech hunter-gatherer new agricultural

biotech

World system theory explains that global stratification came about through the __________.

birth of an industrialized society

To interpret _____, we consider facial expressions, posture, and gestures. the extent of intimate distance body language stereotypes macro sociology

body language

an example of a total institution is a

boot camp prison concentration camp convent & some military schools

In the global economic shakeout, companies that survive, whether thriving or hanging by their fingernails, will be ________.

bureaucracies

Max Weber's prediction that ________ would come to dominate social life has withstood the test of time more than any other prediction in sociology.

bureaucracies

What is the practice of suttee?

burning the living widow with the body of her dead husband

According to Ray Rist's research, how long did it take for teachers to determine a child's potential success in school?

by the end of the first two weeks of kindergarten

About __________ of all those in prison have a father, mother, brother, sister, or spouse who has also served time in prison. a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent

c. 50 percent

Since the death penalty was reinstated in 1977, __________ of those put to death have been white and __________ have been African American. a. 21 percent; 49 percent b. 38 percent; 44 percent c. 57 percent; 34 percent d. 73 percent; 24 percent

c. 57 percent; 34 percent

The recidivism rate, which is the percentage of released convicts who are rearrested, is __________ within three years of release. a. 15 percent b. 38 percent c. 68 percent d. 91 percent

c. 68 percent

__________ states that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity. a. Deviance theory b. Control theory c. Labeling theory d. Neutralization

c. Labeling theory

There are a variety of ways to approach deviance. __________ look for answers internal to individuals, such as a possible genetic predisposition to deviance. a. All sociologists b. Conflict theorists c. Sociobiologists d. Psychologists

c. Sociobiologists

In control theory, how many control systems are in place to work against our tendencies to deviate? a. None b. One c. Two d. Six

c. Two

Shaming as a control strategy is __________. a. illegal b. a relic dating to colonial times c. apparently becoming popular again d. a form of neutralization

c. apparently becoming popular again

Street crimes refer to acts such as __________. a. embezzlement b. identity theft c. burglaries and assaults d. a corporation hiding large sums of money to avoid paying taxes

c. burglaries and assaults.

Symbolic interactionists stress that we __________. a. are prisoners of socialization b. are pawns in the hands of others, so to speak c. contribute to the formation of our own lives d. are predestined to think and act as our groups dictate

c. contribute to the formation of our own life

On any given day, __________ are incarcerated. a. fewer high school dropouts than college graduates b. fewer never-marrieds than ever-marrieds c. more men than women d. more women than men

c. more men than women

Psychologists look at __________ as possible causes of deviance. a. factors outside the individual b. social influences that recruit people to break norms c. personality disorders d. genes

c. personality disorders

In the medicalization of deviance, deviance becomes a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by __________. a. the court b. sociologists c. physicians d. the police

c. physicians

Because deviance undermines predictability, a system of __________ was developed to enforce the norms. a. street crime b. sociology c. social control d. assumption reinforcement

c. social control

Sociologist Robert Merton developed __________. a. deviance theory b. a defense of white-collar crime c. strain theory d. modern sociology

c. strain theory

According to Hirschi, if our bonds with society are __________, our inner controls will be __________. a. weak; strong b. weak; working harder c. strong; strong d. strong; ineffective

c. strong; strong

The term "capital punishment" refers to __________. a. white-collar crime b. nonviolent crime c. the death penalty d. laws regulating capitalism in countries under autocratic rule

c. the death penalty

The philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal is

called feminism

Our social networks __________. generally cause us to fight inequality are unrelated to inequality can contribute to the persistence of inequality reflect our desire to change the world

can contribute to the persistence of inequality

In __________, the means of production are privately owned. socialism convergence theory laissez-faire socialism capitalism

capitalism

Of the following, the crime with the highest recidivism rate within three years of release from prison is ________.

car theft

Since the 1960's Native Americans have won a series of legal victories giving them control over reservation lands. During that time they have opened businesses ranging from fishing canneries to industrial parks that serve metropolitan areas. More recently the business endeavor that has attracted the most attention is the __________ business.

casino

A(n) __________ consists of people who share similar characteristics, but who do not think of themselves as belonging together. out-group reference group category primary group

category

although a ____ is not actually a group, it is often confused with one

category

The core value of education has

changed over the years, until today a college education is considered an appropriate goal for most Americans.

People were so attracted to a particular cult leader that they did whatever he told them to do, even when it broke the law. This cult leader exemplified __________ authority. charismatic rational-legal traditional no

charismatic

The intention of _____ is to keep any individual branch of the U.S. government from dominating. the conflict perspective pluralism checks and balances anarchy

checks and balances

Queen Elizabeth II is currently the monarch of Great Britain. She will eventually pass on to Prince Charles the power to rule because he is her __________. friend child most qualified subject leading man

child

A feral child is defined as a __________.

children who have lived in isolation from human contact

Under India's caste system, the occupation of __________ is held by "untouchables."

clothes washer

Triads often generate __________. dyads coalitions groups of four groups of six

coalitions

Based on the average of 60 nations, what three occupations enjoy the highest prestige ratings?

college president, Supreme Court judge, astronaut

When an executioner wears a hood he is separating his true identity (the man without a hood) from the one carrying out the execution. Such behavior is part of an effort to separate one's feelings from one's acts, called ________.

compartmentalization

Gaetano Mosca believes that social stratification is a result of

conflict

a sociologist is asked her feelings on the 'three-strikes' law. she says that the law disproportionately affects the poor and serves only to keep them from improving their lot. this sociologist is applying the _____ perspective

conflict

which of the following perspectives argues that the power elite employ the criminal justice system to inflict heavy penalties on those whose crimes threaten the social order

conflict

Role strain is _____. conflict between roles conflict occurring within the same role compatibility between roles a vain attempt to find a role

conflict occurring within the same role

Richard lived on a street for almost a year. His days were busy with doing things necessary to survive at a basic level-finding shelter, keeping safe, panhandling for money, getting food and drink, washing, and finding dry clothes. Richard knew that he did not have many chances. A _____ would focus on where Richard is located in the social class system of the US and what opportunities are available to him because of that. micro sociologist symbolic interactionist research sociologist conflict theorist

conflict theorist

Children of immigrants typically feel __________ about assimilating.

conflicted

a problem with groupthink is that it results in _____

conforming, leading to a narrow view of an issue

Janelle is a professor in the Department of Business at a state university. She is a full professor in her department and earns $135,000 a year. According to Lenski's status inconsistency hypothesis, what is Janelle's most likely political philosophy?

conservative

Rather than save her money, Marguerite likes to spend as much as she can, especially on clothing and accessories with designer labels that she can show off in public places. Marguerite is exhibiting what Veblen would call __________ . conspicuous consumption custom-bound behavior an ostentatious orientation economic prosperity rights

conspicuous consumption

At a vaginal examination, male doctors _____ social reality to define the examination as _____ deny; sexual ignore; nonsexual dismiss; normal construct; nonsexual

construct; nonsexual

Erik Wright revised Marx's concept of social classes by regarding some people as simultaneously occupying more than one class. He termed their positions in the class structure ________.

contradictory class locations

Chinese leaders putting tight controls on Internet cafes and search engines, blocking access to Facebook and Twitter is an example of which means elites use to maintain stratification?

controlling information

Great Britain was one of the first nations in which industrial capitalism developed. According to world system theory, Great Britain would be a ________ nation.

core

Sociologists call values that are shared by most of the groups in a society

core values

Bill heard, as part of the _______ curriculum in his school that certain races were not as good as others, and that coolness was the key to everything

corridor

Jews, Christians and Muslims all believe in one God who, as creator of the universe, is concerned about our actions and will hold us accountable for them. In this sense, Jews, Christians and Muslims all share the same ________.

cosmology

The main anticapitalism argument is that such a system __________. focuses too much on the public good leads to too much social equality does not respect individual rights creates inequity

creates inequity

When clerks in stores smile at customers, they will be _____. assured of increased sales accepted in all cultures universally encourages creating discomfort in some cultures

creating discomfort in some cultures

When employers use diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work, it becomes a ________ society.

credential

The harlows took baby monkeys away from their mothers to live alone, frightened them and observed that the babies clung to terrycloth fake mothers rather then wire fake mothers. the experiment intended to prove what might already have been obvious--that infants need to be...

cuddled

Although cooperation is a core value in Japan, Japanese students are admitted to college only on the basis of intense competition. This is an example of a ________.

cultural contradiction

The Internet has helped to spread the English language around the world. Sociologists describe this process as __________.

cultural diffusion

What concept is central to all evolutionary theories, regardless of their type?

cultural progress

Anthropologist Robert Edgerton believes that cultures whose practices result in the exploitation of people are morally inferior to cultures whose practices enhance human life. Edgerton argues, therefore, that cultures should not all be viewed with __________.

cultural relativism

In his book, Sick Societies, anthropologist Robert Edgerton proposed that cultures should be evaluated on their "quality of life" and not just automatically accepted. This is contrary to which of the following sociological concepts?

cultural relativism

To try to understand a culture on its own terms is called

cultural relativism

_____ refer(s) to values, norms, or other cultural traits found everywhere.

cultural universals

A society typically passes along its __________, or language, beliefs, values, norms, and material objects, from one generation to the next.

culture

Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next by members of society describe ________.

culture

Schmuel lives in Israel and speaks Hebrew; Henri lives in Paris and speaks French; Meg lives in London and speaks English; Mei-Ling lives in Beijing and speaks Chinese; and Clarita lives in Mexico and speaks Spanish. This information lends support to the sociological assumption that __________.

culture is universal but the particulars of culture are not

Some nations have traditionally been in poverty from one generation to the next, relying on tradition rather than experimenting with new technology that might improve their standard of living. This explanation for global stratification is called ________.

culture of poverty

After a fairly short plane ride from New York City, Irving found himself on a dusty road with goats, chickens, and motor scooters, rather than cars. Food, clothing, and carpets were being sold by street vendors, some of whom worked from a cloth spread on the ground, in no order that he could recognize. Irving was experiencing

culture shock

Justin and his parents are driving from Atlanta, Georgia, to Pennsylvania to settle Justin into his new college dorm. Shortly after they arrive in Pennsylvania, the members of the Thyme family are surprised to find that they are passing unusual horse-drawn buggies traveling on the road. Glancing back, they notice that the women in the buggies are wearing bonnets and long dresses and that the men have beards but no moustaches. Confused, Justin taps his mother on the shoulder and asks, "Are we in the middle of an episode of Fringe?" In sociological terms, Justin is experiencing __________.

culture shock

In cultural leveling,

cultures become similar to one another

Investigators who use specialized software to recover every note employees have written and every website they have visited are known as ________.

cybersleuths

The United States has 5 percent of the world's population and about __________ of the world's prisoners. a. 3 percent b. 5 percent c. 13 percent d. 25 percent

d. 25 percent

__________ attempt(s) to justify the breaking of some norms. a. None of us b. Very few people c. Only deviants d. Everyone

d. Everyone

__________ refers to blemishes that discredit a person's claim to a normal identity. a. Crime b. Norm c. Deviance d. Stigma

d. Stigma

Edward Sutherland used the term __________ to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn more messages favorable to deviance, increasing their chances of becoming deviant. a. control theory b. labeling theory c. shaming d. differential association

d. differential association

In the twenty-two years from 1992 to 2014, the percentage of people arrested for burglary who were women __________. a. decreased dramatically b. decreased slightly c. increased slightly d. increased dramatically

d. increased dramatically

In the U.S. population over eighteen years of age in the mid-2010s, about 12 percent of people had less than a high school education. In prison, however, __________ had less than a high school education. a. one-tenth of that percentage b. only half that percentage c. ten times that percentage d. more than twice that percentage

d. more than twice that percentage

Executives who committed corporate crimes at Macy's, Sears, and Bloomingdales spent __________ in jail. a. an average of 10 years b. an average of five years c. an average of six months d. no time

d. no time

A teen who dies his hair purple, wears a spike through his finger, and dresses only in bright yellow clothing seems to be __________ a deviant identity. a. rejecting b. denying c. neutralizing d. seeking

d. seeking

Strain theory __________ the sociological view that deviants are the product of society. a. rejects b. offers an alternative to c. diminishes d. supports

d. supports

The percentage of American children under 18 who live with both parents is __________. a. increasing b. decreasing c. unknown d. fixed by law

decreasing

Ritualistic procedures intended to humiliate norm violators and mark them as being moral outcasts of the group to which they once belonged are called ________.

degradation ceremonies

an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individual's current identity and stamping a new on in its place is

degradation ceremony

A(n) __________ leader tries to gain consensus among group members. democratic expressive laissez-faire authoritarian

democratic

Groups in which members take personal responsibility and work at a steady pace, even without supervision, are most likely headed by which classification of leader?

democratic leader

According to Marx, human history shows that struggle develops between the thesis and its antithesis, leading to a synthesis. Marx called this historical change a(n) ________.

dialectical process

In a(n) __________, one individual takes power. direct democracy dictatorship oligarchy representative democracy

dictatorship

Systems of descent, the ways in which people trace kinship generation after generation, are __________. a. matrilineal everywhere but in the United States b. remarkably similar throughout the world c. different all over the world d. bilineal in the United States, but patriarchal everywhere else

different all over the world

michelle, a single mother with two children in their early teens, wants to move to a better neighborhood she thinks there are too many delinquents in her current neighborhood, and she fears her children will become delinquents like their friends. michelle's attitude illustrates which of the following theories?

differential association theory

The Japanese adopted baseball as a national sport after they saw American GIs playing it following World War II. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of ________.

diffusion

A phenomenon of group dynamics that results in a decrease in one's willingness to help others as the size of the group increases is referred to as ________.

diffusion of responsibility

In a(n) __________ democracy, all those who are eligible to vote get together with each other to decide what should be done about the issues that face them. indirect representative direct totalitarian

direct

the attitudes and thinking patterns that result from identification with in-groups can lead to _____

discrimination and prejudice

The poorest fifth of the U.S. population receives __________ of the nation's income. none disproportionately little its proportionate amount the greatest proportion

disproportionately little

If a researcher is reading diaries to collect information about the attitudes of rape victims, he or she is using ________ to collect the data.

documents

According to Weber, in a bureaucracy the task assignments flow __________ and accountability flows __________. upward; upward upward; downward downward; downward downward; upward

downward; upward

Cindy acts casually around her friends but formally around her coworkers. When she gets together with her in- laws, she is polite and reserved; however, when she is alone with her husband and children, she is extroverted and witty. Erving Goffman would present Cindy's behavior as an example of __________.

dramaturgical analysis

Erving Goffman used the term _____ to mean that social life is like a drama or a stage play. proscenium dramaturgy movie rehearsal

dramaturgy

According to Georg Simmel, which of the following groups is the most unstable?

dyad

The example of the 13-year-old girl named Genie who was locked in a small room since she was 20 months of age shows that __________.

early interactions are necessary for normal development

ages 30 to 49 in the life course are known as the ___________ years

early middle

Mathilde owns her own grocery. She buys items in bulk and sells each item for more than she paid for it so she can make some money. To encourage repeat business she is always very polite to her customers and will, for example, give someone a new carton of milk for free if he or she claims there was a problem with the last cartoon bought - no questions asked! Mathilde's ways exemplify the norms associated with which social institution? medicine economy family politics

ecomony

Karl Marx believed that ________ was the central force for social change, while Max Weber believed that ________ was the force most responsible for social change.

economics; religion

A system of producing and distributing goods and services is known as a(n) __________. subsistence economy market economy hunting and gathering society

economy

The manifest function of formal education refers to

education's intended purpose

What are the four variables Gilbert and Kahl used to develop a six-class model to reflect the class structure of the United States and other capitalist countries?

education, power, property, prestige

In a(n) __________ family, both the wife and the husband hold just about the same authority. a. matrilineal b. incest taboo c. egalitarian d. patrilineal

egalitarian

The ____, as viewed by freud, is the balancing force in our personality

ego

In what century was the steam engine invented? seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth

eighteenth

Based on research, romantic love consists of what two components?

emotional and cognitive

The characteristics of bureaucracies that Max Weber identified __________. run counter to American ideals enable them to achieve their objectives are more imagination than fact hamper their efforts to accomplish anything

enable them to achieve their objectives

In __________, one is marrying within the same group. a. exogamy b. endogamy c. polyandry d. an extended family

endogamy

In some societies, closely related members of the ruling class and the upper class marry to preserve their power and wealth within their families. This is a practice known as ________.

endogamy

In addition to choosing the appropriate research method, sociologists must follow research _______ to achieve truth, honesty, and openness.

ethics

For the last five years, Sarah has been trying to recover her ethnic heritage by tracing her family line. This attempt to trace her family line is an example of ________.

ethnic work

While race might reflect our biological heritage, ________ reflects our cultural heritage.

ethnicity

In regard to standards of beauty, cultures around the world tend to be __________.

ethnocentric

In 1906, sociologist William Sumner made the comment, "One's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it." This statement is most aligned with the concept of ________.

ethnocentrism

Marsha visits her pen pal Noora in Dubai and is shocked that Noora wears a hijab over her hair. Marsha confronts her, angrily asking why Noora would demean herself by covering her head with a veil. Noora replies that it is a form of modesty and closeness to God, and wearing it is a sign of pride. In confronting Noora, Marsha was exhibiting __________.

ethnocentrism

On average, one tribe of Amazonian Indians has been lost each year of the twentieth century. What is the fundamental explanation for this destruction?

ethnocentrism and the greed of non-Indians

The refusal of Christians to accept Islam as a valid religion is a form of ________, while the sincere effort to understand the practice of having multiple wives in some societies is a form of ________.

ethnocentrism; cultural relativism

What conclusion did George Murdock make following his study of 324 societies?

every society associates certain activities with one sex or another

If 100 working-class people move upward on the class ladder and, at the same time, 100 middle-class people move downward, sociologists would consider this an example of ________ mobility.

exchange

In some tribal societies it is highly encouraged for the son or daughter of one tribe to marry the son or daughter of a neighboring or rival tribe to build camaraderie and form an alliance. This pattern of marital behavior is called ________.

exogamy

__________ requires that people marry outside the group. a. Exogamy b. Endogamy c. Matriarchy d. The family of orientation

exogamy

Workers today tend to __________ the humanization of the workplace. be conflicted by fear avoid expect

expect

Which of the following is an example of a first step of resocialization in a total institution such as prison?

experiencing the removal of you existing identity

The group's __________ leader serves to reduce conflict. expressive authoritarian aggressive instrumental

expressive

Paul Ekman's work focused on the connection between __________ and emotions.

facial expressions

Sally is employed as a computer programmer for the Ellis Corporation. She has a savings account of $15,000 and owns a few shares of Ellis stock. She thinks of herself as an investor rather than as a worker. Marx would maintain that Sally has experienced ________.

false class consciousness

a ____ is an example of a primary group

family

The most significant predictor of whether a student will attend college is his/her ________.

family background

A person grows up in his or her __________. a. family of procreation b. extended family c. family of orientation d. imaginary family

family of orientation

Terrorists try to create __________ to reach certain __________. fear; political goals chaos; order fear; reconciliation alarm; attention

fear; political goals

You are in a group of six people. As you start to count up the number of possible relationships between the different people in the group, you realize the maximum number is __________. three six nine fifteen

fifteen

If Alice came to class wearing a soiled and torn blouse, she would be violating a ________. But if Alice came to class not wearing a blouse (or any other garment), she would be violating a ________.

folkway; more

Jeanann and her two children recently went on welfare. Research indicates that it is likely that Jeanann and her children will be in poverty ________.

for a year or less

When the Native Americans were pacified by the military in the late 1800s, they were forced to learn the English language, dress like the white man, renounce their religion, and give up their customs. This was a classic example of ________.

forced assimilation

A bureaucracy is a very __________ type of secondary group. fair formal informal irrational

formal

psychoanalysis was developed by

freud

One of the reasons for the Islamic conflict with capitalist nations is the belief of some that modernization threatens their religion. The movement to restore the faith as it was originally practiced is called ________.

fundamentalism

In its 2010 ruling on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the U.S. Supreme Court __________. gave corporations even more freedom to contribute money for political purposes outlawed political contributions recognized that corporations are not people ruled that the First Amendment limits the amount of money that corporations can contribute to politicians

gave corporations even more freedom to contribute money for political purposes

in Asch's experiment on conformity, he found that most people ______

gave in to the group even though they knew the group was wrong

The major distinction between gay or lesbian families and heterosexual families is that __________. a. they have different emphases on money and careers b. breakups occur for different reasons c. heterosexual families raise children and gay/lesbian families do not d. gay/lesbian families still face negativity

gay/lesbian families still face negativity

In every society, from the hunting and gathering society to the postindustrial society, the most common basis for social stratification has been ________.

gender

Little Jo got Dolls & jewelry for presents. her brother Joe got action figures and toy guns. such a division in toys and play give children ___________ lessons

gender

Learning the gender map is known as

gender socialization

The majority of students graduating with a degree in library science are women. Research has shown that this sex typing of majors is primarily due to ________.

gender socialization

The term for the unequal access to power, prestige, and property based on a person's sex is ________.

gender stratification

The fact that nearly 80 percent of engineering degrees are awarded to men while 90 percent of library science degrees are awarded to women illustrates the phenomenon of ________.

gender tracking

Sociologists are now developing what they call _________, which emphasizes the influence of genes on human behavior.

genetics-informed sociology

In the early middle years, a person would be most likely to __________ for the first time.

get divorced

Based on the research of sociologist George Farkas, which two groups of students were most successful in signaling their teachers they were good students?

girls and Asian Americans

When Josie visits Sweden, she finds she doesn't like the traffic jams occurring when she leaves the airport. Even though she has arrived in a private plane, all passengers have to leave in a uniform fashion. Josie thinks there should be an expedited way to leave for some passengers, so she calls her friend, the prime minister of Sweden, to make that suggestion. Apparently, Josie is a member of the __________. government rank and file global superclass Peace Corps airport security team

global superclass

When an organization replaces old goals with new ones, this is known as __________. alienation McDonaldization goal displacement the Peter Principle

goal displacement

Higher grades given for the same work or a general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning is known as __________.

grade inflation

Female voters ___ male voters.

greatly outnumber

In Professor Jones' social problems course, the students interact freely with one another, think of themselves as "Dr. J's class," and feel they are significant because of their mutual interest in social reform. Which concept best describes Dr. Jones' class?

group

People who have something in common, and who believe that what they have in common is significant, form a __________. hunting and gathering society group domestication revolution pastoral society

group

_____ would be part of material culture.

hairstyles

The looking-glass self relates to the concept of "me" by __________.

helping us to see ourselves as we think others see us, which allows the objective "me" to form

apparently, having a reasonable level of __________ depends on early, close relations with other people

high intelligence

according to control theory, thorough socialization of children at an early age results in ______

high levels of self-control

The gap between rich and poor Americans is __________. historically high narrowing slightly higher than it has been in the past about the same as it has always been

historically high

What are the three qualities on which research ethics is based?

honesty; truth; openness

LuAnn has a terminal disease and is close to death. Every other day, a person comes to her home and monitors her health signs, talks with her, and answers any questions the family has about LuAnn. The services provided LuAnn are referred to as ________.

hospice

in order to explain behavior that people find bizarre, szasz directs our attention not to hidden causes within the subconscious, but rather to _______

how people learn such behaviors

Bob works at an automobile factory that organizes its workers into small groups that meet regularly to discuss ways to increase production and efficiency. Individual workers are often singled out and recognized for their contributions to the organization. These are examples of attempts to ________.

humanize the work setting to develop employee potential

The _____ culture refers to the values, norms, and goals that a group considers worth aiming for.

ideal

Although people in the United States generally agree on the importance of sexual faithfulness in marriage, a significant percentage of both women and men report that they cheat on their spouse. This finding illustrates the relationship between __________ and __________. Correct!

ideal culture; real culture

Americans glorify academic progress and material success. However, most students do not graduate with honors and most citizens are not wealthy. This condition characterizes the difference between ________ and ________.

ideal culture; real culture

A model that is a composite of the most efficient and highest-rated characteristics of many specific examples is called a(n) ________.

ideal type

__________ intrigue sociological researchers, particularly those separated at birth

identical twins

The imaginary country of Setats has a large slave population made up of people from another country the Setatians have conquered. Many of the Setatians who own slaves would like to own the children of their slaves as well, and they consequently develop a belief system that the people of Setats are smarter than any other people. Because they believe they are so smart, the people of Setats feel it is their duty to enslave other people in order to help them. This belief system is known as a(n) __________.

ideology

in Fox and Arquitt's study, inner circle members of the local VFW posts viewed rank-and-file members as _____

ignorant boozers

in fox and arquitt's study, inner circle members of the local vfw posts viewed rank-and-file members as ____

ignorant boozers

According to Cloward and Ohlin, what is the underlying cause of deviance and delinquency in unstable slums of a city?

illegitimate opportunity structures

The correct sequence of Mead's three stages of how we learn to take on the role of others is __________.

imitation, play, team games

_____ refers to our efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of us dramaturgy back stage impression management center stage

impression management

Violators of cultural taboos in the United States most likely would be sanctioned with __________.

imprisonment

One is loyal to one's __________. in-group aggregate out-group category

in-group

_____ is (are) the primary focus of micro sociologists. hidden meanings and innuendo the broader features of society in-person interaction the demise of society as we know it

in-person interaction

Social class is based on _____. income, education, and occupational prestige birth marriage religion

income, education, and occupational prestige

Marcus works as an air conditioner technician. This places him solidly in the upper middle class. However, he has a lot of freedom in his job, because he is on the road alone most of the workday. What character trait will Marcus likely appreciate in his children?

independence

__________ factors influence our life course

individual

what did solomon asch's line study demonstrate about group dynamics

individuals are willing to compromise their beliefs to avoid the discomfort of being different from others in a group

Which of the following factors most transformed the process of dying into an event to be managed by professionals?

industrialization

Early attempts at diversity training were __________. more effective than the trainings today ineffective if not worse so successful the concept of diversity training took off always held in the boss's office so people would know they were serious

ineffective if not worse

Susie is a first-year college student. Although she wants to be popular, she has refused invitations to attend underage drinking parties. Susie has a strong respect for authority, even when it conflicts with a simple matter such as attending a college party. Susie's decision in this situation demonstrates a quality of control theory called ________.

inner control

Milgram's study on authority was __________. inspired by Nazis provoked by Stalinists ordered by his supervisor conducted to prove he was a loyal American

inspired by Nazis

A leader focused on tasks who keeps the group working toward its objectives is a(n) __________ leader. expressive instrumental laissez-faire authoritarian

instrumental

The social construction of reality theory states that through _____, we construct what for us is reality. ethnomethodology interactions with others examinations introspection

interactions with other

People in secondary groups typically share _____

interests or activities

A researcher is asking questions of a serious nature, and a respondent gives only "socially acceptable" answers. This is an example of ________.

interviewer bias

An attractive African American woman is conducting random interviews on campus to gather data on students' opinions on the reverse discrimination suit filed by white students at the University of Michigan School of Law. Four out of five of the white respondents and virtually all of the African American respondents favor the court's ruling and supports "bonus points" being given to applicants of color. Based on this information, what is probably affecting the data collection process?

interviewer bias

What is the relationship between one's social class and one's chances of being a victim of crime?

inverse

Robert Michels said that a small group of elite members tends to perpetuate itself at the top levels of organizations. He called this the __________. McDonaldization of contemporary life hidden voluntary culture iron law of oligarchy democratic group

iron law of oligarchy

Stifling criticism as a means to maintain power __________.

is accomplished through the use of fear in dictatorship societies

The most uniformly applicable description of technology is that it ________.

is an artificial means of extending human abilities

Groupthink __________. Enterprises was a think tank founded by sociologist Irving Janis has positive attributes, according to the text is of no small consequence no longer occurs now that everyone is aware of it

is of no small consequence

Which statement about machismo is true? a. It increases with each generation in the United States. b. It is limited to Latinos. c. It decreases with each generation in the United States. d. It is more important than social class in determining family life.

it decreases with each generation in the U.S.

Timasheff (1965) identified seven "fuels" that make war likely, including the idea that __________. religious beliefs should not be shared a cultural tradition of war is desirable it is necessary to get back at enemies for what they did before an antagonistic situation can only be resolved through violent methods

it is necessary to get back at enemies for what they did before

according to the theory of differential association, putting criminals in prison probably increases recidivism. why

it puts them in close contact with other deviants who reinforce their attitudes about deviant behavior

Marion belonged to a group that got together once a month in group members' houses to converse in Russian, which they had all learned in school. The Russian enthusiasts were an example of a group that wielded influence over _____. vast segments of their behavior the need to conform with group norms over many aspects of life just a small part of their behavior social class

just a small part of their behavior

_____ theory recognizes that an individual's reputation may set him or her on a path to conformity or deviation

labeling

______ theory recognizes that an individual's reputation may set him or her on a path to conformity or deviation

labeling

The most permissive leadership style is the __________ leader. instrumental laissez-faire authoritarian democratic

laissez-faire

Symbols can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought. This is referred to as ________.

language

The basis of culture is

language

isolated children require _______ to develop

language

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that

language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it

unintended consequences of schools, or ________ functions, help the social system

latent

College provides a haven for several million potential workers who are classified as "students" rather than "unemployed," which helps stabilize the job market. This situation represents what Merton would describe as a ________.

latent function

A fundamental shift in thinking--from the time since our birth to the time we have left to live--occurs in the

later middle years

Deborah has started to worry about her health and schedules monthly checkups with her doctor to make sure she is in good physical shape. She also finds herself frequently thinking about what she has accomplished and what she had hoped to achieve in her career. From this information, you can infer that Deborah is most likely in her __________.

later middle years

Computers are to material culture as __________ are to nonmaterial culture.

laws

A __________ influences other people. dyad leader group dynamic triad

leader

gender socialization

learning society's gender map, the paths in life set out for us because we are male or female

What term refers to the maximum length of life that is possible for a species?

life span

How are public schools primarily funded?

local property taxes

People's _____ the social structure will teach them behaviors and attitudes are appropriate for them. attitude toward willingness to be part of location in number of friends within

location in

The term _____ was coined by charles cooley

looking glass self

In the 1930s, children reared in orphanages tended to have __________.

low IQs

Sociologists use _____ to analyze the broad features of society. interactional sociology macro sociology chaos theory micro sociology

macro sociology

Cindy is interested in how the movement of Maytag production plants and other industries from the Midwest to Mexico has changed the lives of thousands of unemployed workers and their communities. Cindy is conducting a ________ analysis.

macro-level

Edinboro University of Pennsylvania is one of the largest "wheelchair" universities in the United States, providing access of all programs to all students and establishing special wheelchair programs in sports competition. This is an example of ________.

mainstreaming

According to Robert Merton, ________ are the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions.

manifest functions

From a functionalist perspective, what is the teaching of knowledge and skills which reinforces positive consequences in students?

manifest functions

The most salient factor to consider in terms of the future of marriage is that __________. a. many societies in the world exist quite happily without marriage b. the decline of marriage indicates that it will become a relic of the past c. fewer couples will find themselves sandwiched between taking care of kids and parents d. marriage exists in every society

marriage exists in every society

The dilemma presented to women by ________ is that a model is thrust before them that is almost impossible to replicate in real life

mass media (television, movies and cartoons)

Aletha had an accident in which she fell into hot cooking grease. Despite many operations and treatments, her face, neck, and hands were forever altered. Regardless of her accomplishments or occupation, many others viewed Aletha's disfigurement as her _____ ascribed status master status status symbol status set

master status

Good nutrition, medical care, comfortable housing, and a nice car are included in a classification of values in American society that sociologist Robin Williams would call ________.

material comfort

For Durkheim, people who performed similar tasks had in common the way they looked at life, which he called _______. mechanical solidarity impromptu solidarity organic solidarity social class

mechanical solidarity

Using exceptionally simple questions on an exam and "dummying down" grading scales so everyone passes are examples of a growing problem in education called ________.

mediocrity

With the extent and type of government surveillance, plus our smartphones and cars emitting information about where we are, we may be entering a__________. minimum-security society utopia, because we will have little to fear maximum-security society "memory hole"

memory hole

The sworn virgins of Albania are treated by people in their society as

men

A typical lie made by potential mates on an online dating site is __________. a. men saying they are taller than they are b. women saying they weigh more than they do c. men saying they are shorter than they are d. women saying they are friendlier than they are

men saying they are taller than they are

what is meant by the statement, "homelessness and mental illness are reciprocal"

mental illness may cause someone to become homeless, but becoming homeless can also lead to mental illness

Gender __________ are the methods society uses to tell us how males and females are expected to act.

messages

Sociologists use _____ to analyze social interactions. micro sociology behavioral sociology macro sociology order theory

micro sociology

What is the background profile of most United States presidents?

millionaire white men from families with old money

As diversity in the workplace continues to increase, more than half of U.S. workers include which three groups?

minorities, immigrants, and women

What term did Louis Wirth use to define groups of people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination?

minority group

Paul loved to party at Mardi Gras, even if he was not involved in making a float or anything else. The atmosphere on the street was just so different, so easy. He had a great time. At such a(n) _____, the rules were loosened.

moral holiday

in the United States religion is important to

morality

after several years of foster care, children in the study of Bucharest had _________ Brain cells than children who stayed in the orphanage

more

sociological research has found that children from poor neighborhoods are _______ to get in difficulty with the law, & that parenting is ________ in the poor neighborhoods

more likely harder

If you kill another person, you have violated a society's

mores

The _____ framework that determines what kind of people we become is culture. biological narrowest only most overarching

most overarching

What three factors account for the long life expectancy of the Abkhasians, the people living in the former Soviet republic of Georgia?

mostly vegetarian diet; lifelong physical activity; sense of community

Switzerland is made up of four separate ethnic groups that have kept their own languages but are peacefully united politically and economically. This pattern of intergroup relations is an example of ________.

multiculturalism

The theories that propose societies may take different routes, but eventually lead to the same stage of development, are ________ theories.

multilinear

In the United States, third parties __________. have consistently been successful must support the same centrist themes as Democrats and Republicans to play a role are illegal have to set themselves apart from the two main parties to play a role

must support the same centrist themes as Democrats and Republicans to play a role

in a voluntary associoation, individuals volunteer on the basis of _____

mutual interest

what is the basis for organization of all voluntary associations

mutual interest

A common thread that runs through all voluntary associations is ________.

mutual interest among members

The term "organic solidarity" is based on the way that different members of society _____. intermarry need each other share the same status level exploit each other

need each other

a female coworker comes into the office one day wearing a low-cut blouse. she is greeted by snickers in the lunchroom and hears people whispering as she walks down the hall. these reactions are examples of ______

negative sanctions

During World War II, European Jews had to wear yellow stars on their clothing. The star is an example of a(n) __________.

negative status symbol

The Industrialized Nations control of the Least Industrialized Nations through debts owed to them, which is referred to as ________.

neocolonialism

when is the development of self concept finished

never

The emerging tools and the skills needed to use them, which have a significant impact on social life, are called ________.

new technology

Sadness is to sorrow as __________ is(are) to symbolic culture.

nonmaterial culture

A term for rules of behavior is

norms

According to Marx, workers feel alienation because they are __________. not connected to the finished products of their labor spoiled tired of using their own tools to make the finished product overstimulated by their jobs

not connected to the finished products of their labor

Asian American families are more likely to adopt the practice of ________, which is the Confucian value meaning each member of a family owes respect to other family members.

obligation

in their study of three local posts of the VFW, sociologists Fox and Arquitt found that leadership was based on which type of system

oligarchic

A small group of people has taken power in a(n) __________. oligarchy representative democracy dictatorship direct democracy

oligarchy

The term __________ refers to a system in which many are ruled by a few. "oligarchy" "bureaucracy" "voluntary association" "leadership"

oligarchy

In a dyad, how many relationships are possible? one two three six

one

Social Security and Medicare take approximately ___ of total government revenue.

one-half

On the whole, Republicans and Democrats represent __________. radically different political parties the exact same viewpoint only slightly different centrist positions extreme viewpoints

only slightly different centrist positions

The methodical and exacting process by which a researcher measures a variable is known as ________.

operational definition

Precise ways to measure variables in research so that comparisons can be made and replications can later be done are referred to as ________.

operational definitions

Among married couples, who is the most likely to care for preschoolers when both parents work outside the home?

organized child care facilities

According to sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler, a high school girl who is overweight and shy will likely be __________.

ostracized

The term generalized other refers to

our perception of how people in general think of us

One feels antagonism toward a(n) __________. out-group primary group aggregate in-group

out-group

Jarod is conducting research on the homeless. For six weeks, he has lived among the homeless "24/7," sleeping on the street or at a shelter, and engaging in the same activities as the population he is studying. By doing so, Jarod has been able to gather a broad understanding of the homeless, their needs, and characteristics. In view of this, Jarod is using ________ as a method of gathering data.

participant observation

What is the Implicit Association Test?

participants associate positive words with whites and negative words with blacks

Which societies were the first in which not everyone's work was needed for food production? pastoral and horticultural societies industrial and postindustrial societies hunting and gathering societies subsistence economies

pastoral and horticultural societies

Males hold the authority in a(n) __________ society. a. patriarchal b. egalitarian c. household d. matriarchal

patriarchal

It is still customary in U.S. society for a bride to accept her husband's last name and for the bride's family to pay for the wedding. What is the line of authority this represents?

patriarchy

individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests make up a

peer group

Agents of socialization

people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or the orientations toward life

psychiatrist thomas szasz describes attention-deficit disorder as a "problem behavior" that arises from ______

people's response to the misbehavior of children

psychologists tend to explain deviance in terms of the ______

personality of the individual

Ruth owns the Head 2 Toe Boutique where she employs 15 workers. According to Erik Wright's model of social class, Ruth would be classified as a(n) ________.

petty bourgeoisie

The __________ enabled agricultural societies. use of child labor plow subsistence economy steam engine

plow

a society made up of many different groups

pluralistic society

On what factor was the stratification system of the old Soviet Union based?

political position within the Communist Party

When Bosnian Serbs practiced ethnic cleansing of the Muslim population during the 1990s, they employed a combination of ________.

population transfer and genocide

What is the term used to describe an attitude that exaggerates the virtues of a group, such as all Asian Americans being brilliant or all African Americans being great athletes?

positive prejudice

Suicide bombers in Iraq are accorded high praise by those who oppose an American presence in the Middle East and are considered heroic warriors. Such honor and praise is an example of a ________.

positive sanction

According to Gaetano Mosca, every society is stratified by ________ to ensure that society's work gets done.

power

In Max Weber's notion of social class, the second element is

power

The ability to carry out one's will, even over the resistance of others, is called __________. power politics micropolitics macropolitics

power

The term "democracy" literally means __________. all hail the king may the best man win common denominator power to the people

power to the people

In Max Weber's theory on social class, a politician would have high __________ while a war hero would have high __________.

power; prestige

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, when children have learned the rules and follow them in order to stay out of trouble children are in the ______ stage

preconventional

Although it is the most egalitarian, what was the one social division common to all hunting and gathering societies?

prestige based on male labor

When you encounter an adult who has difficulty getting along with others and maintaining any relationships, you will probably be tempted to consider how he or she was treated in his or her first __________ group. secondary reference primary aggregate

primary

a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships is called a ____ group

primary

"how are you?" is a common greeting. members of which type of group are likely to really want to hear the details of how you are doing?

primary group

A small group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation is a(n) __________. primary group reference group secondary group out-group

primary group

Of the following groups, the ________ plays the most significant role in the development of the self.

primary group

A vagina, penis, and other organs related to reproduction make up the

primary sex characteristics

A total institution leaves an indelible mark on a person's self. the Mark can be imposed quickly or in a more prolonged process. in ________ the process is brutal and prolonged

prison

What did Durkheim call the common elements of everyday life?

profane

Culture has a(n) _______ effect on people's lives. profound moderate occasional no

profound

If a person were living during Karl Marx's lifetime and worked at the Smittertown ironworks, Marx would consider that person a member of the ________.

proletariat

Of the following choices, the doctorate conferred with the greatest percentage of women recipients is ________, while the doctorate with the greatest percentage to men is ________.

psychology; engineering

The feeling of trust that researchers establish with their respondents is referred to as ________.

rapport

The term "cultural lag," referring to the varying ________ among elements within cultures, was coined by sociologist ________.

rates of change; William Ogburn

An approach to life in which there is an emphasis on rules, efficiency, and practical results is ________.

rationality

at a campus party, justine is offered drugs. as she contemplates her choice, she considers what her parents would think, what her friends would think, and even how her favorite professors would respond if she chose to use the drugs. all of these people are examples of Justine's ____ group

reference

For many college professors, their own teachers served as role models. Kody Scott looked up to older gang members as his idols. In both cases, former teachers and older gang members qualify as being ________.

reference groups

We judge ourselves based on __________. reference groups categories out-groups primary groups

reference groups

The growing percentage of older people in the U.S. population is

referred to as the graying of America

The first wave of the women's movement had a radical branch and a conservative branch. What was the goal of the radical branch of the movement?

reforming all the institutions of society

in the mafia, not killing someone who has broken certain rules, such as "squealing" to the cops, is seen as deviant. this example shows how deviance is

relative

Priest, minister, rabbi, and imam are examples of statuses associated with the social institution of _____. religion the law the family medicine

religion

"In God We Trust" appears on money in the United States. This reflects the core value of ______

religiosity

What is the term that refers to a sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God?

religious experience

In a bureaucracy, every worker is __________. replaceable the boss irreplaceable holding a hereditary position

replaceable

_________ refers to learning new norms, values, attitudes and behaviors to match a new situation in life

resocialization

The original goal of the Reformation led by Martin Luther was to ________.

restructure the Roman Catholic church

Of the following, the most important threat to global control by the G8, the group of nations that decide world policy, is the ________.

resurgence of ethnic conflicts worldwide

The sense that better conditions are soon to follow which, if unfulfilled, increases frustration, is called ________.

rising expectations

Next week, Abraham and Hazel will attend the bar mitzvah of their nephew. Their nephew's bar mitzvah is an example of a religious ________.

ritual

Suki enjoys her long commute to work every day, because it gives her a chance to mentally switch gears from being a mother to being a businesswoman. By separating these parts of her life, Suki is attempting to minimize __________.

role conflict

_____ indicate what is expected of people. roles sociology parts master status

roles

Because there is no rule for succession when a charismatic authority figure dies, that leader will sometimes name a successor in advance or build an organization that can govern after the charismatic figure is gone. Weber called this kind of transition the __________. traditional authority routinization of charisma revolution best of all possible worlds

routinization of charisma

Which statement about same-sex marriage is true? a. In North America, it originated recently in the United States. b. The U.S. Constitution mentions same-sex marriage. c. Same-sex marriages were already taking place among Native Americans in the pre-Columbian era. d. It is illegal throughout the United States.

same-sex marriages were already talking place among native Americans in the pre-Columbian era

John recently received his semester grades and found that he had failed two courses. He says the reason he failed the two courses is that they were taught by female professors. John believes that women are really not smart enough to teach at the college level. In this example, the female professors are ________.

scapegoats and being blamed for John's grades

Every research method has its drawbacks. Which method often leads the current researcher to question the manner in which the data were gathered, the accuracy of the data, and the training of the original researchers?

secondary analysis

__________ tend to have __________ within them. secondary groups; pastoral networks primary groups; secondary groups secondary groups; primary groups primary groups; laissez-faire networks

secondary groups; primary groups

What is the process by which spiritual concerns are replaced by worldly concerns?

secularization

At one time, Methodists prohibited members from playing cards, dancing, and going to movies. Since then, these prohibitions have been dismantled. What is this shifting of focus from spiritual matters to worldly matters called?

secularization of religion

Phillip would like to collect information from a large number of people, but he has a limited budget. In order to sample a large number, but to keep the cost low, Phillip should use ________ as a research method.

self-administered questionnaires

In Buddhism, what do the four noble truths emphasize?

self-denial and compassion

The first of piaget's developmental stages is the

sensorimotor stage

In __________, each member can have a direct interaction with every other group member. large groups a society group dynamics small groups

small groups

Hall found North Americans use _____ distance for business relationships tribal stereotypical social aggressive

social

Patterns of speech relate to __________ in the United Kingdom.

social class

attachments, commitments, involvements, and beliefs are four different types of ______

social controls

Studying the twins, Jack and Oskar, teaches sociologists that __________.

social experiences override biology

Durkheim referred to patterns of behavior that characterize a social group as ________.

social facts

_____ refers to the typical ways society meets its essential needs. religion social institutions status social class

social institutions

Emile Durkheim was interested in how societies united their members by shared values and other social bonds to produce _____. social dissolution aggregation dissonance social integration

social integration

One of the functions performed by schools is to promote a sense of national identity and stabilize the political system. This function is referred to as ________.

social integration

adolescence is a

social invention

When sociologists' group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job, and income, they are trying to determine ________.

social location

__________ are the links generating outward from a person that ties him or her to others. Cliques Reference groups All groups Social networks

social networks

A group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives, is called ________.

social order

The development of the assembly line process and use of interchangeable parts is an example of how technology has changed ________.

social organization

Renee has difficulty in reading and writing. However, despite her problem with reading and writing, she has been passed into the next grade every year. This is an example of ________.

social promotion

Because of new technologies, more parents can work at home, which can strengthen families and lead to a decrease in the divorce rate. This example demonstrates how new technology can transform ________.

social relationships

_____ consists of the usual patterns between students and teachers, for example, or between men and women; these patterns were laid out before any of these people were born. behavior ordination social structure classical structure

social structure

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and Leon Trotsky used the term __________ to describe the intermediary step between capitalism and communism.

socialism

according to control theory, the key to learning strong self-control is ______, especially in childhood

socialization

Which of the following is one of the five functional requisites that functionalists believe a society must meet to survive? removing a sense of purpose yielding the needs of the group in favor of self-interest promotion creative chaos socializing youth

socializing youth

which of the following people would look for explanations of deviance outside the individual, in social experience

sociologist

It would be fair to say that in the cultural leveling process taking place today

something vital is lost forever

The Midwest Dairy Association, the National Retail Federation, and the National Rifle Association are examples of __________. lobbyists PACs special-interest groups third parties

special-interest groups

Parents are actually spending more time with the children today than in the last forty years, and the main way parents have found the extra time is by __________. a. sleeping less b. spending less time with others c. working shorter hours d. enjoying the new, shorter workweek most employers have implemented

spending less time with others

Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, any Asian was viewed as an enemy of America. This phenomenon that occurs when one ethnic group that resembles another is also discriminated against because of mere association is called ________.

spillover bigotry

In Hinduism, one of the central beliefs is karma, which means ________.

spiritual progress

during his first year of high school, stan and his family move to the suburbs. at first, stan has trouble fitting in and making friends, but by the time his first semester is over, he has a close-knit group of buddies. stan's friends smoke marijuana, and soon he begins to smoke it as well. how would the theory of differential association explain stan's behavior?

stan adopts his friends' attitude toward this form of deviance

The United States follows __________, where the means of production are privately owned and profits are pursued, but the welfare of the population is protected by a system of laws. state socialism state capitalism laissez-faire capitalism pure capitalism

state capitalism

A 90-year old college student exemplifies _____ status shock prestige status inconsistency role

status inconsistency

Garish is a husband, a son, an entrepreneur, and an amateur ornithologist. A sociologist would say that these statuses or positions make up Girish's _______. told social class status set culture

status set

A backword collar is a(n) _____ for a priest. negative status symbol standard in all cultures status symbol ascribed status

status symbol

The invention of the plow is to the second social revolution as the ________ is to the third social revolution.

steam engine

Our assumptions about what people are like are known as _____. educated guesses stereotypes roles status set

stereotypes

Erving Goffman used the term ________ to refer to characteristics that discredit people.

stigma

a characteristic that discredits people is known as a

stigma

in chinua achebe's novel, things fall apart, set in colonial nigeria, the native igbo people regard twins as a bad omen. any time twin babies are born, the parents take them to the "evil forest" and leave them there to die. within this society, being born a twin is a _____

stigma

______ thoery focuses on the frustrations people feel when they desire the things society associates with "success" but have few legitimate opportunities to reach those goals

strain

Sociologists Rosenthal and Jacobson found that when teachers were told that certain students would probably spurt ahead during the year, those students actually did better than other students on IQ tests. What does this illustrate?

students will respond to teachers' expectations

Ethnomethodology is the study of __________.

studies how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make interaction possible

Every December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah, the "festival of lights," during which special foods are served, rituals are practiced, and traditional activities take place that are unique to this faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith would represent which concept?

subculture

Members of a(n) __________ have special terms with which they communicate among themselves.

subculture

When a group has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time its values and norms reflect the dominant culture of its society, the group would be considered a(n) ________.

subculture

Harold got up early and cleaned and polished his motorcycle, while Fabienne packed a picnic lunch. Their destination was a park on a lake about 50 miles away, where they would meet some friends who also liked to ride motorcycles on weekends. They soon got underway, driving safely on the highway at the speed limit, enjoying the trip, while they listened to National Public Radio. About halfway to their destination, Harold and Fabienne were overtaken by a speeding clump of about 10 motorcycles ridden by people with swastikas on the back of their jackets. Several of the group appeared to be completely nude under their jackets, which was legal in their state due to an anachronistic law that said you could not disrobe outdoors, but that did not address the situation where you were already disrobed when you arrived outdoors. In all likelihood, Harold and Fabienne could be termed members of a motorcycle enthusiast _____ and the cyclists who passed them could be termed members of a motorcycle enthusiast _____.

subculture; counterculture

Hunting and gathering societies had a(n) __________ economy; they lived off the land and had few belongings. subsistence modern pastoral industrial

subsistence

In freud's terms, culture within us is represented by the

superego

In Albania and parts of Bosnia and Serbia, it is a custom for some women to become men in order to __________.

support the family

George Herbert Mead was a

symbolic interactionist

Sakiko was a _______, so she was interested in micro sociology. functionalist symbolic interactionist structuralist conflict theorist

symbolic interactionist

Sociologists who analyze how social life depends on the ways that people define themselves and others are most likely ________.

symbolic interactionists

"Male" and "female" are such powerful __________ that learning them forces us to interpret the world in terms of gender.

symbols

Mead stressed that we cannot think without _______, and that ________ gives us our symbols

symbols society

Even just the thought of the violation of a _____ fills us with revulsion.

taboo

The automobile, and the skills needed to drive it, would be an example of ________.

technology

If Ferdinand Tönnies wanted to find a village that exhibited what he called Gemeinshaft, he could look to __________.

the Amish communities in United States

According to Melvin Tumin, which of the following high school seniors will most likely attend college?

the C+ student from the upper class

Based on the global stratification model, nations of the former Soviet Union and its former satellites in Eastern Europe are classified as ________.

the Industrializing Nations

What was Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life, accompanied by hard work and frugality?

the Protestant ethic

Which of the following currently holds the most promise for unity in the world? Great Britain leaving the EU. the United Nations NAFTA the decline of China

the United Nations

What did historian James Flink cite as the primary reason women were transformed from producers of food and clothing to consumers of national-brand canned goods, prepared foods, and ready-made clothes?

the automobile

which of the following statements best explains the relationship between group size and group stability?

the birth of a single child makes the couple much stronger

In the northeast United States, some lakes which were once considered good fishing spots no longer have fish living in them. The reason fish cannot survive in these lakes is because ________.

the burning of fossil fuels produces acid rain

Jacob is single, 40 years old and living in government-subsidized housing. He does not want to pursue regular employment because he feels there are other members of society who need the work more than he does. Jacob's situation is an example of which of the following explanations of why people are poor?

the characteristics of individuals

What is the term for gender discrimination against women who miss the work experience while they care for children at home?

the child penalty

A feature of early societies was __________, the power of which radiated outward to adjacent areas that came under its rule. representative democracy revolutionary authority universal citizenship the city-state

the city-state

Which of the following led to the discontinuation of the terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" to describe global stratification?

the collapse of the Soviet Union

Sociologists who view law as an instrument of oppression used to control workers are aligned most with which sociological perspective?

the conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective is most closely aligned with the explanation that Social Security benefits came about as the result of a struggle between competing interest groups?

the conflict perspective

Napoleon Chagnon's visit to the Yanomamö tribe, where he observed tribe members appearing naked in public, using hallucinogenic drugs, and letting mucus hang from their noses, is a good example of ________.

the cultural relativity of deviance

From a sociological perspective of marriage and divorce, to what does the term continuities refer?

the degree to which divorced couples maintain contact

The belief by many Americans that they actually contribute to major governmental decisions through the power of their vote is referred to by Hellinger and Judd as ________.

the democratic facade

In the 1600s, King Charles I of England was overthrown in a coup and then put on trial in court by the new government. King Charles did not defend himself because he believed he was supposed to rule, and the new government was going against the will of God by overthrowing him. This ideology is known as __________.

the divine right of kings

In society, which group has the greatest power, privileges, and social status?

the dominant group

Sociologists use the concept of "norms" to describe ________.

the expectations, or rules of behavior that develop out of values

Using Facebook to study the race-ethnicity of friendships among college students would be an example of which research method?

the experiment

Daughter, cousin, dad, and grandmother are examples of statuses associated with which social institution? The family medicine religion the economy

the family

One need addressed by _____ is the replenishment of the population medicine the family the economy education

the family

The trend in the United States in which most poor families are headed by women is called ________.

the feminization of poverty

Husbands remain primarily responsible for earning the income and wives are primarily responsible for the house and children. This is an arrangement sociologists call ________.

the gendered division of labor

What term describes the invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels of a corporation?

the glass ceiling

When we belong to a group, who has the right to judge our behavior? no one only a court of law no one but ourselves the group

the group

A billionarie and a person living on the street shares _____. the same social class comparable status the influence of social class on their lives a comparable level of privilege

the influence of social class on their lives

What did Karl Marx blame for the transformation of most societies from being Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft?

the invention of capitalism

The domination of organizations by a small, self-perpetuating elite is called ________.

the iron law of oligarchy

One important feature of socialism is __________. the lack of a monopoly profit-making the lack of a need to compete distribution of goods according to people's ability to pay

the lack of a need to compete

The social institution of _____ would include groups or organizations such as lawyers' associations, courts, and jails. religion the law the economy politics

the law

according to conflict theory, those who threaten the interests of the wealthy are likely to be labeled deviant because

the law is designed to protect the power elite from overthrow

In laissez-faire capitalism, __________. the government controls the market central committees control the market the market is not affected by any government action the market is tightly controlled by the public

the market is not affected by any government action

Sociologically, what is the immediate family of husband, wife, and children called who live apart from other kin?

the nuclear family

In a self-fulfilling stereotype, _____. the behaviors of the person match our expectations from the get-go the underlying truth of stereotypes is confirmed the other person ends up adapting to fit our expectations many factors can play a role, but attractiveness is not one of them

the other person ends up adapting to fit our expectations

What was the term C. Wright Mills used to refer to those who make the big decisions in American society?

the power elite

What are the two characteristics a people must share to qualify as a society?

the same culture and the same territory

Which is the only entity that can legitimately authorize the use of violence within a country? the citizens the state the army the court

the state

Based on the research of Rosabeth Moss Kanter, what is meant by the term "hidden" corporate culture?

the values and beliefs of the corporation that shape employees' attitudes

According to Karl Marx, what would be the end result of workers being pushed by capitalists to make more and more products without appropriate changes in compensation and treatment?

the violent takeover of the means of production and establishing a worker's state

The computer now allows the instantaneous transfer of billions of dollars from one country to another. One of the concerns of governments about this easy transferring of digitized money is that ________.

there are few traces for government to follow

which function applies to all voluntary associations

they all advance particular interestss

what do the Girl Scouts, knights of colubus, baptist church, and alcoholics anonymous all have in common

they are all voluntary associations

For what reason do sociologists study twins who were separated at birth?

they are biologically similar, but have different upbringings

Children adjust better to divorce if __________. a. the parent they live with is not making a good adjustment to the divorce b. their routines are varied c. they have another adult they can turn to d. they experience a great deal of conflict

they have another adult they can turn to

Margaret, Sofia, and Craig are members of a secondary group. which one of the following statements is true of these acquaintances

they have common interest, but little social connection

Bureaucracies are widespread in society because __________. they are incompetent there is no other form of organization they work well on the whole they are the law of the land

they work well on the whole

What advantage does the author see in passing laws that would require background checks of nursing home workers?

they would likely reduce the incidents of elderly abuse

How many subcultures does U.S. society contain?

thousands

Prior to a formal system of education that included schools, teachers, and diplomas how was the manifest function of education accomplished?

through a process of acculturation

why must the inner circle of an organization remain attuned to the opinions of the rank-and-file members

to avoid a grassroots rebellion that would lead to the ousting of the inner circle

According to sociologist Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, boys in urban areas are motivated to join gangs for a number of reasons. Which of the following reasons LEAST qualifies as one of the reasons Jankowski discovered why urban youth join gangs?

to escape broken homes

Most major companies sponsor "diversity training" lectures and workshops for their employees. What is the ultimate purpose of these efforts?

to increase company profits and competitiveness

Pash Keqi is noteworthy because she __________ in Albania.

took on men's roles

What is the most popular way to accomplish gatekeeping?

tracking or sorting students into different education programs

A new life stage that seems to be evolving is the years

transitional older

a social group includes ____

two or more people who identify and interact with one another

The smallest number of people that can still be considered a group is __________. one person two people three people ten people

two people

Latent Functions

unintended beneficial consequences of peoples actions

Kim is the child of Asian American parents. When she misbehaves, how will her parents most likely discipline her?

using shame and guilt to control her behavior

A _____ exists between the value of group superiority and the values of freedom, democracy, and equality.

value contradiction

What quality did Max Weber stress as being the hallmark of social research?

value neutrality

In the statement, "Poverty causes crime," the words "poverty" and "crime" are best described as ________ because they are subject to change.

variables

Many high school and college students enjoy the excitement and control of __________.

video games

sociologists use the term deviance to refer to any ____

violation of norms

The local theater group, the Cub Scouts, and the Business and Professional Women's Club are examples of __________. temporary organizations alternatives to bureaucracies oligarchies voluntary associations

voluntary associations

Those who do not care enough to vote suffer from __________. compassion fatigue coalition blues voter apathy proportionate representation

voter apathy

No material culture refers to a group's ______

ways of thinking and doing

Non-material culture refers to a group's

ways of thinking and doing.

what is the only circumstance under which thoughts and actions become deviant

when they violate particular norms

Numerically, what is the race of the majority of the poor in the United States?

white

The not-so-empty nest is a phrase that refers to when children ________.

who have moved out as young adults, then return to live with their parents

Solomon Asch's classic experiment showed that most individuals in a group __________. will even say what they know to be false to go along with their peers are much stronger than the group itself could care less about conformity will not say things they know are not true

will even say what they know to be false to go along with their peers

In the last seven U.S. presidential elections, a majority of __________ have consistently voted for the Democratic candidate. men women neither men nor women both men and women

women

Politically, the class of people who are more likely to feel that the government should intervene in the economy to make citizens financially secure are the ________.

working class

to keep their children in line, sociologist Melvin Kohn found that ________ parents tend to use physical punishment

working class

How would conflict theorists classify migrant workers, seasonal employees, and members of the workforce who are subject to layoffs?

working poor

Milgram's study on authority __________. was a failure is a classic example of how to conduct research properly would not be conducted in the same way today encouraged him to be more authoritarian

would not be conducted in the same way today

Communications in a bureaucracy are __________. written down and retained not recorded written down, but must be discarded after 30 days always a matter of public record

written down and retained

Wilma is in charge of the town's construction unit, and Tom is in charge of the town's event-planning unit; if they are typical bureaucratic units, they will have __________ of all their transactions. audio recordings written records video recordings oral records

written records

Rational-legal authority is based upon __________. oral tradition coercion written rules custom

written rules

Your sign-vehicles include _____. the appearance of others written scripts role conflict your way of presenting yourself

your way of presenting yourself

Sociologist Robin Williams identified 10 core values appear to be emerging in U.S. culture today, and an additional 3 were added by the author. Which of the following is not one of those emerging core values?

youthfulness

A sociologist administers an intelligence test to a seven-year-old child. The child has been locked away in isolation for his entire life with virtually no human contact and was only recently rescued. The child will most likely score __________.

zero