Sociology Final Exam
Studies have shown repeatedly that the difference in income between women and men is due almost exclusively to occupational segregation.
false
The writing of Auguste Comte is an example of
social evolution theory
Which of the following terms is used to refer to organized and persistent social systems centered on meeting basic societal needs?
social institutions
The dimorphic model of sex asserts that the dividing line between males and females is clear and unambiguous.
true
Typically, an (25) ________________is exposed to the independent variable and the (26) ________________is not.
- experimental group - control group
As we journey through our lives, we undergo (20) _________________, the process of rehearsing for future roles, and (21) _________________, discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones.
20. anticipatory socialization 21. resocialization
(21) ________________ (1922-1982) popularized a method known as the (22) ________________, which compares everyday life to the setting of the theater and stage and sees people as theatrical performers.
21. Erving Goffman 22. Dramaturgical approach
(17) ________________ (1818-1883) emphasized the significance of power and analysis of control over resources.
Karl Marx
Which of the following does the U.S. Census define as a family?
a group of two people or more related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together
The most common adaptation in Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance is
conformity
In his strain theory of deviance, Robert Merton
created a typology to explain the adaptations people make in order to achieve a goal
The variable that is affected is called the (8) ________________.
dependent variable
One way to develop a sociological imagination involves distinguishing between our (3) ________________—problems we face in our immediate relationships with specific individuals—and (4) ________________—problems that are fundamentally a consequence of the positions we occupy within the larger (5) ________________.
3. private troubles 4. public issues 5. social structure
He described a three-stage process of self-development: (7) _________________, an important concept of which is (8) _________________ (a gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication), the play stage, an important concept of which is (9) _________________ (the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint), and the game stage.
7. the preparatory stage 8. symbols 9. role taking
(16) ________________ (1858-1917) focused on understanding behavior within a larger social context, not just in individualistic terms.
Emile Durkheim
How easy was it for Scott and Teddy to find drugs in the trailer park?
Finding drugs was as easy as borrowing a cup of sugar from their neighbors.
(24) ________________ (1862-1931) was an early feminist.
Ida Wells-Barnett
People who lived in distressed neighborhoods are more likely to help their neighbors pay bills, buy groceries, fix their car, or lend a hand in other ways. Yet, not everyone reached out to their neighbors for help. Why?
In order for these vital exchanges to take place, residents had to make their needs known and acknowledge their failures, which brings judgement.
When discussing the history of communities and evictions, Matthew Desmond explains that in the past, neighbors would oppose evictions and would come together to go on rent strikes or commit acts of civil disobedience to fight for their rights. Nowadays, that is almost unheard of. Why did communities in the past come together but now they do not?
In the past, tenants were invested in their homes and neighborhoods, but there has been a social breakdown that makes that connection weaker now.
Why are nuisance ordinances harmful for victims of domestic violence living in poverty?
In the vast majority of cases, the landlord evicts or threatens to evict the tenants for future 911 calls, which makes victims less likely to seek help.
Which of the following would reflect an egalitarian authority pattern?
In their family, Luis makes decisions about major home maintenance projects, and Lupe makes decisions about major family vacations.
why did Arleen, Jori, and Jafaris get evicted from their apartment?
Jori was followed home by a man who kicked in the door; the landlord then kicked them out
One of the main tasks of sociology is to investigate (11) ________________, the differing amounts of wealth, power, or prestige held by members of a society, and reveal its consequences.
social inequality
Which term refers to organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society?
social movements
Sociology is considered a (12) ________________, meaning that it studies the social features of humans and how they interact and change.
social science
(1) _________________ is the lifelong process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.
socialization
Patrice Hinkston began her rental career with an eviction, but didn't give it much thought. She stated "Everybody I know, except for my white friends, I swear they got an eviction on their record." This type of reflective thinking about how one fits in with others around them would likely be of interest to a sociologist studying:
socialization and the self
At the heart of sociology is the study of (10) ________________, the structure, institutions, groups, and statuses that shape people's actions.
society
In attempting to understand social behavior, sociologists rely on a type of creative thinking referred to as the (2) ________________.
sociological imagination
what is the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society, and of the consequences of difference.
sociology
Arleen visited an apartment that looked to be part of an old mental ward. This was the 86th apartment she had tried. When she met with the landlord for a tour, the landlord told her he wanted "good tenants, "You know, doing life like you supposed to be doing. Paying your bills. In a committed relationship. That's a big one right there. I be on black women. You know, not having no committed relationships, and be Ms. Independent... Let's bring back family. If you ain't trying to be about family, then I don't care about your sister here, in helping you any sort of way.... I'm about family. About what's right and good." His comments reflect a _______________________ about black women and their relationship status, targeting an entire group and assuming they are all the same.
stereotype
Sociologists use the term ______ to describe the process of labeling of someone as less than a whole person because they are perceived as being different.
stigma
Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society?
stratification
The definition of family that is based on blood, meaning shared genetic heritage, and law, meaning social recognition and affirmation of the bond, is referred to as the ______ definition.
substantive
Role exit is defined as
the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity and the re-establishment of an identity in a new role.
The term incest taboo refers to
the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives.
_________________, also known as government, stipulates the ages at which a person may drive a car, drink alcohol, vote in elections, marry without parental permission, work overtime, and retire.
the state
A White male lawyer mentors a young female Latina law student. According to the contact hypothesis, this situation would be unlikely to reduce prejudice because
the two people do not have equal status.
Learning to behave appropriately within _____________ is a fundamental aspect of human socialization since employers and coworkers want to be confident that an individual can work cooperatively and effectively.
the workplace
Effective (13) ________________ may have both explanatory and predictive powers.
theory
What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram's experimental study of obedience?
to better understand German involvement in the murder of Jews in World War II
Despite the passage of that legislation in 1968, many families living in poverty still experience discrimination based on their family status, even though it is illegal.
true
Language can be described as being "socially constructed" because it has no inherent meaning other than that assigned to it by humans.
true
The existence of "female men," and "male women" in various societies around the world suggests masculinity and femininity are not genetically determined.
true
The most important accomplishment of the first wave of feminist activists was to secure a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote.
true
The term "gender" can be defined as the social and cultural significance we attach to the biological differences between men and women.
true
The use of argot helps clarify the boundary between "insider" members of a subculture and other "outsider" members of society.
true
(12) ________________ refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.
validity
Max Weber argued that researchers should use (31) ________________ in their research and be objective in the interpretation of data
value neutrality
collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper (or bad, undesirable, and improper) are known as
values
(5) ________________ are measurable traits or characteristics that are subject to change under different conditions.
variables
If the United States Congress passed strict anticigarette laws that banned their sale anywhere in the country, it would create serious problems for cigarette manufacturers, retailers, tobacco growers, tobacco farm workers, truckers, and many other employees in the cigarette industry. Each of these groups would probably oppose this legislation because they are examples of
vested interests
What is the term Thorstein Veblen coined to describe people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change?
vested interests
The term glass ceiling describes how
women and minorities face an invisible barrier that blocks their promotions.
A program called Emergency Assistance exists for families with dependent children at home and are at risk of "impending homelessness". Individuals could apply for these funds once every year if they are a US citizen, in possession of an eviction notice, at or below 115 percent of the poverty level, and could prove with divorce papers, a crime report, a pink slip, or some other documentation that they had experienced a sudden loss of income. Why did Lorraine not qualify for this program?
Lorraine does not have dependent children at home.
(18) ________________ (1864-1920) argued that who has power was determined not only by social class and control of material resources, but also by—among others—social status and organizational resources.
Max Weber
We could use __________ of deviance to explain how the recession caused Vanetta to lose hours and through lack of ability to fix the issue, she was forced to commit a crime. We could also use the _________________ theory of deviance to explain how Vanetta learned how to be deviant from her friend and boyfriend.
Merton's strain theory; differential association
In researching the book, Desmond talks about the methods of getting to know the participants, gaining their trust, and gathering the data. This meant spending long periods of time with them, many of whom were women. How did the men in these women's lives take to him?
Most were suspicious and didn't trust his motives.
Why is the research that is presented in the Evicted book so important?
Studies of evictions usually focus on jobs, public assistance, parenting, and mass incarceration. This study focuses on housing and landlords, as well as the tenants
Which of the following is true about Émile Durkheim's view of deviance?
There is nothing inherently deviant in any act; the key is the effect the act has on society.
In chapter 4, Matthew Desmond explains that landlords such as Tobin have relatively low incentive to lower the rent, forgive a late payment, or spruce you their property. What explanation does he give for this low incentive?
There was a high demand for the cheapest housing, including trailer parks.
What happened when Scott tried to get help with his addiction and went to the county-run rehab?
There was only room for 5 people, and yet the waiting room was full. Scott was not one of the five taken.
Which of the following properly identifies Asian Americans as a group?
They are a racial group.
Which of the following best describes the average distribution of housework between men and women?
Women do more housework than men, regardless of who works outside the home.
Vladimir, a Russian immigrant to the United States, insists that everyone call him "Joe," and he refuses to speak Russian, even in casual conversation with Russian-speaking neighbors. This is an example of
assimilation.
Which of the following concepts views prejudice and discrimination as basic parts of capitalism?
exploitation theory
Melanie bears primary responsibility in the family for making sure that conflicts within the family are resolved and maintaining internal emotional affairs. That makes her the ______ leader of the family.
expressive
Wearing formal clothes in an informal setting would be an example of violating a formal norm.
false
Crystal did not share her dire situation of poverty and homelessness with the members of her church. She kept this part of her life hidden from them. What would Erving Goffman call this?
impression management
Recently, medical schools have practiced ______ by admitting increasing numbers of women and African Americans.
inclusion
A street artist makes $55 to $80 per day selling her art on the streets. This is her
income
The variable that brings about change is called the (7) ________________.
independent variable
Arnold gets a perfect grade on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley, the high achiever sitting next to him. According to Merton's strain theory of deviance, under which of the following categories would Arnold be classified?
innovator
A woman who was born and raised in a poor family does well in school and gets a well-paid job as a computer engineer right after college. This is an example of
intergenerational mobility.
Wealth in the United States
is even more unevenly distributed than income
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
it argues that the language we use shapes our perception of reality
Which of the following is true of social change?
it can occur so slowly that it is almost undetectable to those it affects
what is true about the pace at which nonmaterial culture changes?
it is more resistant to change than material culture
what is one of the contributions the feminist perspective has made to the study of language
it suggests that gender-related language reflects traditional acceptance of men and women in certain occupations
A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitudes toward particular students affects students' performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This would illustrate which explanation of deviance?
labeling theory
the words 'blacklist' and 'white lie' are examples of
language that can promote racial stereotypes
Vanetta had a "mentally challenged" mother, grew up in almost every homeless shelter in Milwaukee, and had three children by the time she was 18. Max Weber would explain that Vanetta, along with others we have read about in the book, had lower __________________ than other individuals in society. Vanetta and others we are reading about start out with less access to mental health services, education, and other important resources to help them succeed in life.
life chances
Cooley's (3) _________________theory is that we become who we are based on how we think others see us.
looking-glass self
Much of the work of Durkheim, Marx, and Weber involves (19) ________________, which concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations.
macrosociology
In the United States, life chances are shaped primarily by
material, social, and cultural resources.
In Karl Marx's view, social relations during any period of history depend on who controls the
means of production.
Sociologists view many aspects of biotechnology as an extension of the recent trend toward the ______ of society.
medicalization
A later school of sociologists turned away from this approach in favor of (20) ________________, which stresses the study of small groups and the analysis of our everyday experiences and interactions
microsociology
A dominant ideology is a
set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimate existing powerful social, economic, and political interests.
Which of the following victim statuses may motivate a hate crime?
sexual orientation
Instrumental to Mead's view are (6) _________________ (the individuals most important in the development of the self).
significant others
Moira has been assigned to work on a project for her company, but her partner on the project is lazy and difficult to work with. After an especially unproductive day, Moira complains to her boss. Her boss sympathizes, but warns Moira that if she doesn't finish the project on time, he will be forced to drop her from consideration for a promotion. The reaction of Moira's boss is an example of
social control
Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms?
social control theory
Which theory of social change holds that societies progress from simple to complex over time?
social evolution
Which of the following has a role in maintaining social control?
the family, the government, peer groups
(4) _________________ (our acting self) and the (5) _________________ (our socialized self).
- I - me
(21) ________________ is a (22) ________________ method, meaning it relies on what is seen in the field in a natural setting, rather than on statistical data.
- observation - qualitive research
(17) ________________ are a common method of (18) ________________ (research collected primarily in numerical form) used by researchers to collect data. Surveys may consist of oral (19) ________________ or written (20) ________________.
- surveys - quantitative - research - interviews -questionnaires
He suggested that many of our daily activities involve (12) _________________—altering the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences—and (13) _________________- the efforts people make to maintain a proper image and avoid public embarrassment.
12. impression management 13. face-work
Which of the following is the best example of absolute poverty?
A homeless man begs in the streets for money and food.
Which of the following is an example of formal social control?
A police officer gives a driver a ticket for driving too fast.
Which of the following illustrates Arlie Hochschild's concept of the second shift?
A woman has a career as a stockbroker, and she is also responsible for cleaning her home, doing the shopping, and cooking for herself and her husband.
Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?
Actual performance of a social role varies from individual to individual.
(14) ________________ (1798-1857) coined the term sociology to apply to the science of society—the study of human behavior.
August Comte
Lenny and Office Susie acted as "cultural brokers" and would interact with the tenants and mediate between them and Tobin, the owner of the trailer park. Why do they have an easier time negotiating relationships with the trailer park tenants than Tobin would?
Because they are considered part of the "in-group" rather than the "out-group".
Crystal unloads her personal history on Arleen during an argument. Crystal talked about her history of sexual violence, her mother's drug addiction, being exposed to domestic violence, and numerous years of her own abuse. This is but one example throughout the book that shows the emotional toll that living in poverty has on people. Thinking sociologically, what could we include about how to help support individuals in situations like this?
Better access to healthcare, mental health services, affordable housing, domestic violence prevention and intervention, and drug addiction services are ALL needed to combat systemic poverty.
Which of the following are examples of statuses?
Californian, doctor, son
The (28) ________________ emphasizes the distribution of power and the allocation of resources in society.
Conflict Perspective
Desmond uses old letter mothers wrote to public housing to show the desperation families felt about finding housing. The letters read: Letter 1: "At present, I am living in an unheated attic room with a one-year-old baby.... Everywhere I go the landlords don't want children. I also have a ten-year-old boy... I can't keep him with me because the landlady objects to children. Is there any way that you can help me to get an unfurnished room, apartment, or even an old barn? ... I can't go on living like this because I am on the verge of doing something desperate." Letter 2: "My children are now sick and losing weight... I have tried, begged, and pleaded for a place but it's always 'too late,' or 'sorry, no children'." Letter 3: "The lady where I am rooming put two of my children out about three weeks ago and don't want me to let them come back... If I could get a garage I would take it." These desperate letters show the importance of the passing of the ___________ Congressional Act in 1968.
Fair Housing Act
In 2013, 1 in 100 poor families nationwide were unable to pay all of their rent.
False
The other program in Milwaukee that can help with rent assistance is the Homelessness Prevention Program. This mainly federally funded program exists to help individuals who are "unlucky" such as those who are laid off or mugged, rather that those who are chronically rent burdened. Individuals must have landlord buy-in, and must demonstrate that their current income could cover future rents. Programs such as this are helpful, but have a fatal flaw that Matthew Desmond points out. What is that flaw?
For individuals in poverty, they often do not have landlord buy-in, or the ability to show that they had a sudden issue that arose. Instead, they are chronically struggling, and therefore do not meet the requirements for this much needed program.
The (27) ________________views society as a living organism in which each part contributes to its survival.
Functionalist Perspective
(15) ________________ (1802-1876) gave special attention to social class distinctions, such as gender and race.
Harriet Martineau
On page 325, Desmond talks about how Vanetta admitted to playing dumb with her partner sometimes to avoid an argument. It then dawned on Desmond that she may have played dumb with him, too. He then explains that "everything about you--your race and gender, where and how you were raised, your temperament and disposition-- can influence whom you meet, what is confided to you, what you are shown, and how you interpret what you see." His statement reflects what sociologists call the ________________________________.
Hawthorne Effect
When conducting an experiment one must be aware of the (27) ________________—the possibility that observers of experiments will have unintended influence on their subjects.
Hawthorne effect
Why was Ned fired from his construction job?
He missed two days of working helping his family move when they got evicted.
Matthew Desmond points out that Wisconsin saw more than one victim per week murdered by a current or former romantic partner or relative. The Milwaukee's chief of police was puzzled over the fact that many victims did not contact the police for help. He believed that if victims called police more often, that victims would have the tools to prevent fatal situations from occurring in the future. What the chief failed to realize was that his department's own rules presented battered women with a devil's bargain: keep quiet and face abuse or call the police and face eviction. What Desmond is alluding to is part of what is known as systemic inequality, which C. Wright Mills would call a public issue. How is this different than a personal trouble?
Individuals can influence the outcome of a personal trouble by rectifying the issue in their personal lives. However, public issues like this rely on structural changes, which individuals cannot directly make.
The (29) ________________ generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole.
Interactionist Perspective
How is the word gender defined, in sociological terms?
It comprises the social and cultural significance that we attach to the biological differences of sex.
Which of the following is true about master status?
It is a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society.
Which of the following describe Karl Marx's concept of class consciousness?
It is a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding the need for collective political action to bring about social change.
According to Berger and Luckmann, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between individuals and society?
It is interdependent, with individuals both creating society and being products of that society.
Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?
It is often biological in origin, but significant mainly because of the social meanings attached to it.
Which of the following is not true about the term instrumental leader as used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales?
It refers to the person in the family who bears responsibility for the maintenance of harmony.
Which of the following did the USA PATRIOT Act do?
It relaxed existing legal check on surveillance by law enforcement officers.
Which of the following is true about the contact hypothesis?
It states that interracial contact between people of equal status will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes.
(26) ________________ (1860-1935) was an early female sociologist who combined intellectual inquiry with social service work and political activism for the purpose of assisting the underprivileged and creating a more egalitarian society.
Jane Addams
What is "the sick?"
Scott's term for withdrawl from drugs.
Which of the following was not one of the findings of Peggy McIntosh's study of Whiteness?
She found that she was regularly evaluated in racial terms.
Why didn't Lorraine appeal the incorrect collections account from property taxes she supposedly owed (without actually having any property to owe taxes on)?
She was too tired (depressed) and didn't want to face rejection again
Kamala's youngest daughter died in a fire at the apartment owned by Sherrena. What did Sherrena find out from the Fire Inspector?
Sherrena did not have to refund the rent money to any of the tenants whose apartments burned. So she didn't.
In chapter 8, the author explains that most tenants do not show up to eviction court, and that Sherrena -- the landlord -- prefers it that way. Why?
Tenants would bring up anything wrong with their residence, including things like the broken window that they had not fixed from months before (even though it was winter time). Sherrena feels that the commissioners are too sympathetic to the tenants and would rule against her.
What is the role of the Sheriff's Office in evictions?
The Sheriff's Office would enforce an eviction while a moving company removed the tenant's items.
After the eviction, Arleen and her boys stayed at a homeless shelter until they found a house on 19th and Hampton. They lived there for a few weeks, but then were told to leave. What was the reason why they had to leave?
The city deemed the place unfit for human occupation and forced them to leave.
What is the difference between a family and a kin group?
The family is a household unit, and kin do not always live together.
Which of the following statements about courtship and marriage are true?
The majority of Americans believe that when they marry, it will be for true love.
The fact that our perceptions play a powerful role in how we respond is empirically supported by the (1) ________________, which states that what we define as real is real in its consequences.
Thomas theorem
Evictions in American cities used to be rare, and when they occurred, they would draw crowds, often with the public trying to stop the eviction.
True
Matthew Desmond (the author) lived in Tobin's trailer park for four months. While it was considered one of the nicer trailers, it did not have hot water.
True
Tenants often do not show up to eviction court, often because of transportation issues, lack of childcare, or having to work (such as when Patrice had to work and didn't want to lose her job).
True
The majority of poo renting families in America spend over half of their income on housing, and at least one in four dedicates over 70 percent to paying the rent and keeping the lights on.
True
(23) ________________ (1868-1963) combined an emphasis on the analysis of everyday lived experience with a commitment to investigating power and inequality based on race.
W.E.B. Du Bois
Bourdieu believed that, because some culture is more highly valued than other culture, cultural capital is
a form of power
Which of the following would be an example of a social movement?
a group that organizes to protest the absence of a product from their local supermarket. BLM
Which of the following is an example of an extended family?
a married couple, their children, and the husband's sister all living together in the same home
What is social interaction?
a reciprocal exchange in which two or more people read, react, and respond to each other
what is an example of material culture?
a slice of pizza
A person loudly proclaims that "all black people are lazy, shiftless, and collect welfare." This is an example of
a stereotype.
Which of the following is an example of deviance?
a student cheats on her first sociology exam
Which of the following defines a minority group?
a subordinate group whose members lack access to valued resources in a society
Which of the following is true about patriarchal societies?
a woman's status is generally defined by her relationship to a male relative
Which of the following is a method through which culture is diffused?
a. tourism b. the Internet c. military conquest d. all answers are correct (d is correct)
Our position relative to other people in our society shapes our (6) ________________and influences the options we have available.
access to resources
Which term does Talcott Parsons use to characterize a feature of social change that social institutions become more specialized in their purposes?
adaptive upgrading
While sociologists most commonly study groups, they acknowledge that ultimately every individual has (9) ________________, the freedom to choose and to act, that may lead them to break with society's guidelines for behavior.
agency
Schools are another (18) _________________concerned with teaching students the values and customs of the larger society.
agent of socialization
Workplaces can serve as an (19) _________________by teaching appropriate behavior within an occupational environment.
agent of socialization
A meritocracy is
an open system in which your position is earned.
Which term is used to describe the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?
anomie
Which term refers to the idea that the position you are born into is the position within which you will remain throughout life?
ascribed social position
Tobin --the owner of the trailer park-- reportedly makes close to $1 million a year, indicating a huge gap in income between the owner and the tenants. However, very few of the tenants seemed to question the wide gulf in wealth and income. Desmond explains, "Who had time to protest inequality when you were trying to get the rotten spot in your floorbard patched before your daughter put her foot through it again? Who cared what the landlord was making as long as he was willing to work with you until you got back on your feet? There was always something worse than the trailer park, always room to drop lower." C. Wright Mills would explain this as:
being focused on the welter of the daily experiences rather than the systemic public issues.
(6) ________________ is the relationship between a variable and a particular event.
causal logic
A primary group is a small group that is
characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
Which of the following is not an example of the social construction of reality?
childbirth
Which of the following did Max Weber suggest were distinct components of stratification?
class, status, and party
Some analysts suggest that inner-city riots have frequently occurred when poor people realize that their chances of climbing out of poverty are unlikely because of the structure of our social system. Their frustration is based on their perception that they are living in a(n)
closed stratification system.
Sociologists must abide by certain specific standards in conducting research, called a (30) ________________.
code of ethics
Which of the following terms refers to going along with the norms of one's peers?
conformity
Learning how we should think and act through our interactions with others is a key way of
constructing the self.
(29) ________________involves the systematic coding and objective recording of data, such as newspapers, periodicals, the Internet, scripts, diaries, songs, and folklore, to interpret and test the significance of data.
content analysis
(15) ________________ are factors that are held constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable.
control variables
A (9) ________________ is a relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other.
correlation
Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise of dual-income families in the United States?
couples finding it harder to make it on a single income. increased education levels for women. changing cultural expectations regarding gender.
In the United States it is common for people to
credit their success to their own hard work and downplay the help they received from others.
Our tastes, knowledge, attitudes, language, and ways of thinking that we exchange in interaction with others is known as
cultural capital.
English-speaking people in the United States commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of
cultural diffusion
Sociologists are committed to the use of the (2) ________________in their research.
scientific method
Which social theory of deviance best explains this statement: "Poor neighborhoods provided their residents with quite a lot. In the trailer park, residents met people who knew how to pirate cable, when the best food pantries were open, and how to apply for SSI." In this way, neighbors learned how to survive in poor neighborhoods, and how to break norms to survive.
cultural transmission
Which term refers to the period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions?
culture lag
A man from a very conservative culture travels to a country where the culture is more liberal. As he walks down the sidewalk, he is startled to see women wearing pants and even shorts instead of the long skirts and dresses worn by women in his culture. He is experiencing
culture shock
Which concept does Talcott Parsons use to indicate the division of a singular social body into specialized subsystems?
differentiation
Goffman offered the (11) _________________, which studies interaction as if we were all actors on a stage attempting to put on a successful performance.
dramaturgical approach
______________ teaches basic skills but also shared cultural knowledge, has the explicit mandate to socialize children to the norms and values of U.S. culture, provides both social order and individual opportunity, but can also reinforce existing inequality.
education system
Sarna, an Orthodox Jew, marries Nathan, a Reform Jew. Sarna is disowned by her parents because, as far as they are concerned, she has married outside their religion. She has violated the rule of
endogamy
The restriction of mate selection to people within the same group is known as
endogamy
Talcott Parsons viewed society as naturally being in a state of
equilibrium
According to the _____, when changes occur in one part of a society, there must be adjustments in other parts.
equilibrium model
A system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection was known as a(n)
estate system
(14) _________________, the belief that our group's culture is normal and even somewhat superior to that of others, is a natural response.
ethnocentrism
The notion that traditional societies are simple or primitive is an example of
ethnocentrism
(23) ________________, the study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation, is an increasingly popular form of qualitative research.
ethnography
This study is considered an __________________, which is a research design that includes studying an entire social setting through extended observation.
ethnography
(24) ________________ are artificially created situations that allow researchers to manipulate variables.
experiments
Going back to chapter 14, on page 182, Desmond explains that most tenants don't pay much attention to the wealth gap between tenants and the owners of the properties where they live because they are so focused on their daily struggles. C. Wright Mills says this is a lack of a sociological imagination. Thinking more critically, Karl Marx would argue that this reflects a lack of class consciousness, and instead what he called ________________________.
false consciousness
A woman and her husband, their children, her parents, her mother-in-law, and her sister live together on a farm in the Midwest. According to the U.S. Census, this group is considered a
family
A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a college-wide disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. The committee's action is an example of
formal social control
The definition of the family that focuses on what families do for their members and for society is the ______ definition.
functionalist
Historically, the way power is distributed within families has largely been shaped by
gender
Social development includes exposure to cultural assumptions regarding a person's (17) _________________ (the expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females) and race.
gender role
Talcott Parsons contends that societies experience value _____, the development of new values that legitimate a broader range of activities.
generalization
Mead used the term (10) _________________to refer to attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior.
generalized other
informal norms are
generally understood but not explicitly recorded.
A tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics and interests similar to one's own is known as
homogamy.
A janitor who becomes a grounds keeper, moving from one social position to another of approximately the same social rank, is an example of
horizontal mobility.
A (4) ________________ is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables.
hypothesis
If a sociological study fails to support the original (14) ________________ about the relationship between variables, researchers must reformulate their conclusions.
hypothesis
These judgments are often the result of (16) _________________, the automatic, unconscious association of value, whether negative or positive, with individuals based on their membership in a group or subgroup.
implicit bias
Auguste Comte saw societies as moving forward in their thinking from
mythology to the scientific method
Without (7) ________________ performing a variety of small, related tasks, modern society could not function.
networks of people
A man and his wife and their children live on a piece of land in Woodstock, Vermont. They are an example of a(n)
nuclear family
The managing editor of a newspaper, acting on an order from the publisher, fires three editors, one of whom is an old friend. The actions of the editor are an example of
obedience
Acts of racial profiling are
often initiated by law enforcement officers.
Which of the following statements about the status of women throughout the world is true?
on average, women spend more hours per day doing unpaid labor than do men.
In the United States, endogamous rules stressed by many groups include marriage within
one's own ethnic, racial, and religious groups.
When defining the problem, an (3) ________________ transforms an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable, allowing researchers to assess the concept.
operational definition
Anthropologist George Murdock sampled 565 societies and found that
over 80 percent of them had some type of polygamy.
Max Weber defined ______ as the capacity to organize to accomplish some particular goal.
party
As a child grows older, the family becomes somewhat less important in social development, while _________________ increasingly assume the role of Mead's significant others.
peers
In practice, globalization has led to which of the following phenomena?
people in developing nations often discarding their traditional values
The Marxist view of social change is appealing to some because it
permits people to seize their freedom from injustice and promotes change as a means of eliminating social inequality
Segregation refers to the act of
physically separating two groups; it is often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group.
Analyzing existing data that has been previously collected is called (28) ________________.
secondary analysis
The (2) _________________ is a distinct identity that sets us apart from others.
self
The Oneida community existed in New York State from 1840 to 1880, and its members were all married to one another—that is, all the men in the community were married to all the women, and all the women were married to all the men. This would be an example of
polygamy
What is the general term for a marriage in which an individual can have several husbands or wives at the same time?
polygamy
Which of the following terms refers only to the marriage of a man to more than one woman at the same time?
polygyny
Which of the following defines affirmative action?
positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
A recurring theme throughout sociology's history has been the idea that sociological theory and research should contribute to (25) ________________.
positive social change
In the United States, research has shown that intergenerational social mobility is
possible but usually involves only modest changes in status.
However, it can create a foundation for (15) _________________the preconceived and unjustified judgment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group.
prejudice
A sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed is known as
racial formation.
In a (11) ________________, every member of the population being studied has the same chance of being selected for the study.
random sample
Which of the following is not one of the functions that William F. Ogburn argued the family provides?
redistribution
Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
reference group
Feminist sociologists contend that the so-called victimless crime of prostitution, as well as the more disturbing aspects of pornography
reinforce the misconception that women are "toys" who can be treated as objects.
Which term refers to the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities?
relative deprivation
(13) ________________ refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results.
reliability
Through _____________, people can learn norms and values, along with beliefs about the way the world (and afterworld) work. This agent of socialization continues to celebrate meaningful ritual events - such as baptism, bismillah, or bar/bat mitzvah.
religion
A (16) ________________ is a detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically.
research design
The difficulty that arises when the same social status imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as
role strain
A (10) ________________ is a selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of the population
sample
Patrice Hinkston was intimidated by the courthouse because it was so fancy, and she would have to defend herself against someone more educated, more familiar with the law, and more comfortable in court. Patrice did her best not to go to parts of the city where she felt her existence questioned. Which theoretical perspective would be best to study this type of situation based on this information?
symbolic interactionist perspective
They do so by collecting empirical data through (8) ________________.
systematic research
Which of the following is connected to differences in sexuality?
systems of power
The form of culture in which humans modify the environment to suit our wants and needs is referred to as
technology
An achieved status is a social position
that is within our power to change.
Which of the following would be an example of a social institution?
the United States government
Which of the following best defines racism?
the belief that one race is supreme and that others are innately inferior
The role of women in the family has changed dramatically in the United States during the last 50 years. Women have furthered their education and developed careers. This change in the family has necessitated adaptive changes in school systems, corporations, churches, and other facets of society to provide child care services. This situation reflects which view of social change?
the equilibrium model
Which of the following would be an example of discovery?
the identification of bacteria
New technologies (Internet, cell phones) are changing how people around the world interact with family, friends, and strangers. Socialization is typically face-to-face, but due to the _________________, socialization can occur via use of technologies.
the media