Sociology Final Exam
Secularization is?
A theory suggesting the modernization is inversely related to religiosity
Belonging
Affiliation I am a..
Bilateral descent vs. Unilateral descent
Bilateral- pattern of tracing kinship Unilateral- tracing of kinship through one parent only
Crowd collective action vs. Mass collective action
Crowd- bodily co-presence Mass- No bodily
What are the 3 Stages of Social Movements?
Emergence- social problem identified Coalescence- resources are mobilized Routinization/institutionalization- bureaucratic structure develops around the cause
Family of orientation vs. Family of procreation
Family of orientation- family into which a person is born Family of procreation- formed through marriage
What is the key to happiness and security?
Finding and joining the right person
Monogamy vs. Polygamy
Monogamy- married to only one person at a time Polygamy- married to more than one person at a time
What are the indicators of advancement in a child's life?
Parental marital status
Plural marriage vs. Bigamy
Plural- no more than 3 wives Bigamy- entering into marriage while still married to another
Routinization vs. Rationalization
Routinization- clear, rule-governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making Rationalization- particular process for ordering and organizing
What is the second-highest cause of death among high school students?
Suicide
Foster Care
The temporary placement of children in the homes of adults who are not related to them
Specialization is?
a division of labor which breaks tasks up into specific, delineated (defined) tasks
Nuclear family is?
a familial form consisting of a father, mother, children
Oligopoly
a few corporations control the market, limiting competition
A Gini Coefficient is?
a measure of inequality 1= perfect inequality 0= perfect equality Higher Gini coefficients = inequality
A Bureaucracy is?
a rationalized, routinized organization utilizing formal rules and roles
Ethicalism is?
adherence to certain principles leading to a moral life
Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is?
administered to samples of 15 years old students worldwide
Resistance Social Movements
advocate against social change referred to as "counter movements"
Reformative Social Movements
advocate for limited social change across all of society
Revolutionary Social Movements
advocate radical reorganization of society
Remarriage
after divorce remarry within 5 years of divorce
Profane is?
all that is not sacred mundane things of everyday life
Capitalism is an defined as?
an economic system based primarily on private ownership of goods and property
Credentialism is?
an emphasis on credential for signaling social status and for job qualifications
A "Traditional" Family is
an idealized form of the 19th century middle-class family a male-dominated nuclear family
A Political party is?
an organization seeking political power in a government through particular candidates for office who subscribe to the organizations political ideals
A interest group is?
an organization seeking political power in government by influencing politicians or political parties
The State (Skoepol)
an organization that extracts resources through taxation and attempts to extend coercive and political authority over people and territories
Corporation is?
an organization with legal personhood status which is distinct from its members
Political Participation is?
any activity that has the intent or effect of influencing government action
Taylorism is the?
application of "assembly line" methods to bureaucratic work
Charismatic authority is?
authority based on personal appeal of a leader
"Mainstreaming"
balances time in a special-needs classroom with standard classroom participation
Traditional authority is?
based on appeals to the past or traditional
Legal-rational authority is?
based on impersonal, legal rules
Animism is the ?
beliefs that spirits are a part of the natural world
Atheists do not?
believe theistic claims
Functionalist Perspective (Adam Smith)
capitalism facilitates social relations through interdependence Competition drives social progress
Conflict Perspective (Karl Marx) believes that?
capitalism hinders social relations through alienation Capitalism exploits workers
Who are the key indicators of a "family" status?
children
The State (Max Weber)
claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory
Sorting is ?
classifying students based on academic merit or potential
Social movement is the?
collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized
Foster Parents are?
comply with guideline and are provided with financial support for the children they care for
George Murdock did what?
conducted a survey of 250 societies determined that there are 4 universal residual functions of the family
Matrilocal residence is?
customary for the husband to live with his wife's blood relatives Minangkabau people
Patrilocal residence is?
customary for the wife to live with or near her husband's blood relatives makes women outsiders in the home and community
Informal education is?
describes learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors by participating in a society
Formal education is?
describes the learning of academic facts and concepts through a formal education
Movement Ideology is?
developing shared cognition
Achievement gap is?
differences in educational performance across socioeconomic status, racial and ethnic categories
Tracking is?
dividing students into different courses based on ability or future plans White- overrepresented in college Color- overrepresented in non-college
Prescriptions and proscriptions are the?
do's and don'ts
Credentialism (conflict view)
education system perpetuates and exacerbates inequality
Union Busting is?
employers attempts to dissolve union
Universal Access is defined as?
equal ability to participate in an education system
The Political Process Model is?
expanding political opportunities (external) Indigenous organizational strength (internal) Shared cognition (internal)
What are the causes of divorce?
financial stress, age, education level that correlate with low income
Political Opportunity Structure is?
focuses on the structure of political opportunities and elite support Depend on powerful people
Ambilineal descent is?
follows either the father's only or the mother's side only depending on the situation
Patrilineal descent is?
follows father's line only only males carry on the family surname gives males the prestige of permanent family
Matrilineal descent is?
follows mother's side only inheritance and family ties are traced to women
Secularism is?
general movement among individuals away from religion
GDP is?
gross domestic product of a country divided by its population
Congregation is a ?
group of people who gather together in religious expressions
U.S. Census Bureau defines family as?
group of two people or more related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together
Collective actions are?
group-based action which diverges from social norms
Functionalist view families as?
groups that perform vital roles for society both internally and externally
Civil Rights are?
guarantees of citizens personal freedoms
Political Rights are?
guarantees of citizens rights to participate in the political process
Social Rights are?
guarantees of protection by the state (including from the free market)
Latent (secondary) functions is?
hidden and unintended functions
Sacred things are?
holy things set apart, derive power from collective investment from the religious community
Xenophobia is the?
illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods
Same-Sex Couples
increase is result or more coupling the growing social acceptance of LGBTQ people Increase in people's willingness to share more about their identity
Credentialism (functionalist view)
increases in educational attainment are a response to employer demand
Agnostics are?
individuals who assert that theistic claims are unverifiable in principle
Religiously nonaffiliated is?
individuals who claim no affiliation with organizes religion
Culturally religious
individuals who claim religious affiliation and theistic belief, but rarely attend religious services or pray
Manifest (primary) functions is?
intended and visible functions of education
Global Commodity Chains is?
internationally integrated economic links connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing
What is Social Capital?
interpersonal connections that help individuals enter and gain power in social networks
Extended family is?
kin networks beyond the nuclear family
Denomination is a?
large group of congregations sharing specific religious beliefs and structures generally governed under one administrative structure
2015 Obergefell vs. Hodges Supreme Court
legalized same-sex marriage throughout the U.S. all federally mandated spousal rights and benefits apply to same-sex married couples
Marriage is defined as?
legally recognized social contract between two people Based on sexual relationship and implying permanence of the union
Frame Alignment is?
linking movement ideology with the attitudes of potential recruits, the public, elites Collective action frames- inspire and legitimize action
Cohabitation is?
man and woman live together in a sexual relationship without being married "Trial run" for marriage
Title 9 does what?
mandates equal funding for girls in classrooms and sports
Median is the?
midpoint in distribution 50% of values on each side If even number of values, add the two middle values and divide by 2 Not skewed by outlier
Mode is the?
most common multiple or no mode
Kinship networks are?
networks of ties between people related by blood and marriage
Hidden curriculum is?
nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling
"Cult of domesticity" refers to the?
notion that womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing
Divorce and Remarriage
once a word that would only be whispered and accompanied by gestures of disapproval
Monopoly is an?
one seller dominates a market, potentially leading to zero competition
Social Movement Organization is an?
organization designed to recruit new members and coordinate participation and resources
A union is an?
organization of workers designed to collectively bargain with employers
Contagion Theory is?
people conform to the behaviors of those around them
Emergent Norm Theory is?
people follow the behaviors of "keynoters"
Convergence Theory
people with similar ideas gather in the same place Do not require planning
Politics is ?
power relations among people or other social actors who gets what, when, how
Democracy is?
power theoretically lies with the people citizens vote in elections, speak freely, and participate as legal equals
Globalization is the?
process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market
Socialism is?
production and distribution of some goods and services are managed by the government
Global Assembly Lines are?
products are assembled over the course of several international transactions
Family life course
recognizes the event that occur in lives of families but view them as parting terms of a fluid course rather than consecutive
A Cult is?
religious movements making new claims about the supernatural new religious movements
Behaving
religious service attendance, prayer, tithing, reading
Coleman Report (1964) The Equality of Educational Opportunity Report
school differences explain few differences in educational outcomes Family background Peers
Alterative Social Movements
seek limited societal change and target a narrow group of people
Family life cycle is a?
set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time Explain the different processes that occur in families over time
Religion is defined as?
shared system of beliefs, traditions, and practices surrounding sacred things, a set of shared stories that guide beliefs and actions
Globalization begins with ?
single motive market expansion (corporation) or increased access to healthcare (nonprofit organization)
Resource Mobilization Theory is?
social movements only happen in certain contexts- when the movement has the necessary resources
Family is a?
socially term-1recognized group (joined by blood, marriage, cohabitation, or adoption) that forms an emotional connection and serves as an economic unit
Paradox of Authority is?
state authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force, but the use of physical force by the state demonstrates weakened authority
Non-relative foster parents are?
state-certified adults, who care for children under the guidance and supervision of a relevant agency
A Meritocracy is?
status, power, and economic rewards based on individual achievement or skill
Classical Model is an?
structural weakness in society lead to psychological disruption participants are pathological
Social conservatives is
structure with each family member filling a certain role like father, mother, child
Project STAR (1985)
students randomly assigned to classes Fewer disciplinary problems Higher achievement test scores
Mean is the?
sum of all values and divide by the number of values Skewed by outliers
A "Parent" is?
symbol of biological and emotional connection to a child
What is Cultural Capital?
symbolic and interactional resources people use in various situations
Welfare state is an?
system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens Fills gaps left by the economic system
Redemptive Social Movements
target specific groups, but seek radical change
Socialization is to?
teach children how to get along with others and prepare them for adult economic roles
What is the role of schools?
teach students conformity to law and respect for authority
Power is defined as?
the ability to shape and use the system Weber- ability to carry out one's own will despite resistance
Authority is defined as?
the justifiable right to exercise power
Pluralism is?
the presence of numerous distinct religious groups within a society
Education is defined as?
the process through with academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools are developed
Dictatorship is described as?
the restriction of political participation to a small group or a single individual
Citizenship rights aree?
the set of rights guaranteed to each law-abiding citizen in a state
Communism is ?
the state (public) control the means of production and distribution
Theism is defined as?
the worship of a god or gods
Sects (sectarism)
theologically exclusive religious groups which tend to be at odds with the dominant values of society World-Rejecting
Churches are?
theologically inclusive exist in state of low tension with society World-Affirming
Believing
theology
Civil Rights Act of 1964 resulted in?
there must be equal educational opportunities for individuals by reason of race, color, religion, or national origin
"Parentified" siblings are?
trouble navigating the complexities of parental roles when they themselves are still young lead to compulsive disorders
Feminist Theory is to?
understand the mechanisms and roots of gender inequality in education and societal repercussions Promote women's rights to equal education
Interactionism view family as?
understand the subjective experience of belonging to a "family"
Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
upheld students right to education Give either public education services or private education paid for Washington
Coercion is the?
use of threat or force to get what you want
Individualism is defined as?
value of individual over the value of groups or society as a whole
Family wage is?
wages earned by male workers designed to support dependent women and children
Cultural Transmission is a?
way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture
Cultural relativism is?
whether a legal union is required whether more than two people can be involved
Alienation is defined as?
workers become isolated from the products they produce and each other
