Sociology Final Exam Practice

Baby Boomers are those born between

1946 and 1964

In the United States, laws against miscegenation were overturned nationally in __.

1967

In the U.S. in 2013, the wealthiest __ percent of households had 77 of the country's wealth.

20

How many electoral votes does it take to win a U.S. presidential election?

270

According to the information presented in the chapter 9 PowerPoint, an individual's perception of self as either female or male is typically established by age __.

3

American children makeup only three percent of the world's children, yet American families buy more than __ percent of the toys purchased globally, and toys in stores are mostly organized with gender lines.

40

There are many cultural universals. Food taboos are found in every culture. For example, Americans cringe at the thought of eating insects, but according to the textbook, about __ percent of the world's people eat insects.

75

Texas, Missouri and Florida, account for __% of all executions nationwide.

82

Older people make up the largest group of poor people. This is an example of ____.

A Myth

Which of the following most accurately defines a symbol?​

A symbol is anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture.

Which of the following is an example of normalization of deviance?

Accepting same-sex marriage in some countries​

Which of the following scenarios supports the argument that nurture shapes behavior?

Benjie's father, an alcoholic, suffered from liver damage. He advised his son from a young age to avoid such destructive habits, and Benjie grew up to have a healthy lifestyle.​

The members of the King family own a few banks and factories in their hometown. Their control over capital and the means of production of most goods has resulted in the family acquiring great wealth and power. Which of the following terms can be used to describe the King family?​

Bourgeoisie

Which of the following groups is most likely to focus on capitalism, social inequality, and power differences?​

Conflict theorists

In the Wisdom of Sociology Video, the speaker used an example of ___ to tie personal experience to the society at large.

Contemplating Suicide

The Innocence Project, founded in 1992 by Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld. It is a national litigation and public policy organization dedicated to exonerating wrongfully convicted individuals through _____ and reforming the criminal justice system to prevent future injustice.

DNA testing

James, a student of economics, argues that high-income countries benefit because the poor countries provide cheap labor and are subjected to exploitation by the rich nations as they are not powerful enough to protest. Which of the following theories supports James's opinion?​

Dependency theory

Pam organized a birthday party for her sister. She invited all of her neighbors except the new family, the Chos, because they were from South Korea. Which of the following did Pam exhibit by not inviting the Cho family?

Discrimination

A common factor in intimate partner violence (IPV) includes the number of children the partners have.

False

According to C. Wright Mills, the power elite is made up of one dominant group of people at the top level who run the country.​

False

According to Mrs. Tiefenwerth, one's sexuality ends at the nursing home doors.

False

According to the 2014 video, Hunger in America, children are eating food that is less nutritious and has empty calories because junk food is tastier.

False

As seen in the video Dan Buettner: How to live to be 100+, Ellsworth Whareham , a 97 year old multimillionaire built a privacy fence to save $6,000. For three days he was out shoveling cement, and hauling poles around. And predictably, on the fourth day he ended up in the operating room having open-heart surgery.

False

Being an African American college student is an example of having two ascribed statuses.

False

Bernard "Bernie" Madoff was sentenced to 150 years for a hate crime.

False

Both functionalism and symbolic interaction theories are micro-level perspectives of family and aging.​

False

Capital punishment decreases crime.

False

Contrary to the popular belief that race is socially constructed, it is determined biologically.

False

Cyberstalking is more common among adolescents than adults.

False

Discouraged workers are people who have part-time jobs but want full-time work or whose jobs are below their experience, skill, and education levels.

False

Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) was an ancient practice which is no longer in effect.

False

Formulating a hypothesis is the first step in the scientific method.

False

In every presidential election since 1996, men have voted at higher rates than women.

False

In the United States, most Republicans believe that the federal government should provide social programs for its citizens.

False

In the video titled "James A. White Sr.: The little problem I had renting a house," Mr. White had a problem renting a house for his family due to his income inequality, so he ended up moving back to his mother's home.

False

More Americans describe themselves as "pro-life" than "pro-choice."

False

Prejudiced nondiscriminators do not hire minorities and are disrespectful toward minorities in everyday interactions.

False

Sociologist James White describes theories as tools that are static as our society becomes more sophisticated.

False

Sociology requires inward retrospection; thus, to understand people, we must look at the world with an individualistic focus.

False

The Brenda/David case suggests that nurture outweighs nature in shaping a person's gender identity. In other words, this case proves we are gender neutral at birth.

False

The incest taboo forbids sexual activities among unmarried individuals.​

False

The more often young adults use Facebook, according to several studies, the more unhappy they become. The root cause is isolation.

False

There is a lingering sexism, among both men and women, that female politicians are less feminine and compassionate than the average woman.​

False

Validity is the consistency with which the same measure produces similar results time after time, whereas reliability is the degree to which a measure is accurate and really measures what it claims to measure.

False

Wearing jeans to a wedding reception or job interview is an example of formal deviance.

False

Identify the theoretical perspective of the following statements: Political leaders speak for a majority of the people. Work provides an income and gives people a sense of accomplishment. People have power.

Functionalist theory

_____ is the process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that people accept them without question.

Internalization

Why is sociological research important in people's everyday lives?

It unmasks myths.​

Who said, "I've only got one wrinkle and I'm sitting on it!"

Jeanne Calment

Offering minimum or no guidance and allowing members to make their own decisions is a type of group leadership known as ____.

Laissez-Faire

Which of the following crimes involves a practice known as e-fencing?

Organized retail crime​

_____ is an attitude that involves forming an opinion about people beforehand, usually in a negative way.

Prejudice

The Tuskegee Experiment that took place on U.S. soil, that violated basic human rights prior to ethical guidelines being implemented in research, resulted in a public apology from ____.

President Clinton

Which of the following terms refers to respect, recognition, or regard attached to social positions?

Prestige

A latent function of a Fast Food Restaurant is that it _____.

Provides Jobs.

Mrs. Tiefenwerth's experience with being treated differently because of her race is best depicted by the title:

Put Me in the Zoo

Which of the following country's parliament recently banned lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender (LGBT) relationships and forbade distributing material on gay rights?​

Russia

President George W. Bush was misunderstood in Norway when he gave the Hook 'em Horns Longhorn sign because this gesture was understood as a symbol of ___.

Satan

_____ refers to the biological characteristics with which people are born-chromosomes, anatomy, hormones, and other physical and physiological attributes.

Sex

Carol, an American of Japanese descent, is a 33-year-old female and the mother of two young children. She is the daughter of a renowned boxer, James, who has participated in several national championships. Which of the following statements depicts Carol's achieved status?​

She is the mother of two children

In his classic study _____, Durkheim relied on extensive data collection to draw conclusions about social integration.​

Suicide

_____ is a data collection method that includes questionnaires, face-to-face or telephone interviews, or a combination.​

Survey

Many social scientists have used the _____ to explain the Abu Graib abuse in Iraq, where U.S. Soldiers humiliated prisoners with the explanation that they were simply following orders.

The correct answer is: findings in Milgram's Obedience Laboratory Experiment and Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment

Identify the relationship between society and culture.​

They are interdependent.

Which of the following is true of white-collar crimes?

They cause significant public harm.​

"Old" is a social construct.

True

A bureaucracy is a formal organization designed to accomplish goals and tasks in an efficient and rational way.

True

Emails, text messages, and Snapchat photos do not disappear after being deleted but may last indefinitely in cyberspace.

True

Functionalism often glosses over the widespread inequality that a handful of powerful people create and maintain.

True

It is usually easy for powerful people to hide their deviance.​

True

Married people report greater well-being than unmarried people, and they enjoy better health and lower mortality.

True

North Korea is an example of a repressive totalitarian government.

True

Rituals are outward symbols of values.​

True

The Stanford Prison Experiment was scheduled to run for two weeks but was stopped after 6 days because of increasingly aggressive behavior by the participants of the study.

True

There are many cultural universals, but specific behaviors vary across cultures, from one group to another in the same society, and over time.​

True

U. S. marriage and divorce rates have declined since 1990.

True

Some discoveries occur by chance, called the serendipity effect. An example of this is when George de Mestral, a Swiss electrical engineer, invented ___ from a discovery he made while walking in the woods.

Velcro

Why is ethnocentrism dysfunctional?​

Viewing others as inferior generates hatred, discrimination, and conflict.​

Texting while driving, that continues despite the high number of fatalities, is an example of ___.

a Cultural Lag.

Many men who enter female-dominated occupations receive higher wages and faster promotions, a phenomenon known as ___.

a glass escalator

Mrs. Tiefenwerth's story about the little girl that she sponsored in Sri Lanka, shows a real picture of poverty. What did Susantha buy with the coin given to her?

a pencil

The parts of the brain responsible for controlling impulses, avoiding risky behavior, and planning ahead are:

among the last to mature.​

Clara, a student of sociology, is studying the effects of industrialization in the nineteenth century. She notices that a lot of people from rural areas settled down in cities to take up industrial jobs in that era. This, however, led to a breakdown of societal rules and people became unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms. In this scenario, Clara is most likely studying the concept of _____.​

anomie

Lisa has a number of close friends of both sexes. However, she is not attracted to either sex. In this scenario, Lisa is _____.​

asexual

Adam's parents allow him two sleepovers a month at his friend's place on the condition that he puts in an extra hour of study every day. In terms of parenting styles, Adam's parents exhibit _____.

authoritative parenting​

According to the research of Anne Fausto-Sterling, Ph.D. ____.

b. there are at least 5 sexes. Correct

Jane Elliott, a third grade teacher, designed an experiment in 1968 that showed

c. how quickly children can succumb to discriminatory behavior. Correct

Sociologists and other scientists try to establish correlation because _____.​

causation is difficult to prove

Mrs. Tiefenwerth's experience with "culture shock" discussed in the posted resources involved a __.

coconut tree

Data that is collected at one point in time is known as _____.​

cross-sectional data

Anaz is an 8-year-old Iranian girl who loves the female fashions she sees in U.S. films and television shows. Lately, she's been questioning why her mother wears a burka. Her questioning of her family's traditions could be best explained by ___.

cultural imperialism

One criticism of the ________ Theory, is that it forgets that people often react without considering actions of others or the consequences of one's own behavior.

e. Symbolic Interaction

Lobbying also generates _______(known commonly as "pork")—funding requests by Congress to provide federal money to companies, projects, groups, and organizations in their district—that don't require external competitive bidding.

earmarks

​Martha is in love with her first cousin Daniel, and they decide to get married. Their families are not happy with their decision because, traditionally, nobody in the family has married within the group. This cultural practice followed by Martha's and Daniel's families is known as _____.

exogamy

Childhood has always been viewed as a distinct stage of development in the U.S. where responsibilities are gradually increased in adolescence.

false

Crossing the street when there is a "Don't Walk" sign because there is no traffic is an example of an ideal norm.

false

The Genie isolation case taught us that there is no defined period for language development.

false

As discussed in the video, Rain Dove, androgynous model used to be ___.

firefighter

As discussed in the textbook, Bill Gates violated a social norm, specifically a ___, when he kept one hand in his pocket while shaking hands with President Park Geun-Hye in 2013.

folkway

According to _____, organizations are made up of interrelated parts and rules and regulations that produce cooperation in meeting a common goal.​

functionalists

The unsuccessful sex reassignment of David Reimer supports the argument that:

genetics influences human behavior.

Critics argue that the conflict theory ignores the importance of

harmony and cooperation.

Maria delivered her baby in a city hospital. Although the baby was born healthy, the doctors were not able to determine the baby's sex as the baby's internal reproductive organs were not fully developed. In this scenario, the baby would be classified as a(n) --_____.​

intersexual

​A corporation has hired George to speak on its behalf about the H-1B visas and influence legislation in its favor. George is a(n) _____.

lobbyist

​It is a custom in Nina's family for newly married female members to continue living with their families, along with their husbands. Declan, who recently got married to Nina, moves into Nina's house to live with her and her family. In the context of residence patterns, this is an example of a(n) _____.

matrilocal residence pattern

Thomas is conducting a study on the work patterns and personal habits of his family members. He shadows them each day to record their daily interactions with each other and with the outside world-be it at school, work, or even the supermarket. In this scenario, such a study of the everyday interactions of people is most likely part of _____.​

microsociology

​In a(n) _____, a member of a royal family, usually a king or queen, reigns over a kingdom.

monarchy

Norms that members of a society consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior are called:​

mores

The most common type of child abuse is:

neglect

When viewers vote for the contestants of television entertainment shows, such as The Voice or Dancing with the Stars, they are an example of a(n):​

nonprobability sample.

​In the mid-1980s, 50 companies controlled 90 percent of all U.S. media. This is an example of a(n) _____.

oligopoly

Binita Nepali, age 14, a Dalit seen in the "We are not untouchable" video, is forced to earn money by ___ in order to buy food for the family.

prostitution

In studying homelessness, a _____ would be interested in how homelessness affects an individual's emotions and mental state.

psychologist

According to 2013 FBI crime statistics, almost half of all hate crimes were __.

racially motivated.

In the context of Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, people in the _____ mode reject both the goals and the means for success.​

retreatism​

The term _____ can be defined as an organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships.​

social structure

Sociologist C. Wright Mills called the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger social influences the _____.​

sociological imagination​

​Because common sense is _____, it ignores facts that challenge cherished beliefs.

subjective

The unintended influence that observers can have on their subjects while conducting research is known as _____.

the Hawthorne Effect

Erin, Macy, and Nancy are good friends. However, because of a misunderstanding, Erin and Nancy gang up and start finding faults with everything Macy does. This behavior is a typical example of the disadvantages of a(n) _____.​

triad

In many Middle Eastern countries, people view the shoes and the soles of one's feet as ____, which could be misunderstood in other countries.

unclean

Emilia was a careless, pampered adult. Her life took a complete turn after she became a mother. Responsibility came naturally to her, and she began to enjoy taking care of her baby round the clock. The dramatic change in Emilia's behavior is an example of _____.

voluntary resocialization

Which of the following statements is true about the demographic variations among Internet users?​

​Asian Americans are the most connected group in the United States.

_____ coined the term sociology and is often described as the "father of sociology."​

​Auguste Comte

​In the context of sociological explanations of family and aging, which of the following is a similarity between conflict theorists and feminist scholars?

​Both agree that there is considerable inequality between low-income and wealthy families in accessing necessary resources.

Which of the following statements is true of U.S. racial and ethnic diversity?

​By 2044, Latino and Asian populations are expected to double in size.

Identify a characteristic of capitalism.​

​By investing profits, capitalists can increase their own wealth.

Timothy and Kiley were asked to violate a norm by their sociology professor. They chose to go to the mall and use the up escalator to go down and the down escalator to go up. They watched the reactions of others and wrote a paper describing the experience. Which of the following methodological tools were Timothy and Kiley using?​

​Ethnomethodology

Who among the following can be termed helicopter parents?

​Ian's parents are overanxious about his college admission and have made him apply to ten different universities.

Which of the following statements is true of caste system?

​In a caste system, social positions are ascribed at birth.

Which of the following is a difference between polygyny and polyandry?​

​In polygyny, one man is married to two or more women, whereas in polyandry, one woman is married to two or more men.

Identify the way in which immigration affects social mobility.

​It fuels upward mobility.

Which of the following is true of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

​It includes crimes reported to the police and arrests made each year.

Which of the following is a characteristic of gender?​

​It is internalized by people in the form of behavior patterns expected of each sex.

Which of the following most accurately defines absolute poverty?

​It is not having enough money to afford the basic necessities of life, such as food, clothing, and shelter.

Which of the following most accurately describes feminization of poverty?

​It refers to the disproportionate number of the poor who are women.

_____ are unintended and unrecognized; they're present but not immediately obvious.​

​Latent functions

Which of the following is a victimless crime?

​Offering sexual services to people for money

Which of the following is an argument used against the legalization of gay marriages?​

​People can love each other without getting married.

_____ conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment to explain the influence of groups on behaviors.​

​Philip Zimbardo

​_____ is the ability of a person or group to influence others, even if they resist.

​Power

Santiago believes that social class does not always protect minorities from economic inequality, and Gary believes that minority women suffer from a double dose of inequality. In the context of sociological explanations of racial-ethnic inequality, which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

​Santiago is a conflict theorist, whereas Gary is a feminist theorist.

Which of the following is a difference between social statics and social dynamics?​

​Social statics investigates how principles of social order explain a particular society, while social dynamics explores how individuals and societies change over time.

Which of the following statements is true of the views supported by the functionalist theory?​

​Society is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to ensure a society's survival.

_____ is an overall ranking of a person's position in society based on income, education, and occupation.

​Socioeconomic status (SES)

Which of the following statements is true of the gender pay gap?​

​The average woman must work almost nine extra weeks every year to make the same wages as a man.

Which of the following is a criticism of the Davis-Moore thesis by Melvin Tumin?​

​There's little association between earnings and the jobs that keep a society going.

With reference to social stratification, which of the following is a criticism of conflict theorists?​

​They exaggerate the existence and effects of economic inequality.

​The motherhood penalty refers to:

​a pay gap between women who are and aren't mothers.

A(n) _____ is a social position that a person is born into.​

​ascribed status

Amanda is a relationship therapist and usually indulges in gossip with her secretary after lunch. After meeting with her new clients, Amanda calls her secretary into her personal cabin to have an informal chat. She tells her secretary that her new clients are the most ignorant people she has ever met. According to sociologist Erving Goffman, Amanda is in the _____.​

​back stage

Worldwide variation in the context of gender inequality and sexual oppression shows that:​

​behavior is learned, not innate.

According to Karl Marx, history is a series of:​

​class struggles between capitalists and workers.

Kenneth Hill Inc. claims to be an employee-centered company. It has created a management system in which supervisors will have a specific number of employees under them. Lately, however, this practice has led to favoritism. Managers have promoted only those employees who had similar interests as them. This has resulted in a huge disparity in the income and statuses of workers and has created a negative workplace environment. This type of organizational behavior is explained by _____.​

​conflict theory

Unlike his predecessors and contemporaries, Marx maintained that:​

​economic issues produce divisiveness rather than social solidarity.

Auguste Comte maintained that the study of society must be _____.​

​empirical

In the United States, Puerto Ricans, Chinese, Serbs, Arabs, Swedes, and Hungarians are some examples of _____.

​ethnic groups

Jackson's family is Jewish. He is proud of his heritage and identifies himself as a Jew. His self-identification is derived from his _____.

​ethnicity

Claudia resigned from her job when she was expecting a child. She now stays at home looking after her baby and provides moral support to her husband. According to functionalists, Claudia plays a(n) _____.​

​expressive role

Danielle, the owner of an apartment, wants to rent out one of the rooms. She disregarded the application of Rita, an Asian, because Danielle wanted to rent her apartment only to whites. In this scenario, Danielle's action is an example of _____.

​individual discrimination

One of the common criticisms of the functionalist theory is that it:​

​is so focused on order and stability that it often ignores social change.

Income differs from wealth in that income:

​is usually spent on everyday expenses.

Many people purchase an expensive car because it serves as a status symbol. The car's service as a status symbol is an example of a:​

​latent function

Ryan thinks he is not as clever as the other children in his class because his teacher does not appreciate him as much as she does others. According to Charles Horton Cooley, Ryan is troubled by his _____.

​looking-glass self

Joshua has joined a cult whose members believe in cruel punishments for criminals. The rest of society considers them barbarians and detests their ruthless belief system. In this case, the rest of society views Joshua's cult as a(n) _____.​

​out-group

According to Durkheim, as the division of labor becomes more specialized, _____.​

​people become increasingly dependent on others for specific goods and services

The purpose of Solomon Asch's experiment was to demonstrate the _____.​

​power of groups over individuals

Unlike primary groups, reference groups:​

​rarely provide personal support.

Carter is a full-time college student and works at a factory for 30 hours each week. He feels exhausted and is having a hard time dealing with the demands of his roles at college and the factory he works in. Carter is experiencing _____.​

​role conflict

Cameron was scheduled to present his history paper on Thursday between 1:00 pm and 3:00 pm. His anthropology final was scheduled for 3:00 pm on the same day. He was stressed because of the different activities he had to perform as a student majoring in Humanities. Cameron is experiencing _____.​

​role strain

​Martha, a 33-year-old working woman, financially supports her daughter, who is in college, and her aging mother. In this case, Martha most likely belongs to the _____.

​sandwich generation

Sociologists rely on the _____, a body of objective and systematic techniques to investigate phenomena, acquire knowledge, and test hypotheses and theories.​

​scientific method

Ryan joins a community service group for a month. The group, which consists of 10 people, visits various refugee camps and teaches underprivileged children. However, at the end of the month, Ryan neither goes to these refugee camps nor meets with any of the group members. In this case, Ryan's group is an example of a(n) _____.​

​secondary group

Sports teams, labor unions, and a company's employees are examples of _____.​

​secondary groups

The _____ proposes that individuals seek through their communication to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs.​

​social exchange theory

Unlike Karl Marx, Max Weber focused on:​

​social organization, a subjective understanding of behavior, and a value-free sociology.

​A difference between capitalism and socialism is that:

​socialism forbids private profits that are fueled by greed and exploitation of workers; exploitation of workers is common in the capitalist system.

​Since he was a year old, Adrian was carefully coached by his parents so that he grew up to be a well-mannered, confident, and generous person. His parents believed in leading by example. Adrian carried the values he learnt at home wherever he went-to school, to college, and to his workplace. He imparted these values to his children and grandchildren. The process that Adrian went through is known as _____.

​socialization

​In the context of the political system, a _____ is a group of people that seeks or receives benefits or favorable treatment from the government.

​special-interest group

Alicia believes that an employee's perception of a situation determines his or her relationship with other members. She also believes that employees can also influence the norms followed in their company. In this case, Alicia's views are similar to those of _____.​

​symbolic interactionists