Sociology Final Exam
A person's position in a country's social stratification is determined by: A.Wealth, power, income, race, education B. GNI PPP, GDP, GNI, the PRB, and standards of living C. Clothes, accessories, hobbies, shoes, and number of credit cards D. Prestige, family, legal records, occupation, and favorite food
A
Adolf Hitler blaming Germany's pre-war problems on the Jewish population is an example of: A. The scapegoat theory B. The social construction of race C. White privilege D. Pluralism
A
Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which theory best describes Ally's experience? A. Differential association theory B. Strain theory C. Labeling theory D. Opaque theory
A
Cate is the daughter of a Senator and the former CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Harry grew up on a farm, tilling the land for a living. They are planning a June wedding. They will have a(n)___________ marriage. A. Exogamous B. Traditional C. Endogamus D. Unconventional
A
Cedric's uncle believes that racism and discrimination have made a positive impact on society - but only in the lives of those who are members of the dominant group. Which sociological perspective is Cedric's uncle coming from? A. Functionalism B. Conflict theory C. Feminism D. Symbolic interactionism
A
Chase grew up wanting to wear his sister's dresses over his brother's pants and button up shirts. When Chase turns 18, he decides to begin living as woman, though he's still only sexually attracted to women. He decides he doesn't want to undergo surgery. Chase is: A. Transgender B. Bisexual C. Transsexual D. Homophobic
A
Elisa graduated from college with a double major and was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa society. She was then offered a job in New York where she worked 12 hours a day and produced excellent results. Within two years she had over 100 employees working under her. Elisa's hard work was rewarded with a raise and a bonus. This form of promotion is based on the principles of: A. A meritocracy B. A democracy C. A caste system D. A closed stratification system
A
Functionalist Émile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was: A. Necessary; it challenged people's views. B. Dangerous; it encouraged disruptive behavior. C. Insignificant; deviance within society is largely ignored. D. Instrumental; it encouraged the population to rebel.
A
GNI PPP, or gross national income divided by purchasing power parity, helps measure: A. The standard of living in a country. B. The average level of education per person in a country. C. The amount of inflation affecting a country's currency. D. The average global interest rates for loans.
A
Hope is desperate for the new designer purse that she saw while window shopping at her local mall. She knew every girl in school would covet her bag and wish to be like her. When she walked in, she whipped out her credit card, and purchased the $5,000 bag. This kind of purchasing is called: A. Conspicuous consumption B. Popular consumerism C. Designer consumerism D. Credit card consumerism
A
Maria babysits as a form of income while she is in college. Because the amounts she gets per job are not huge, Maria never bothers to report her earnings to the IRS. Maria is a part of the A. Underground economy B. Under-reported economy C. Under-earning economy D. Under-paid economy
A
Which statement explains why Immanuel Wallerstein's classification is preferred by sociologist? A. Wallerstein's classification uses neutral terms that allow his classification of nations to be less biased and appear less ethnocentric. B. Wallerstein's classification uses the United States as a point of comparison so that people can understand what he is saying. C. The former Cold War era classifications are outdated and no longer accurately show the economic state of individual nations. D. Wallerstein's classification is based more on sociological data than economic data, and because of that, applies to the field of sociology better than the Cold War era classification.
A
With the recent Occupy Wall Street Movement, the people of the United States keep hearing about the top 1%. How much of the United State's wealth rests in the hands of the wealthiest top 1% of people? A. 1/3 B. 1/4 C. 1/8 D. 1/16
A
An example of slavery, according to Anti-Slavery International, is: A. Factories employing adults at salary level B. Factories using child labor C. Children attending school D. Children playing with friends
B
Angela believes that race relations in America are poor because the white ruling class has enacted various laws and regulations to keep other racial groups from achieving equality. With which sociological perspective does Angela's view best align? A. Functionalism B. Conflict theory C. Feminism D. Symbolic interactionism
B
Areas that once had vast economic growth and large amounts of industry, but are now suffering from the effects of outsourcing are going through a period of: A. Industrialization B. Deindustrialization C. Post-industrialization D. Industrialization transition
B
Asad's first grade class is diverse: there are two students from Korea, five students from South America, two students from the United States, three students from Kuwait, a student from Mexico, two students from England, and five students from western Europe. Asad's class is: A. Segregated B. Pluralistic C. Assimilated D. Profiled
B
Bernie Madoff, recently sentenced to 150 years in prison for creating a Ponzi scheme which caused clients to lose millions of dollars, engaged in which form of crime? A. Street crime B. Corporate crime C. Violent crime D. Institutional crime
B
In 2010, what did controversial Senate Bill 1070 propose, causing a series of protests and legal battles? A. After being charged with a crime, Wisconsin courts can order legal immigrants back to their countries of origin. B. During a lawful stop, detention, or arrest, Arizona police officers may establish the immigration status of anyone they suspect may be here illegally. C. If suspected of illegal activity, Nevada police may search the home of any immigrant, or child of an immigrant, without a warrant. D. After being detained by New Mexico police, immigrants are given no rights by the authorities and may be held for weeks without being officially charged.
B
In the United States, which race would be considered the dominant group? A. Hispanic B. White C. Black D. Asian
B
In which country is sex education required in public schools? A.The United States B. Sweden C. England D. Nigeria
B
It was time for Oli to marry. He had finished school and was starting a job. His parents chose a bride for him whose parents had the same amount of wealth and belonged to the same class as they did. Oli and his bride will have a(n) _________ marriage. A. Exogamus B. Endogamous C. Traditional D. Unconventional
B
One main issue in studying global social inequality is: A. Most countries keep their economic situations secret. B. Social inequality is relative and therefore, difficult to compare across cultures. C. The presence of tourism can make a country look richer than it really is. D. Most people live beyond their means which gives a false sense of wealth to a society.
B
Peggy accepts a job offer as an advertising copywriter. Her boss immediately assigns her campaigns for products such as makeup and cleaning products. Peggy asks for different clients, but her boss tells her she should stick to what she and "her kind" know best. Peggy is experiencing: A. Sexual orientation B. Sexism C. Masochism D. Homophobia
B
Tasha believes that gender is about the division of labor in the family. In the pre-industrial era, men were the hunter-gatherers and bread-winners, and women were keepers of the home. After World War II, changes in the family structure allowed women to become breadwinners also, altering the roles of the family. From what sociological perspective do Tasha's thoughts come? A. Conflict Theory B. Structural Functionalism C. Cyberfeminism D. Symbolic Interactionism
B
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was created by: A. Third world countries B. Core nation countries C. Middle-income countries D. Asian and American countries
B
The term deviance can be defined as: A. The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. B. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. C. Social reward for the violation of norms. D. The regulation and enforcement of norms.
B
The term doing gender can be defined as: A. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. B. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. C. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. D. Dating a member of the same sex to make a political statement.
B
What is particularly unique about the United States middle class? A. It is the smallest class in the United States. B. It is broken into two subcategories: upper and lower middle class. C. The people who are middle class often have little to no education. D. The upper class are as likely to become members of the lower class as members of the lower class are likely to become members of the upper class.
B
What is the first agent of socialization? A. The law B. Family C. Friends D. School
B
What seems to be the key (although not the rule) to upward social mobility? A. How well off your parents are. B. How much education you have. C. How many jobs you work. D. How much you spend on your personal appearance.
B
When Alexander, who is white, drives his car over the speed limit, a police officer lets him off with a warning. When Christopher, who is Hispanic, drives his car at the same speed as Alexander on the same road, the officer gives him a ticket, even though his record is clean. This is an example of: A. Affirmative action B. White privilege C. Intersection theory D. The social construction of race
B
Which continent has the greatest number of impoverished nations in the world? A. Asia B. Africa C. South America D. North America
B
Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction? A. Mario being sent to jail after robbing a CVS. B. Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine. C. Eleanor being given a "Teacher of the Year" award for her work as a high school English teacher. D. Meredith receiving compliments on her hair after visiting the salon.
B
Which of the following is not a branch of the U.S. Criminal Justice System? A. The police B. The jury C. The courts D. The corrections system
B
Which social class is quickly disappearing from modern economies? A. Upper Class B. Middle Class C. Lower Class D. The amount of people in each class has been about the same for the past 10 years.
B
Women's employment outside the agricultural sector remains under 20 percent in: A. Southern America B. Northern Africa C. Western Asia D. Northern Asia
B
The Davis-Moore Thesis states: A. That economic hardship and skyrocketing inflation is the cause for all social stratification in the United States. B. That Karl Marx was correct and that stratification can only be solved by converting to a socialist government. C. That the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make. D. That people constantly move up and down the social ladder, and this creates an unstable economy which will eventually collapse on itself.
C
The term assimilation is defined by the text as: A. When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country. B. The theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture. C. The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture. D. The act of singling out an individual because of his or her race.
C
The term sexual orientation can be defined as: A. A term that refers to individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are opposite of their biological sex. B. A phase which a person outgrows before entering heterosexuality. C. A person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex. D. A person's biological gender.
C
When Wendy's sorority sisters discover that Wendy is a lesbian, they hold a secret meeting to decide if Wendy should still be allowed to pledge. A handful of the sisters vote "no." This is an example of: A. Doing gender B. Bisexuality C.Homophobia D. Social imperialism
C
Which of the following is NOT an example of a stereotype? A. Cynthia believing her best friend to be good at math because she is Asian. B. Maria assuming her son-in-law is a heavy drinker because he is Irish. C. Isaiah cooking his girlfriend a meat-free dinner because she is a vegetarian. D. Pedro assuming his neighbor likes rap music because he is African American.
C
Which statement would you find in the analysis of poverty by Neckerman and Torche? A. People will take advantage of social welfare programs if you do not watch them carefully. B. People live in poverty because they are lazy and lack meaningful work. C. Once poverty has entered a geographic location, it is very difficult to get rid of. D. People living in poverty enjoy living in poverty.
C
Which trend has the World Bank seen in its study of poverty in low-income nations? A. Equal numbers of men and women live in poverty. B. More men live in poverty than women. C. More women live in poverty than men. D. Children can avoid living in poverty if they live with their fathers.
C
According to the social construction of race school of thought, race is: A. Based only on geographic regions B. No longer in existence C. A product of the media D. Not biologically identifiable
D
Arizona Senate Bill 1070, often referred to colloquially as the "papers, please" law, was aimed widely at those of: A. Irish descent B. Middle Eastern descent C. Chinese descent D. Mexican descent
D
Biological determinism is: A. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another B. An extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals C. An individual's sense of being either masculine or feminine D. The belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology
D
Child labor and sweatshops have existed since the Industrial Revolution and even before that. Many products sold today are created in these sweatshops, even though, living in the 21st century, we like to think we are above such practices. What is one practical way we can try and stop multinational companies from using such labor? A. We can ignore the problem because it will eventually go away. B. We can trust that the CEOs and the members of the board of the companies will do the right thing. C. We can justify such practices because they are legal in other countries. D. We can be responsible consumers and research products before buying them.
D
Immanuel Wallerstein's classification of nations uses which set of terms? A. super powers, allies of super powers, enemies of super powers B. primary nation, secondary nation, tertiary nation C. first world, second world, third world D. core nation, peripheral nation, semi-peripheral nation
D
In 1973, the American Psychological Association (APA) declassified homosexuality as an abnormal or deviant disorder. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in the statement the (APA) made to society? A. Exchange Theory B. Structural Functionalism C. Cyberfeminism D. Symbolic Interactionism
D
In 2008 the United States, as well as the rest of the world, felt the effects of the recession. After the collapse of the housing market, people lost their jobs and they quit spending money. Many people could not afford their mortgages anymore and their homes went into foreclosure. For many people, it was a time of __________. A. Social stratification B. Social inconsistency C. Horizontal mobility D. Downward mobility
D
In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience? A. Strain theory B. Control theory C. Differential association D. Labeling theory
D
Max believes that most people's racial beliefs are based on images conveyed in popular media since many people never meet members of certain races for themselves. Max's perspective is: A. Functionalist B. Conflict theorist C. Feminist D. Symbolic interactionist
D
Social control is: A. An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives. B. A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law. C. A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. D. The regulation and enforcement of norms.
D
Symbolic interactionists have come to the conclusion that: A. Most people do not care about social rank and standing. B. Only lower class people drink beer. C. Only upper class people can enjoy a good game of polo. D. Most people only socialize with people in their same social class.
D
The term discrimination is defined in the text as: A. The theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture. B. Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people. C. An expression of dissatisfaction with the justice system. D. Prejudiced action against a group of people.
D
The term secondary deviance can be defined as: A. When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society's expectations. B. When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others. C. When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices. D. When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.
D
The term segregation is defined in the text as: A. The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture. B. The deliberate annihilation of a targeted, usually subordinate, group. C. The integration of diverse cultural concepts into a public school curriculum. D. The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions.
D
The term sexuality is defined by the text as: A. An individual's sense of being either masculine or feminine. B. The repressed sexual inclinations of society as a whole. C. An individual's biological gender. D. A person's capacity for sexual feelings.
D
The two regions with the highest risk of social unrest are: A. Europe and Africa B. Latin America and Asia C. South America and North America D. Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East-North Africa region
D
What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime? A. A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics. B. A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not. C. A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not. D. A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.
D
What is the difference between sex and gender? A. Sex refers to sexual orientation, and gender refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females. B. Sex is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine, gender is biological characterization of anatomy. C. Sex refers to who a person is sexually attracted to, and gender refers to whom a person chooses to partner with. D. Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine.
D
Which factor is considered when evaluating someone's standard of living? A. Income B. Employment C. Class D. All of these
D
Which historical event was greatly responsible for global stratification as we see it today? A. World War I B. The Fall of the British Empire C. The French Revolution D. The Industrial Revolution
D
Which of the following is NOT a product of gender stereotyping? A. Keisha's mom encouraging her to take home economics over shop class so she can please her future husband. B. A music store employee encouraging a young woman to study the piano or flute instead of the drums or guitar. C. A teacher discouraging a female student from entering the military, suggesting nursing school instead. D. A father buying a basketball hoop for his daughter's eighth birthday.
D
Which theorist studied the power elite, and the influence they had over society? A. Karl Marx B. Carl Sagan C. Émile Durkheim D. Wright Mills
D
Whose work do conflict theorists rely on to help form their arguments surrounding social stratification? A. Auguste Comte B. Émile Durkheim C. René Decartes D. Karl Marx
D
Gender Dysphoria is: A. A form of homophobia B. A form of sexual dysfunction and paraphilia C. A condition where transgender people choose to alter their bodies D. A condition of people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with
D.
True or False: Deviance is always considered a crime? True False
False
Since the social classes in the United States do not have any clear boundaries, how is a sociologist supposed to determine whether their subjects are in the upper class or the upper-middle class? A. Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life. B. The upper class is split into "old money" and "new money" people, while the upper-middle class simply struggles to maintain its wealth. C. All upper class people enjoy opera and have been bred for their stations while the upper-middle class consists mostly of newly wealthy people who may not have had the same kind of upbringing. D. In the upper class, everyone knows everyone, but in the upper-middle class, the people do not comingle.
A
The term crime can be defined as: A. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. B. A harmful action directed at the authorities. C. A sequence of events leading to incarceration. D. An unintended consequence of necessary action.
A
What is the Kinsey Scale? A. A six-point rating system that ranges from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual orientation. B. An in-depth guide to measure whether a loved one is homosexual or heterosexual. C. An instructional manual explaining acceptable homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual behavior. D. A religious test which classifies a person's ability to live as a heterosexual.
A
What is the most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living people are accustomed to in the United States? A. The decline of the middle class B. The feminization of poverty C. The growth of the upper class D. The stagnation of wages for workers
A
What is the purpose of queer theory? A. To question the ways society perceives and experiences sex, gender, and sexuality. B. To determine whether sexual orientation is a product of nature or nurture. C. To examine the genetic differences between the heterosexual population and homosexual population. D. To purpose a series of federal laws that will put an end to many social inequalities.
A
When Jeanette's parents find out her twin brother, Rex, has been sexually active, they tell him to use protection. When they found out Jeanette has been sexually active, they ground her for a month. This is an example of: A. A double standard B. A misunderstanding C. Homophobia D. Gender identity
A
When thinking about gender, Jeff sees men as the dominant social group and women the subordinate group. This exploitation of the subordinate group has created social problems, such as high rates of poverty among single mothers. Which sociological perspective best fit Jeff's views? A. Conflict Theory B. Structural Functionalism C. Cyberfeminism D. Symbolic Interactionism
A
Which continent has the largest number of people living in poverty in the world? A. Asia B. Africa C. South America D. North America
A
Which group within the United States has been stereotyped as the model minority? A. The Asian American community B. The African American community C. The Arab American community D. The Hispanic American community
A
Which is an effect of absolute poverty that also contributes to its cyclical nature? A. Lack of education B. Home foreclosures C. Massive credit card debt D. Excellent healthcare
A
Which number does the World Bank use to determine the status and classification of each nation? A. Gross National Income per Capita B. Gross Domestic Product C. Purchasing Power Parity D. Organization for Economic and Cooperative Development data
A
Which of the following is an example of racial steering? A. Real estate agents directing white clients to look for housing in certain neighborhoods, and non-white clients to others. B. The Trail of Tears, when the United States government forced Native Americans to permanently leave their homes and territory. C. Kiki being told she'll be bad at math because she is a girl. D. Jose's parents not allowing him to date Martha because she is of a different race.
A
True or false: A person's sex, as determined by his or her biology, does not always correspond with his or her gender. True False
True
True or false: The majority of American citizens are descendents of immigrants? True False
True
1967's Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, a case which legally allowed interracial marriage, is an example of A. Racism B. Stereotyping C. Amalgamation D. Assimilation
C
88 million people live on less than $1.00 a day. These people are said to be living in _____________. A. Subjective poverty B. Marginal poverty C. Absolute poverty D. Relative poverty
C
An average of _____ people in the United States fall victim to hate crimes each year? A. 100,000 B. 150,000 C. 195,000 D. 200,000
C
Charlotte was born to a lower class family in rural Pennsylvania. After taking a job in the mail room of a large corporate office, Charlotte is slowly promoted through the ranks and becomes CEO of the company by the age of 50. What type of stratification is shown in this story? A. Structural mobility B. Intergenerational mobility C. Intragenerational mobility D. Downward mobility
C
How is global stratification different from social stratification? A. Global stratification only examines environmental inequalities among nations while social stratification examines inequalities among people. B. Global stratification can only measure the inequalities among purely democratic states, while social stratification can be expanded to apply to people in any country in the world. C. Global stratification examines a myriad of different types of prejudice and inequality, while social stratification covers the social class and standing of individuals. D. Countries cannot move up and down the global stratification ladder, unlike people who can use social mobility to climb or fall down the social stratification ladder.
C
In recent times, scholars have been trying to sort out why the countries on the continent of Africa, as a whole, have trouble competing to today's global, capitalist economy. While an answer to this question is complex and carries with it many ambiguities, most scholars point to European colonialism as a key to understanding the current state of Africa. A sociologist studying this topic, would ascribe to which theoretical paradigm? A. Structural functionalism B. Symbolic interactionism C. Conflict theory D. Feminist theory
C
In the United States, where outsourcing is almost always addressed negatively, companies still get away with outsourcing. How do they do this? A. Capital flight, caused by outsourcing, helps local economies thrive, so Americans are willing to make the trade off. B. Deindusrialization, also caused by outsourcing, is better for the environment, so Americans are in favor of it. C. Americans want lower prices for their consumable products, and the only way for companies to deliver those low prices is to outsource the work to cheaper laborers. D. Companies find that the many U.S. restrictions on manufacturing can seriously disrupt production, which leads to profit loss, which in turn results in outsourcing.
C
Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a: A. Positive informal sanction B. Negative informal sanction C. Positive formal sanction D. Negative formal sanction
C
Jenny is given a doll for 2nd birthday, while her brother, Tyrone, is given a fire truck. This is an example of gender: A. Bending B. Indifference C. Socialization D. Stratification
C
Mohit spent his days combing through garbage in Mumbai, India with his brothers and sisters. Sometimes he would find food, or something to sell for money. He never tried to overcome his lower-class status because he had seen his friends try and fail. So, he accepted his fate, and tried to live life as best he could in a closed society. Mohit is an example of someone living under: A. A meritocracy B. A dictatorship C. A caste system D. An oligarchy
C
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's executive order 9066, which authorized the establishment of internment camps for anyone with as little as one-eighth Japanese ancestry following Pearl Harbor, is an example of: A. Racial steering B. Communism C. Expulsion D. Genocide
C
Speedy Gonzalez is a popular cartoon character, but is widely considered an inappropriate stereotype. Many children are raised watching Speedy Gonzalez cartoons, unaware that such stereotypes are negative. This is a product of: A. Genocide B. Intersection theory C. The culture of prejudice D. The scapegoat theory
C
Strain theory: A. Argues that morality is based on wealth. B. Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle. C. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. D. States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.
C
