Sociology Final Exam

A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called

A Nuclear family

A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called _____.

A nuclear family

Mounting research suggests that cohabitation may _______________.

Actually discourage marriage

The most famous social thinker whose ideas supported the operation of a free-market economy most was ___________.

Adam Smith

The social thinker whose ideas supported the operation of a free-market economy most was

Adam Smith

The economy first became a distinct social institution during the ______ stage of technological development which came after hunting and gathering societies.

Agrarian

A family that includes parents, children and other kin is called ________.

An extended family

Emile Durkheim claimed that the defining trait of modernity was ________________ resulting in thousands of different types of job.

An increasing division of labor

Durkheim's greatest concern about modern societies focused on a rise of _________ signifying a lack of shared belief in moral rules.

Anomie

Regardless of race, families headed by single women are

At high risk for poverty

If you were following the class-society approach, which factor would you focus on as shaping modern society the most?

Capitalism

Karl Marx understood modernity in terms of the rise of ____________ which replaced feudalism.

Capitalism

________ is an economic system in which there is private ownership of property particularly in the form of industrial enterprises.

Capitalism

Structural functionalists highlight ________________________ in the process of social change.

Causes of social order

People who attract followers, including Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, display _________ authority.

Charismatic

Which of Weber's types of authority rests on extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion in followers?

Charismatic Authority

A religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society is called a

Church

A correct example of ________would be singing patriotic song on the Fourth of July.

Civil Religion

Karl Marx highlighted ________________________ in the process of social change.

Class Conflict

___________ is an economic system in which there is collective ownership of production.

Communism

A ________ is a giant corporation composed of many smaller corporations.

Conglomerate

A charismatic leader is most likely to be found in a ________ ?

Cult

The concept "______ " refers to a political system in which power resides in the hands of the people as a whole.

Democracy

The concept "________" refers to marriage between people of the same social category.

Endogamy

The concept ________________ refers to long -term harm to the environment caused by a short-sighted focus on material affluence.

Environmental deficit

Ferdinand Tönnies described modernity as the loss of _______ (a German word used to describe "human community" by sociologists).

Gemeinchaft

Ferdinand Tönnies described modernity as the loss of

Gemeinchaft

Durkheim's concept of organic solidarity is roughly the same as Tönnies's concept of

Gesellchaft

The __________ of the economy means that different world regions specialize in different sectors of economic activity and that more and more products pass through several nations.

Globalization

The term ___________ was used by Ferdinand Tönnies to refer to a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest?

Gosellchaft

The concept "________" means that people marry others who are socially like themselves.

Homogamy

Max Weber's thesis on the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism highlighted the importance of which of the following in the process of social change?

Ideas

Which of the following countries best exemplifies a system of state capitalism?

Japan

________ believed that religion supports social inequality.

Karl Marx

In feudal societies wealth is defined by ownership of _______, in capitalist societies wealth is defined by ___________.

Land... Money

According to Max Weber, industrialization decreases the importance of ______ authority?

Legal-rational

Max Weber defined modernity in terms of the rise of _______________ authority and the decline of traditional authority.

Legal-rational

Which of the following concepts refers to the fusion of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character?

Liberation Theology

________________ refers to the fusion of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character?

Liberation Theology

According to Emile Durkheim, while traditional, rural societies were built on_____, modern urban societies are held together by _____.

Likeness... Interdependence

Assume you were visiting a society in which people traced family ties only through women. This society would correctly be called ___________.

Matrilineal

The word ________ refers to a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation?

Monarchy

The Industrial Revolution was based on

New sources of energy

The concept, "___________________________", used by Emile Durkheim, describes an advanced society of different people held together by inter-dependence.

Organic Solidarity

A system of marriage that unites one woman with two or more men is called ______.

Polyandry

The claim that the United States is a __________________ society is based on a movement supporting spiritualism, but away from formal denominations.

Post-denominational

The ______ economy comes after the industrial stage and is defined by service work and computer technology.

Postindustrial

The ________ sector of the economy generates raw materials directly from the natural environment.

Primary

Following Emile Durkheim, the ordinary elements of everyday life are correctly considered to be _______.

Profane

Following Emile Durkheim, the ordinary elements of everyday life are correctly considered to be

Profane

The concept of ________ refers to what is seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary.

Sacred

________ refers to the historical decline in the importance of the sacred.

Secularization

Considering the three main sociological perspectives a ___________ might argue that the United States is not truly democratic because rich people have much more influence on our way of life than poor people.

Self conflict theorist

For Tönnies, the essence of Gesellschaft is

Self-interest

The class-society approach to modernity focuses on ___________ .

Social Stratification

A ________ analysis of family life is likely to consider how individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do to the relationship

Social-exchange

The concept "___________" refers to a system in which privately owned companies cooperate closely with the government.

State Capitalism

The concept of modernity refers to changes in social patterns brought on by ______________________.

The Industrial Revolution

Almost all adults who abuse children typically have what in common?

They were abused themselves as children.

Which of the following concepts was used by Emile Durkheim to refer to an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred?

Totem

For Weber, preindustrial societies are characterized by a focus on ____________.

Tradition

Preindustrial societies, explained Max Weber, are characterized by having mostly ________ authority.

Traditional

____________ refers to a political and economic system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs?

Welfare capitalism

A conglomerate is

a giant corporation composed of many smaller corporations

Religion is a social institution that is best defined as involving

beliefs and practices concerning what is sacred.

Because of their intense emotion, mobs

can be violent and destructive.

Socialism is an economic system in which there is

collective control of production

A totalitarian political system

concentrates power and closely regulates people's lives.

Faith is a way of knowing based on

conviction or belief in things unseen.

The concept "authoritarian" refers to a political system that

denies most people participation in government

The concept "oligopoly" refers to

domination of a market by a few producers.

Animism is the belief that

everything in the world is a conscious, living force that is able to affect us.

Deprivation theory states that social movements arise among people who

feel they lack enough income, basic rights, or human dignity.

In a capitalist economic system, "justice" amounts to

freedom of the marketplace allowing people to follow their self-interest

A social-exchange analysis of family life is likely to consider

how individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do to the relationship.

The arms race refers to efforts by the United States and the former Soviet Union to

increase their military power.

Dependency theorists see large corporations as

intensifying global inequality.

The incest taboo

is found in all societies

According to the structural-functional approach, the family ....

is important enough to be called the backbone of society.

Mounting research suggests that cohabitation

may actually discourage marriage.

A criticism of Tönnies's thinking about modernity is that he

overlooked the fact that strong social ties still exist in modern society

The U.S. Census Bureau defines the "family" as _____.

people living together who are linked by birth, marriage, or adoption.

The concept "endogamy" refers to marriage between

people of the same social category.

A pluralist approach to the U.S. political system suggests that

power is widely dispersed throughout society.

The concept "state capitalism" refers to a system in which

privately-owned companies cooperate closely with the government.

The concept of sacred refers to what is

seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary.

For Tönnies, the essence of Gesellschaft is _____________.

self-interest (please note that "Gesellschaft" contains the word "sell")

Which of the following is a correct example of civil religion?

singing patriotic song on the Fourth of July

A sect is a type of religious organization that

stands apart from the larger society.

In his analysis of Protestantism and the rise of capitalism, Max Weber stated that Protestantism

stressed duty and hard work, boosting economic production and fostering the rise of capitalism

Max Weber defined power as

the ability to achieve desired ends, despite resistance

Max Weber's thesis on the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism highlighted the importance of _________________ in the process of social change.

the concept that Protestants believed earthly work was important and holy

Secularization refers to which of the following?

the historical decline in the importance of the sacred

The concept "political economy" refers to

the interplay of politics and economics.

What Weber called the "routinization of charisma" involves charismatic authority

transforming into some combination of traditional authority and rational-legal authority.

In a socialist economic system, "justice" amounts to

trying to meet the basic needs of all in a equal manner.

A riot differs from a mob in that the riot

typically has little focus or clear goal.

Which of the following are typically traits of marriage?

-a legal relationship -sexual activity and childbearing -economic cooperation

A mass society is one that

-has expanding bureaucracy. -is affluent in terms of economic production. -has lost much of its traditional social ties.

Max Weber saw which of the following as evidence of modernization?

-the rise of capitalism -the rise of science -the spread of bureaucracy