Sociology Finial

The majority of nonmarital births

are to women in cohabiting relationships.

Which of the following statements concerning child abuse is true?

African American children suffered a higher rate of abuse than white and Hispanic children.

Based on what you've read about cohabitation in this chapter, why might longtime cohabiters with no plans to marry prefer cohabitation?

They have unease about the meanings associated with marriage.

A socially and legally acknowledged and approved sexual union between two adult individuals is called

a marriage.

When a minority member experiences a microaggression, they

often respond with silence, though they experience the interaction as an insult.

Between 1915 and 1923, more than a million Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Turkish government. This is an example of

genocide.

According to Willard Waller, who has the most power in a romantic relationship?

the partner who is least committed to the romantic relationship

More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from

immigrants.

About what percent of American adults in their mid-fifties are or have previously been married?

90 percent

A white man places a rental property he owns on Craigslist to rent it out for the next year. He receives two very promising applications from individuals who both are college educated and hold well-paying jobs. He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. What is this scenario an example of?

discrimination

Although Anthony, an African American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Hispanic American, Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. Denying Francisco a raise is an example of

discrimination

Which general perspective has been most concerned with the domestic division of labor, unequal power relationships, and caring activities in the family?

feminism

Which theoretical perspective is most likely to agree with the following statement: "Contemporary couples are seeking to be more symmetrical, but in reality men do not perform their share of the housework.

feminism

Black drivers are more than twice as likely as white drivers to be searched during a vehicle stop (even after controlling for variables such as the reason the car was stopped), but they are found in possession of contraband 26 percent less often than white drivers. This difference is an example of

institutional racism.

When speeding charges are made, Blacks fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer's visual assessment rather than radar or laser. This is an example of

institutional racism.

In 2013, ______ of Americans eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds supported interracial marriage.

96 percent

Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on same-sex parent families would be an experiment?

A researcher sends two sets of parents out to interact with others in a coffee shop and find out how people respond to one of two conditions: a gay couple with a crying male baby, and a heterosexual couple with a crying male baby.

Industrial development in the North of the United States, combined with the mechanization of agriculture in the South, produced a progressive movement of _______ northward starting at the beginning of the twentieth century.

African Americans

Which group has lived in the United States longer than all other immigrant groups besides Anglo-Saxons, yet faces the segregation and poverty that was only a transitional phase for the other groups?

African Americans

Which group of Americans has the lowest median household income?

African Americans

Which of the statements below best characterizes Asian American families?

Asian American family and friend networks often pool money to help their members start a business or buy a house.

Which group of Americans has the highest college graduation rate?

Asian Americans

Which group of Americans has the highest median household income?

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders

Which statement about Theodor Adorno's research would Adorno most agree with?

Authoritarianism is a characteristic of personality and reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society.

Nellie was worried about her mother living on her own after she divorced Nellie's father. How might Eric Klinenberg's research help assuage Nellie's fears?

He found that people living alone actually have more, rather than less, social interaction than their married counterparts.

According to Stephanie Coontz, why isn't the colonial family as idyllic as often portrayed?

High death rates meant there was a great deal of family instability.

Which of the following minority groups is the largest?

Hispanic Americans

As a result of successive potato famines that produced widespread starvation, 1.5 million people migrated to the United States from ______ in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in ______ areas.

Ireland; urban

The 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplished what?

It outlawed the racial segregation of lunch counters and other public places.

What is a criticism of the symbolic interactionist approach?

It tells us why something is happening, but it does not tell us how.

In 2017, among full-time workers, which group has the lowest weekly earnings?

Latina women

What does Eric Klinenberg conclude from his research on people who live alone?

Living alone can be a positive experience for the young and old.

How does the "marriageable men hypothesis" explain rates of marriage among African Americans?

Marriage rates among blacks are relatively low, even after a nonmarital birth, because black men are less likely to earn a living wage.

What is the relationship between living standards and postdivorce situations?

Men who were contributing more than 80 percent to family income prior to divorce tend to experience an improvement in their living standards after divorce.

Which of the following Hispanic groups is the largest?

Mexican Americans

Which of the following statements best describes American families in the colonial era?

More than half of all children saw the death of at least one parent by the time they were twenty-one years old.

Erica recently married Jermain. Jermain has a seventeen-year-old daughter named Arabia from a previous marriage. Erica considers herself progressive while Arabia considers herself conservative, and they often disagree over politics. How might a sociologist understand this dynamic?

Most stepchildren belong to two households, so the possibilities of ideological clashes are considerable.

______ is the model of ethnic integration that exists in Switzerland.

Multiculturalism

Which group has the highest rate of intermarriage?

Native Americans

According to the textbook, what can we conclude about the patterns of segregation in the United States?

Neighborhood segregation remains especially high in metropolitan areas.

Steve believes that immigrants are more likely to be criminal than native-born Americans. He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crime than immigrants. Steve's attitude is an example of

Prejudice

From which country can Hispanics easily enter the United States because it is a commonwealth of the United States?

Puerto Rico

______ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry.

Race

Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as

Racism

For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered. This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism?

Racist views distinguishing the descendants of Europeans from those of Africans became central to European racist attitudes.

Are Hispanics white or nonwhite?

Some Hispanics are white and some Hispanics are nonwhite.

Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race?

The concept of race plays an important role in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality.

What is the main reason why children raised by one parent do not do as well as children raised by two parents, on average?

The drop in economic well-being following a divorce appears to explain the majority of the "effect" of divorce on child outcomes.

Which of the following best describes the changes in household size throughout the history of the United States?

The nuclear family seems to have long been preeminent, with household sizes shrinking only modestly over the past few centuries.

Which of the following is a trend related to cohabiting?

There has been an increase in the rate at which unmarried women begin cohabiting with their partners once they find out they are pregnant.

Which of the following statements concerning single-parent households is true?

There is a high correlation between births outside marriage and indicators of poverty.

What is a characteristic of white privilege?

Whites may often benefit from it without even realizing it.

A white person tells an Asian American person that they "speak good English." This interaction best illustrates which of the following statements?

Whites sometimes assume that the Asian American person they are speaking to is an immigrant.

Who argued that by the 1980s the economic conditions of Blacks had become central to their life chances?

William Julius Wilson

What might be one reason why researchers have difficulty calculating the rate of childlessness?

Women are having their first child at an older average age, making it difficult to decide at what point someone is childless.

Which of the following statements best represents a feminist understanding of the family?

Women invest large amounts of emotional labor in maintaining personal relationships.

Which of the following statements best describes the changes that are occurring in the family globally?

Women's and children's rights are more widely recognized.

Which of the following statements below best characterizes American households?

Young college graduates are moving back into their parents' homes in unprecedented numbers, as they face bleak job prospects.

A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as

a minority group.

Which of the following factors decreases the likelihood that a person will get a divorce?

being childless before marrying

Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argues that

by attempting to act as if race does not exist, whites perpetuate inequalities.

According to the textbook, the term used to describe two persons living together in a sexual relationship of some permanence, without being married to one another, is

cohabitation.

Joan shoved her husband Jack during a heated argument about buying a new car. The argument was not rooted in power or control. Michael Johnson would call this type of intimate partner violence

common couple violence.

William Julius Wilson has argued that for the United States to bridge the Black-white gap in inequality, the federal government would need to

create massive numbers of jobs.

Asian American families historically have been characterized by an interdependence among members of the extended family. Some sociologists attribute this to

cultural beliefs related to filial piety that exist in Asian American families.

Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called

displacement.

Chul Soo is Korean and currently lives in Seoul. He wants to move to Canada and become a permanent citizen. This is an example of

emigration.

Ethan is a white man who has Scottish ancestry and wore a kilt to his wedding. In most aspects of his life, however, being Scottish American has no meaningful impact on his day-to-day life. This example illustrates that

ethnicity is a choice for whites in the United States.

Vincent lives with his parents and both sets of grandparents in the same house. His uncle's family lives next door. The members of his house and his uncle's family have a close and continuous relationship with one another. This type of arrangement is an example of a(n)

extended family.

A _____ is a group in which the individuals are related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption and form an economic unit in which the adult members are responsible for the upbringing of children.

family

Amir has two biological brothers that he grew up with. His two brothers are members of his

family of orientation.

Suzanne has two biological sons that she raised from birth. Her two sons are members of her

family of procreation.

Which sociological perspective sees the family as performing important tasks that contribute to society's basic needs and helping to perpetuate the existence of major social institutions and practices?

functionalism

Which factor is LEAST likely to explain IQ differences between Blacks and whites?

genetic factors

In 1735, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus published a modern classification scheme of human populations. Linnaeus assumed that each subgroup

had qualities of behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered.

During which period were Mexican workers admitted without much restriction?

in the post-World War II period up to the early 1960s

Which of the following best explains the global trend toward later marriages in the last several decades?

increases in postsecondary school enrollment

Which type of society would Talcott Parsons consider the conventional family most suitable for?

industrial

Members of the Native American Standing Rock Sioux tribe share history and bonds based on a common lineage of blood relatives. This form of relationship is also known as

kinship.

What were the "black codes"?

laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South after the Civil War

Recent studies on children of divorce derived from population-based samples find that

most children adjust without serious problems within two years of the separation.

Assimilation is when

new immigrant groups assume the attitudes and language of the dominant community.

Which group among those listed below has the highest level of nonmarital fertility in the United States?

non-Hispanic whites

Jim and Joan are two adults who live together in a household with their two biological children and one adopted child. This kind of group is an example of a(n)

nuclear family.

In studies of immigrant families, researchers found that

parents and children often must renegotiate their roles in unfamiliar contexts.

Among the categories listed below, which group would sociologists predict is the most likely to get married at least once in their lifetime?

people born before 1980

Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people. She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has "no cultural flavor" in her application. This shows that

people who are not prejudiced can discriminate

It was common in Ladakhi society for brothers to share one wife. This type of marriage is an example of

polyandry.

Alisha learns the American norms of politeness from her parents. This learning is associated with which function of the family discussed by Talcott Parsons?

primary socialization

Which of the following terms refers to the family's role in raising a child, according to the functionalist perspective?

primary socialization

Mexicans in cities like Los Angeles and San Antonio end up living in segregated, high-poverty communities in which institutions, such as schools, have inferior resources and foster low expectations of their students; this situation may facilitate the categorization of Mexicans as a race. This process of categorization is known as

racialization

A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process. What term would be used to characterize her argument?

scapegoating

In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races. This is an example of

segregation

A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage is known as a

stepfamily.

Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories, such as believing that all French people like to wear striped shirts, is best described as

stereotyping.

In understanding the racial disparity in maternal health care between Black and white women, what factor is most directly associated with the cumulative effects of institutional and everyday racial discrimination that Black women face?

stress

During the 1970s and 1980s, feminist perspectives dominated most debates and research on families. According to the textbook, on what did they largely focus?

the experiences of women in the domestic sphere

In American Apartheid (1993), Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that _______ is/are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white people.

the history of racial segregation

One conclusion we can draw from recent research on online dating is that

users tend to show the greatest interest in those of their same ethnic background.

Which of the following is a finding from the research of Judith Wallerstein and colleagues on children of divorced parents?

Ten or fifteen years later, nearly half the then-young-adult children reported difficulties in their romantic relationships, compromised self-esteem, and a sense of underachievement.

Which of the following was a consequence of the U.S. policy of forcing Japanese families into "relocation centers" during World War II?

The Japanese families' assimilation into U.S. society accelerated after the war.

Among the Hispanic groups listed below, which is the most prosperous?

cuban americans

Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S. population and ______ of chief executives.

13 percent; 3 percent

In what year did the Supreme Court guarantee the right to marriage for all, including same-sex couples?

2015

A 1985 study by Murray Straus and his colleagues found that _____ percent of married people reported at least one incident of intimate partner violence at some point in their marriage.

28

In 2016, what percent of families headed by Latina women lived in poverty?

41 percent

The proportion of young couples who cohabit today is roughly

50 percent.

According to the functionalist perspective, identify which of the following is an example of personality stabilization.

A husband comforts his wife after she loses her job.

Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on assimilation is a survey?

A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to new immigrant children in high school.

Which of the following statements concerning divorce is true?

About one-half of children born in 1980 became members of a one-parent family.

Which of the following statements concerning black and white families is true?

Blacks are less likely ever to marry than whites.

Mary and John have been in a cohabiting relationship for a year. Based on what you read in the textbook, which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

Both Mary and John are cohabiting to ensure compatibility before marriage.

According to the U.S. Census, are people with origins in the Middle East and North Africa white?

Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are white.

Over the past half-century, the South has lost all gains in desegregation made since 1954—the year of the ______ decision.

Brown v. Board of Education

Which of the following is a factor in explaining why divorce rates increased so steeply in the 1960s and 1970s?

Changes in the law made getting a divorce easier.

Immigrants to the United States from 1820 to 1880 were mostly from

Northwestern Europe.

Which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries?

Countries base racial and ethnic categorization on different traits, including skin color, cultural group membership, regional origin, and religion.

Unlike other Latino immigrants, these immigrants were mainly educated people from white-collar and professional backgrounds.

Cubans

Who would MOST likely believe that strengthening the Black family is the solution to racial inequality?

Daniel Patrick Moynihan

Which statement best characterizes the textbook's assessment of the Trump presidency?

Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of overt racism.

______ refers to a type of social identity related to ancestry (perceived or real) and cultural differences which become effective or active in certain contexts.

Ethnicity

Which of the follow statements would family sociologists studying racial and ethnic differences most agree with?

Ethnicity and socioeconomic status are so closely intertwined in the United States that it is difficult to distinguish effects of one over the other.

In 2016, a New York family court guaranteed married lesbian couples the right to participate in second-parent adoptions. What does this mean?

One parent adopts a child and the partner applies to be second or co-parent.

Which of the following statements best characterizes American families today?

One-fifth of U.S. households today are made up of a married couple and their children.

Which statement is most consistent with the textbook's conclusions about race?

Perhaps the single most significant race-based explanation of Black-white inequality is the restriction or segregation of Blacks in physical space known as the ghetto.

_____ has grown less common over time, due to multiple social and economic conditions, including increasing levels of democracy, a declining acceptance of arranged marriage, an increase in marriages based on a desire for love and companionship, and strides in the education and human rights protections afforded to women.

Polygyny

Of the choices listed, which is a commonwealth of the United States?

Puerto Rico

Which of the following statements is true regarding being single?

Research shows that people who live alone (by choice) are no better or worse off than their partnered peers.

Which of the following statements concerning minority groups is true?

The term refers to political power and is not simply a numerical distinction.

Who is MOST likely to be child-free?

white women

Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S. racial and ethnic groups. Which group has the highest rate of hypertension?

Black men and women

During World War II, _______ were made to report to "relocation centers," which were effectively concentration camps.

Japanese Americans

More than three-quarters of the nearly 59 million immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from

Latin America or Asia.

Emslie and colleagues (2009) studied colorectal cancer patients. They found that

colorectal cancer patients did gender even though they could no longer carry out the gender-typed household roles.

A form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one spouse at any given time is called

monogamy.

Those who view the Mexican American population as stagnating argue that Mexicans are going through a process called

racialization.

Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. Immigrants in this example can be considered a

scapegoat.

Betty Friedan, in her widely read book, The Feminine Mystique, refers to "the problem with no name." What is this phrase referring to?

the oppressive nature of a domestic life bound up with child care and domestic drudgery

Which of the following is a change related to the creation of a worldwide movement toward the predominance of the nuclear family and the breakdown of extended-family systems and other types of kinship groups?

the spread of the idea of romantic love