Sociology Mid-Term

______ refers to measuring exactly what one intends to measure. Congruence Validity Repeatability Reliability

Validity

Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color? Jane Addams Harriet Martineau W. E. B. Du Bois Herbert Spencer

W. E. B. Du Bois

Based on the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that _______ the two species react differently to social isolation. both monkeys and humans "bounce back" from long-term isolation. even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and humans. long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that _______ monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to others of their kind. isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally. even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys. prolonged isolation had little effect on infant monkeys.

monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to others of their kind.

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was _______ cognition. the importance of gender in socialization. moral reasoning. psychoanalysis.

moral reasoning.

The careful observer can notice clues indicating that someone is telling a lie. People give off these clues because ________ our culture defines specific gestures to convey dishonesty. nonverbal communication is hard for most people to control. few people ever intend to lie. research shows that most criminals really want to be caught.

nonverbal communication is hard for most people to control.

In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that _______ nature is far more important than nurture. nurture is far more important than nature. nature and nurture have equal importance. neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.

nurture is far more important than nature.

According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as _______ role models. looking-glass models. significant others. the generalized other.

significant others.

If you were to put together the lesson learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that _______ social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality. both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development. the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time. the effect of long-term social isolation can never be overcome in any situation.

social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality.

Mead claimed that the origin of the self is found in _______ biological drives. genetics. social experience. the functioning of the brain.

social experience.

Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations ________ apply to all individuals in some category. are based on all available facts. are motivated by bias. ignore facts.

Are based on all available facts

Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment? Behaviorism Biological psychology Evolutionary psychology Naturalism

Behaviorism

To evaluate a theory using evidence, sociologists ________ gather data or facts. accept the conventional wisdom of their society. are guided by their personal feelings about the issue. look to the past for guidance.

Gather data or facts

What is the concept that refers to the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses? Role conflict Role strain Role set Role exit

Role conflict

Other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in the United States? French Spanish German Chinese

Spanish

Telling jokes is an example of ________ a cultural universal. material culture. cultural relativism. cultural lag.

a cultural universal.

Multiculturalism is defined as ________ efforts to encourage immigration to the United States. efforts to establish English as the official language of the United States. a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions. the idea that the United States should have a single, dominant culture.

a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions.

Learning more sociology can help you ________ understand how people have little control over their lives. assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives. understand that people should just be happy with their lives. see how individuals guide their own lives through "free will".

assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives.

Making use of the sociological perspective encourages ________ challenging many commonly-held beliefs. accepting all commonly-held wisdom. the belief that society is mysterious. people to be happy with their lives as they are.

challenging many commonly-held beliefs.

Subculture refers to ________ a part of the population lacking culture. people who embrace popular culture. cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population. people who embrace high culture.

cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population.

The concept of _____ refers to a shared way of life, and the term ____ refers to a political entity. culture; society country; nation nation; culture culture; nation

culture; nation

The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called ________ immigration. cultural transmission. popular culture. diffusion.

diffusion.

A distinctive contribution of schooling to the process of socialization is _______ exposing the child to an impersonal, bureaucratic setting. exposing the child to people of similar social backgrounds. teaching children to be highly flexible and to express their individuality. helping children break free of gender roles.

exposing the child to an impersonal, bureaucratic setting.

good example of cultural lag is ________ gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so. a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry. older people trying to make younger people respect tradition. virtual culture replacing traditional culture.

gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so.

In the period of life called "middle adulthood," people typically experience _______ life circumstances becoming more or less set. a lack of awareness of health issues. the birth of their children juggling conflicting priorities.

life circumstances becoming more or less set.

Robert Merton explained that what is functional for people in one category of a society's population ________ is always functional for everyone. may not be functional for people in another category. is unlikely to change over time. can never be functional in the future.

may not be functional for people in another category.

Based on the text's survey of the life course, you might conclude that _______ life-course stages are shaped by society and have nothing to do with biology. life-course stages are similar throughout the world. while we link life-course stages to biology, they are largely a social construction. life-course stages have changed little over recent centuries.

while we link life-course stages to biology, they are largely a social construction.

The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning ________ "person of culture." "intelligent person." "one who walks upright." "person who evolves."

"intelligent person."

More than ______ people have immigrated to the U.S. between the years 1820 and 2014. 2 million 12 million. 50 million 82 million

82 million

In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives? Id Ego Superego Generalized other

Ego

The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was ________ Robert K. Merton. Auguste Comte. Emile Durkheim. Karl Marx.

Emile Durkheim.

The language widely spoken by people in more nations of the world than any other is ________ Spanish. Chinese. English. Hindi.

English.

Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of the United States than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be ________ higher in urban areas. higher in rural areas. high in both urban and rural areas. low in both urban and rural areas.

Higher in rural areas

Sociology differs from the older discipline of philosophy by focusing on ________ what the ideal society should be. human nature. the place of God in shaping human events. how society actually operates.

How society actually operates

In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self? Imitation, play, game, generalized other Imitation, generalized other, play, game Imitation, game, play, generalized other Imitation, generalized other, game, play

Imitation, play, game, generalized other

Which type of human society has existed only since about the year 1750? Industrial societies Agrarian societies Horticultural and pastoral societies Hunting and gathering societies

Industrial societies

Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. What are they? Invention, discovery, and diffusion Invasion, invention, and experiment Immigration, imagination, and innovation Adaptation, integration, and immigration

Invention, discovery, and diffusion

Building social relationships and creating tens of thousands of jobs are two of the _________ of sports. manifest functions latent functions dysfunctions non-functions

Latent functions

Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called ________ latent functions. manifest functions. operational functions. dysfunctions.

Latent functions

What effect did industrialization have on life expectancy in the United States and Western Europe? Life expectancy went up. There was little effect on life expectancy. Life expectancy went down. Life expectancy rose for women but fell for men.

Life expectancy went up.

Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following? High culture Material culture Norms Nonmaterial culture

Material culture

_______, one of the founding sociologists, urged sociologists to understand a social setting from the point of view of the people in it. Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Auguste Comte Max Weber

Max Weber

In deciding what kinds of questions to ask in their research, sociologists are guided by ________ one or more theoretical approaches. their own common sense. our society's traditional wisdom. sheer chance.

One or more theoretical approaches

What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling? Socialization Behavior Human nature Personality

Personality

Which concept is involved when a plant supervisor wants to be a good friend and confidant to the workers, but must remain distant in order to rate the workers' performances? Role conflict Role strain Role ambiguity Role exit

Role strain

A small number of people that are used to represent a much larger population is called a target group. sample. closed-format group. sampling frame.

Sample

According to Piaget, in which stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact? Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage

Sensorimotor stage

Which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact? Status interaction Social construction of reality Interactive reality Role reality

Social construction of reality

The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the ________ structural-functional approach. social-conflict approach. symbolic-interaction approach. tradition-based approach.

Social-conflict approach

What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture? Socialization Personality Human nature Behaviorism

Socialization

Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people? The structural-functional approach The social-conflict approach The symbolic-interaction approach The sociobiology approach

The structural-functional approach

Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion? There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike. Hormones greatly affect young people as they mature. Growth always involves change and change is confusing. Parents are no longer providing proper guidance to young people.

There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike.

A simplified description unfairly applied to every person in the same category is called ________ a sociological insight. a sociological generalization. a stereotype. an act of discrimination.

a Stereotype

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process that sociologists call _______ group conformity. future directedness. anticipatory socialization. group rejection.

anticipatory socialization.

Sociologists define a symbol as ________ anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture. any material cultural trait. any gesture that conveys insult to others. social patterns that cause culture shock.

anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture.

Today, hunting and gathering societies ________ are quickly spreading around the world. represent about half the world's population. are few in number, but are found on every continent. are close to disappearing from the world.

are close to disappearing from the world.

According to Lenski, the term "sociocultural evolution" refers to ________ changes brought about by new ways of thinking. changes created by ideas coming from other societies. change that results from social conflict. changes that occur as a society acquires new technology.

changes that occur as a society acquires new technology.

In a total institution, staff members _______ closely supervise all the daily life of inmates. encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates. allow inmates to choose their own food, clothing, and activities. institute informal rules to direct people's daily routines.

closely supervise all the daily life of inmates.

Jean Piaget's focus was on _______ how children develop their motor skills. how children are stimulated by their environment. the role of heredity in shaping human behavior. cognition, or how people think and understand.

cognition, or how people think and understand.

A majority of people over the age of sixty-five in the United States ________ consider their health "good" or "excellent." report having trouble walking. are bedridden. are receiving intensive care in a hospital or nursing home.

consider their health "good" or "excellent."

Counterculture refers to ________ people who differ in some small way. popular culture. high culture. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.

cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.

Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to ________ end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life. accept what people in the United States call "common sense." assume that people's lives simply reflect the choices they make. gradually understand less and less about her own way of life.

end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life.

A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying ________ ethnocentrism. cultural relativism. cultural diffusion. cultural integration.

ethnocentrism.

The social standing of women and men in hunting and gathering societies is ________ unequal, with men controlling farming. fairly equal, with men and women each making a vital contribution to survival. unequal, with women raising the young while men secure food. equal, because both men and women perform the same tasks.

fairly equal, with men and women each making a vital contribution to survival.

Family is important to the socialization process because _______ family members are often what Mead called "generalized others." families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. families begin the process of anticipatory socialization. families set the stage for resocialization.

families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion.

Carol Gilligan's work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that _______ girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they progress through adolescence. at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys. at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls. girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence.

girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence.

Today, the factor people most commonly use in considering a young woman or young man to have reached adulthood is whether or not the person _______ has completed all schooling. has a full-time job, with the ability to support a family. is married. is married and has children.

has completed all schooling.

In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally ________ have much more inequality than less productive societal types. have about the same amount of social inequality as less productive societal types. have less social inequality than less productive societal types. come very close to being egalitarian societies.

have much more inequality than less productive societal types.

Osagie Obasogie did research with people who have been blind since birth and discovered that, with regard to race, these people _______ were more racially prejudiced than sighted people. held much the same ideas about race as sighted people. could not imagine what "race" meant. strongly believed that race did not matter at all.

held much the same ideas about race as sighted people.

Sociologists cannot identify "laws of society" that allow us to precisely predict the behavior of an individual because ________ human behavior may be patterned, but it is also spontaneous. sociology is still very young. no sociologist ever tried to discover such laws. no sociologist would wish to predict human behavior.

human behavior may be patterned, but it is also spontaneous.

Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that _______ human behavior is basically random. humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society. societies encourage people to become self-centered. humans can never become cultural creatures.

humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society.

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the _______ superego. ego. id. generalized other.

id.

Smiling and making polite remarks to people we do not like is an example of ________ making another feel embarrassment. exercising power over another. idealizing a personal performance. losing face.

idealizing a personal performance.

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind _______ imagining a situation in terms of past experience. recognizing that people have different views of most situations. imagining a situation from another person's point of view. trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people.

imagining a situation from another person's point of view.

Understanding the differences between countries encourages ________ an increase in global poverty. increasing gender inequality. increasing our understanding of both of our own lives and the lives of others. increasing global wealth.

increasing our understanding of both of our own lives and the lives of others.

An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as _______ unsocialized. integrated. institutionalized. dissociated.

institutionalized.

Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____. independence; protecting children independence; dependence obedience; creativity creativity; obedience

obedience; creativity

Looking at the operation of U.S. schools guided by the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that ________ the function of schools is to teach needed skills. the meaning of schooling varies from child to child. schools have been a major path to social advancement. our society provides some students with far better schooling than others.

our society provides some students with far better schooling than others.

The power relationship between physicians and patients is immediately evident when the patient enters the doctor's office because ________ it is up to patients to decide when they will see the doctor. the physician is already there to greet the patient. patients must wait until a "gatekeeper" admits them to see the doctor in the office's "back region." patients generally address physicians by their first names.

patients must wait until a "gatekeeper" admits them to see the doctor in the office's "back region."

The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that ________ language involves attaching labels to the real world. people see the world through the cultural lens of their language. most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages. every word exists in all known languages.

people see the world through the cultural lens of their language.

When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that _______ people are self-centered. people see themselves as they think others see them. people see things only from their own point of view. our actions are a reflection of our values.

people see themselves as they think others see them.

A social-exchange analysis states that ________ people typically seek mates who offer as much as they do. class differences are reflected in favored sports. people build reality as they introduce themselves. people who do more important work usually earn more pay.

people typically seek mates who offer as much as they do.

C. Wright Mills claimed that the "sociological imagination" transformed ________ common sense into laws of society. people into supporters of the status quo. personal problems into public issues. scientific research into common sense.

personal problems into public issues.

Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization states that _______ personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages. personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture. we come to see ourselves as we think others see us. most of our personality development takes place in childhood.

personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages.

When it comes to what triggers emotions in people and how those emotions are displayed, culture ________ plays a minor role. plays an important role. has no effect. only has an effect when individuals are socially marginalized.

plays an important role.

Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that________ relies on culture to ensure survival. has patterned ways of living. has biological instincts. makes use of tools.

relies on culture to ensure survival.

Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that _______ childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere. rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies. poor societies extend childhood much longer than do rich societies. biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood.

rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies.

Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that _______ society shapes how we think, feel, and act. human beings lack spontaneity and creativity,. human beings are locked in the prison of society. human beings are unwilling to change society.

society shapes how we think, feel, and act.

The concept "cultural lag" refers to the fact that ________ the rate of cultural change has been slowing. some societies advance faster than others do. some people are more cultured than others. some cultural elements change more quickly than others.

some cultural elements change more quickly than others.

The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the ________ structural-functional approach. social-conflict approach. symbolic-interaction approach. tradition-based approach.

structural-functional approach.

Garfinkel's research, an approach called ethnomethodology, involves ________ studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings. tracking people's roles over the life course. the study of interaction in terms of theatrical performance. studying unfamiliar cultural systems.

studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.

The concept of "gerontocracy" refers to a society in which ________ there is a pronounced "youth culture." the richest people have most of the power and prestige. religious leaders have the most power. the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige.

the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige.

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be _______ the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image. the presence of culture within the individual. basic drives that are self-centered. present in infants at the time of their birth.

the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.

Agrarian technology developed based on the use of ________ the plow, animal power, and the development of metals. the ability to travel, the rise of industry, and elevated living standards. cultural diffusion, the use of hand tools to grow crops, and social diversity. computers, the Information Revolution, and a global culture.

the plow, animal power, and the development of metals.

Racial discrimination in professional sports is evident today in ________ the positions typically played by white and black players. the exclusion of African American players from professional sports. the fact that most managers and team owners are African American. the fact that women's sports attract less attention than men's sports.

the positions typically played by white and black players.

A setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment is called a(n) _______ anticipatory social center cohort community total institution degradation ceremony

total institution

The idea of "getting" a joke, according to the text, depends on ________ knowing the joke teller well. having a different social background than the joke teller. understanding the two realities involved and appreciating their difference. understanding exactly why someone is telling a joke.

understanding the two realities involved and appreciating their difference.

Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to _______ important individuals in the child's life. a person who provides complete care for a child. any "significant other." widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own.

widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own.