Sociology Midterm Two
social psychological study
John Ogbu and Signithia Fordham argued that negative cultural stereotypes and low expectations lead minority students both to doubt their own intellectual capabilities and to attribute academic success to "acting white"
sexual harassment in the workplace
another reason for inequalities between men and women in the workplace quid pro pro harassment is the asking for sexual favors by a superior hostile work environment is the circulation of demeaning materials about a person so that their job is made difficult the majority of women who experience sexual harassment in the workplace do not label it as so b/c many do not recognize that sexual harassment is an actionable offense, may not report because they're afraid they won't be believed, and that it may be difficult to differentiate between harassment and joking
Joseph Arthur de Gobineau
"father of modern racism" only three races: black, white, yellow whites were superior, blacks were marred with "animal natures"
three factors that led to the rise of racism
1) the exploitative relations of Europeans with subjugated/colonized peoples 2) opposition of black and white colors long rooted in European culture 3) diffusion of the concept of race itself
"Is Hooking Up Bad for Young Women?" by Elizabeth Armstrong
Boomers are concerned that kids today are having more sex than they did; but this is not the case regular hookups are common; get the pleasure without the potentially damaging physical and emotional consequences some female adolescents fear being labeled as sluts men report more concern for a female's sexual pleasure if he is in a relationship with her, while females are concerned with both hookup partner's and relationship partner's pleasure relationships provide a context in which sex is viewed as acceptable for women, protecting them from stigma and establishing sexual reciprocity as a basic expectation
"Bathroom Battlegrounds and Penis Panics" by Kristen Schilt
CONTENT ANALYSIS Opponents of transgender recognition often brought up the specter of sexual predators in sex-segregated spaces as an argument against the passage of transgender rights legislation the conception of a predator is highly gendered transgender men are not seen as threats, and are thus left out of the critics' discussion against gender neutral bathrooms; in fact, transgender people are more likely to face violence in restrooms than vice versa men, people assumed to have penises, are both conceived of as the potential protectors of vulnerable people they have relational ties to, such as wives, sisters, daughters, and mothers, and a potential source of sexual threat to others. This idea emerges from a belief that men constantly seek out sexual interactions and will resort to violence to achieve these desires
"Beyond Black and White: Remaking Race in America" by Lee and Bean
Census of 2000: 1 in every 40 Americans ID'd as multiracial This is an important development because it gives info pertinent to the implementation of the Voting Rights Act, DOJ uses them to identify places where substantial minority populations exist and may be subject to disenfranchisement people can now officially recognize the mixing of racial backgrounds in American society. Asians and Latinos are more likely to marry interracially than blacks or whites; their multiracial self-identification contributes to the sense that racial lines are fading for everyone but whites Asians and Latinos have high rates of intermarriage and multiracial reporting because they were not and are not treated as blacks have been Much of America's racial history has revolved around who was white and who was not; the next phase may revolve instead around who is black and who is not.
Julian Simon
Economist; believes that immigrants actually help the U.S. by working and paying into the federal revenue service their whole lives; immigrants are a cultural asset to U.S.
"What Gender is Science?" by Maria Charles
GENDER SOCIALIZATION people's preconceived beliefs about gender performance in the workplace lead them to evaluate men and women differently despite lack of actual supporting evidence surprisingly, more women are in STEM fields in many Muslim countries than women in the U.S. or the Netherlands educationally, Western women are guided towards human centered fields because of the availability of jobs "suited for females" in countries with developing economies, the male/female job attribute distinction is weakened, due to concern over advancing the economy. ex: CS in Malaysia cultural stereotypes shape individuals' beliefs about their own competencies- beliefs about differences in mathematical competency, regardless of any tangible difference in performance, breed differences freedom of choice so valued in affluent, Western societies leads to stereotypically gendered selves
"Ritual Violence in a Two-Car Garage" by Scott Melzer
Gentleman's Fight Club Men fight in this club to test skills, toughness, and to restore a sense of masculinity and control lost in experiences of boyhood that were emasculating (and perhaps because our culture has no "true" test of manhood) being a man isn't really about pursuing domination over others—it's about evoking a fear of being dominated and controlled men who fall short in one sector of manhood try to make it up in another sector
"Pride and Prejudice and Professionalism" by Catherine Connell
Interviewed 45 school teachers in TX and CA; found that most feel a conflict between being "out and proud" and remaining professional (which is infused with heteronormativity) some feel that they, if they were out, could act as LGBT role models for kids at school teachers referenced the idea that identifying oneself as gay or lesbian was unprofessional, inappropriate, or overly personal, even as they readily identified ways that heterosexual teachers reference their straight identities in the classroom. "Splitters" - coped by separating their sexuality from the workplace "knitters" - coped by integrating their sexuality with their work "quitters" - coped by simply leaving the job schools and workplaces are structured into "inequality regimes" where being a white, straight, male is conducive to the profession "queer pedagogy," a philosophy of education that challenges the sexually neutral ethic of teaching professionalism - encourages students to challenge intersecting inequalities, including racism, classism, ableism, and others
The Economics of Immigration by George Borjas
U.S. attracts more low-quality immigrants, who are thus more reliant on the government for assistance; argues that large scale movement of low quality immigrants hurts economic success possibility of less skilled natives
race
a kind of ethnicity; differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large groups of individuals
cisgender
a person whose gender identity matches his or her biological sex
glass ceiling
a promotion barrier that prevents women's upward mobility; particularly problematic in male-dominated professions women lack the sponsorship of powerful senior employees, and that gender stereotypes still persist, as well as sexual harassment
1965 Immigration Reform and Nationality Act Amendments
abolished preference for northern and western European immigrants and gave preference to family reunification rather than occupational skills as a reason for accepting immigrants
stephen castles and mark miller's four tendencies that characterize migration patterns
acceleration, diversification, globalization, feminization
Global Diasporas by Robin Cohen
adopts a historical approach and identifies five categories of Diasporas: victim (African, Jewish), imperial (British), labor (Indian), trade (Chinese), and cultural (Caribbean) all Diasporas share key features: forced/voluntary movement, shared memory about the homeland, commitment to its preservation, strong ethnic ID, sense of solidarity with members of same ethnic group, degree of tension in relation to host societies, and potential for valuable and creative contributions to pluralistic host societies Diasporas are non-static, ongoing processes of maintaining collective identity and preserving ethnic culture in a rapidly globalizing world
the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project's study of sexuality among older Americans
ages 57-85, reported that most married older persons have had sex within the last year. Women tended to report more sexual problems
structural theories of race
argue that race and racism are embedded in our political and economic institutions; race is the most prominent determinant of the life chances of an individual; argues that systematic racism in how institutions operate explain the maintenance of white privilege beyond individual attitudes or prejudice Census example: the use of one racial ID -"black" in contrast to mostly ethnical IDs on census demonstrates that blacks have been separated institutionally into a category of their own
American Apartheid by Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton
argues that the history of racial segregation and the black ghetto are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white
Judith Lorber distinguished...
as many as 10 different sexual identities
socialization perspectives of gender
assert that there is a biological distinction between genders, which is the starting point for differences that become culturally elaborated and amplified in society
radical feminism
asserts that men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women; view patriarchy, the family as the reason for inequalities gender equality can be obtained by overthrowing the patriarchy
feminist theory (overall)
attempts to explain gender inequalities and set forth agendas for overcoming those inequalities; sub-section of socialization of gender theories argue that women's work is devalued = gender gap in pay
"Race and the Same Sex Marriage Divide" by Marcus Anthony Hunter
attitudes of black americans towards same sex marriage are much more against it than those of white americans even black LGBT community members are hesitant towards marriage equality because of: the historical legacy of marriage and its underlying foundation of ownership, the experience of being forgotten or "squeezed" between the Civil and Gay Rights Movements, and the ongoing segregation of LGBT spaces, specifically the nightlife scene. nonwhite gays and lesbians feel a resistance towards supporting white homosexual activists for marriage equality
racism
attribution of characteristics of superiority/inferiority to a population sharing distinct characteristics; can be individual or institutionalized
gender
refers to the psychological, sociological, and cultural differences between males and females such as personality, goals, and social roles
"Loving Across Racial Divides" by Steinbugler
being in an interracial relationship has its own racial issues While hostility toward interracial pairs, like racism itself, has become more subtle, race continues to powerfully impact everyday life for interracial couples Neighborhoods that are black or white often pose problems for interracial couples because they set the stage for situations in which one partner feels uncomfortable or conspicuous Compared to the whites in my study, black partners tended to be much more accustomed to being in the numerical minority. interracial partners think about race differently and at different times/situations
Navajo
believe that there needs to be a balance of masculinity and femininity in an individual, support "two-spirit" genders
computer science majors for women
between 1970 and 1985, number of female CS majors jumped from 13% to 36%, but has slowly inched back down to 15% because of the intro. of in-home computers, which are seen as "for boys"
intersex
born with both female and male genitalia
Are race and ethnicity socially constructed, or learned?
both
Bacha Posh in Afghanistan
boys are prized, so in families with only daughters, one daughter might be transformed into a son- called 'bacha posh' parents of bacha posh believe that it's so much more advantageous to be a boy in afghan culture that they're actually helping the girl out by changing her gender
How do schools foster gender differences?
by making girls wear skirts which restrict their activities, and by using books that perpetuate gender stereotypes, teachers act differently towards boys and girls girls are trained to be quiet and well behaved and to turn to others for answers, while boys are encouraged to be outspoken, active problem solvers pg. 287 GDAC
postmodern feminism
challenges the idea of a unitary basis of identity and experience shared by all women. Rejects the claim that there is a grand theory that can explain the position of women in society, or that there is any single, universal essence or category of "woman". embraces "otherness" of separate feminist theories
micro level factors of migration
concerned with resources, knowledge, and understandings that migrant populations posses
"The Superstrong Black Mother" by Elliot
cultural notions of Black motherhood: the good Black mom should be superstrong to protect her children, but she is also responsible for controlling her children and preventing them from getting into trouble. Initially emerging from Black communities' valorization of Black mothers' intensive efforts to raise their children and shield them from the dangers of living with racism and poverty, the superstrong Black mother image now dictates the terms of good mothering for Black women: be strong and be solely responsible studied nearly 50 low-income black mothers of teens in North Carolina, NY found that most women had to be extremely vigilant of their children; don't let them outside much
ethnicity
cultural practices and outlooks of a given community; set apart as different from mainline culture
human capital theory
developed by Gary Becker that argues that individuals that make investments in their own human capital (such as education) to increase their productivity and earnings. ______________ ______________ theorists reason that women select occupations that are easy to move in and out of and that offer flexible or part time hours because women's primary allegiance is to home and family if men and women received equal amounts of ed. and workplace training and if they took equal responsibility for family commitments such as childcare, then the gender pay gap will disappear
classic model of immigration
development as a nation of immigrants; encourage immigration and promise citizenship to immigrants (lol) ex: u.s. , canada, australia
gender inequality
difference in the status, power, and prestige that women and men have in groups, collectives, and societies
biological racism
discrimination based on physical characteristics, largely discredited today
"Self-Made Man" by Norah Vincent
disguised as a man for a year to determine how men behave when women aren't around and how men "do" masculinity; reveals that gender is powerfully shaped by social context and transcends one's biology
sexuality in western culture
double standard has persisted; men were generally allowed to engage in more deviant sexual acts than women.
black feminism
embraces the concept of intersectionality (gender, class, and race): the recognition that the challenges facing women of color are often distinct from those facing white women concentrates on problems facing black women; Bell Hooks asserts that the oppression of black women may occur in places different for white women
social psychological theories of race
emphasize how the social meanings we assign to race shape our interactions with members of a certain race, and how these social meanings directly affect the rewards, behaviors, and material outcomes of individuals within and outside the group.
World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability by Amy Chua
ethnic hatred is related to the economic advantages of a small minority over another introducing democracy to countries with "market dominant minorities" is not likely to bring peace, but is likely to bring backlash from country's ethnic majority
Bailey and Pillaird's study of sexuality of twins
examined 167 brothers and 143 sisters with at least one sibling describing himself or herself as homosexual; some twins were fraternal, adoptive, or identical found that in 1 out of every 2 identical twin pairs, the 2nd twin also identified as homosexual. In other words, a man or a woman is 5x more likely to be gay if his or her sibling is an identical twin and is gay; gave credence to the biological theories of homosexuality, but also demonstrated that some sexual behaviors are socially learned because identical twins are more likely to be compared to one another than other types of siblings, they are also likely to have similar socializing experiences
push factors
factors of emigration that force people to leave: war, famine, political oppression
pull factors
factors of immigration that draw people to a country: prosperous labor markets, lower population density
antiracism
forms of thought and/or practice that seek to confront, eradicate, and ameliorate racism Alistar Bonnett ex: Affirmative Action programs
Rosenfeld 2010
found that children of gay parents are just as likely as kids of heterosexual parents to progress successfully through the school system because their parents' sexual orientation has no bearing on their ability to be a loving parent, and that most kids of gay parents share a common peer and school environment with children of straight parents
Jake Najman's Health Study
found that death rates of poorest 20% of U.S. were 1.5-2.5 times higher than that of the richest 20%, infant mortality is 4 times higher for poor people
David Buss's hip to waist ratio
found that there's widespread male preference for a relatively small waist to hip ratio in women (hourglass figure) as it can be seen as an indicator of reproductive fitness. Women are drawn to a man's economic stability and ambition
John Bowlby
functionalist approach to gender difference attachment theory- the mother is crucial to the primary socialization of the child; without her, child will be antisocial or have psychopathic tendencies
George Murdock
functionalist approach to gender difference saw it as practical and convenient that women should concentrate on domestic and family responsibilities while men worked outside the home because this type of social structure is present in most countries and, while not biologically ingrained, it is the most logical organization for society
Talcott Parsons
functionalist approach to gender difference studied the role of family in industrialized society, specifically for children. Believed that it was important for a stable and supportive family to be in existence for a child, mother played "expressive role" while father played "instrumental role" = breadwinner.
functionalist approach to gender difference in society
gender differences, especially men's and women's specialization in different tasks contribute to social stability and integration; scholars who support natural perspective hold that men and women perform the tasks they're biologically best-suited to
colonial model of immigration
grants preference to immigrants from former colonies ex: France, U.K.
minority group
group of people, with distinct cultural or physical characteristics, in a given society who are disadvantaged when compared to the dominant group (who have more power, wealth, and prestige).
feminization
growing number of migrants are women, due to increase in demand for domestic workers, prostitutes, and mail-order brides one of stephen castles and mark miller's four tendencies that characterize migration patterns
european conception of black and white
had negative associations with black, pure association with white, used to justify colonization and subjugation of black peoples
!Kung of the Kalahari Desert
have specific gender roles, but both genders engage in childcare; violence is not tolerated by either man or woman
prejudice
holding of preconceived ideas about a group, ideas that are resistant to change. can be either positive or negative (operates mainly through stereotyping)
institutional racism
idea developed in the 1960s by black power activists; patterns of discrimination based on race or ethnicity have been ingrained in the structure of social institutions
guest workers model of immigration
immigrants are admitted on a temporary basis, often to fulfill demands within the labor market but do not receive citizenship rights ex: Belgium, Switzerland
illegal model of immigration
immigrants who gain entry do so subversively and live on the edges of society ex: undocumented Mexican immigrants in southern U.S. states
"Sex, Love, and Autonomy in the Teenage Sleepover" by Amy Schalet
in American society, teenage sex is dramatized instead of normalized; people are incredibly concerned with the potential consequences such as teen pregnancy Karin Martin found that sex increased boys' self esteem but lowered that of girls in Dutch society, teenage sex is more normalized, however this was not always the case. The 1980s was the first time that premarital teenage sex was deemed to be OK; due to serious new deliberation among the general public, health professionals, and the media about the need to adjust the moral rules governing sexual life to real behavior relational sex in dutch society is the norm differences between countries due to religious norms and economic security of the individuals involved American society characterizes the teenage self and adult society as inherently dissimilar, while the Dutch embrace the idea that the self and society are interdependent
Gilbert Herdt's study of same-sex encounters
in Melanesia and New Guinea, same-sex encounters between men and boys were considered necessary for subsequent masculine virility; underscores the importance of social and historical contexts in shaping sexuality.
scapegoats
individuals or groups who are blamed for wrongs not of their doing; usually happens between 2 deprived ethnic groups who compete for rewards
Alfred Kinsey's study of sexual behavior
interview; data did not have a representative sample of the population first major scientific investigation of sexual behavior; found that a double standard still persisted but that both men and women engaged in sexual activities that were strictly not discussed in mainstream society at the time of the study (1940s and 50s); revealed the vast diversity in American adults' sexual preferences
Lillian Rubin's study of Americans' sexual behavior (1980s)
interviewed 1000 Americans between the ages of 13 and 48 to identify changes in sexual behavior and attitudes over the previous 30 years. sexual activity begins at a younger age, teens have had varied types of interactions and some have had multiple partners
Paula England's study of sexuality on college campuses
interviewed more than 14k undergrads at 19 colleges 3/4 of both women and me said that they had had at least one hookup in senior year however, hook ups were relatively rare, and not all hookups involved sexual intercourse fully 20% of college seniors have not had sexual intercourse
social construction of gender
learning of gender roles through socialization and interaction with others theorists who believe in this reject the notion that any difference in gender is biological
Peter Bearman's study of how social experience and genetics are intertwined
males w/ a female twin are twice as likely to report same sex attractions because parents of opposite sex twins are more likely to give them unisex treatment, leading to a less traditionally masculine influence on males having an older brother decreases the rate of homosexuality
why do women earn less than men?
many sociologists view sex segregation- the concentration of men and women in different occupations- as a cause of gender gap in earnings (gender composition of a job is associated with the pay received for the job)
gendering of college majors
men and women pick majors that are consistent with gender typed socialization; women focus on caring and nurturing fields while men tend to pursue fields that emphasize logic and analysis caused by subtle forces, such as input from friends & family, a lack of same-sex role models or encouragement from teachers channel women into particular fields of study
glass escalator (christine williams)
men's rapid ascent up the hierarchy when they work in female-dominated professions updated in 2013 to encompass intersectionality: those who succeed are usually white, straight, middle-class men
acceleration
migration across borders is occurring in greater numbers than ever before one of stephen castles and mark miller's four tendencies that characterize migration patterns
globalization
migration has become more global, involving a greater number of countries as both senders and recipients one of stephen castles and mark miller's four tendencies that characterize migration patterns
pluralism & multiculturalism
model of ethnic integration: ethnic cultures exist separately, and equally, and participate in larger society's economic and political life
melting pot
model of ethnic integration: idea of merging different cultures by stirring them all together
assimilation
model of ethnic integration; new immigrant groups would assume the attitudes and language of the dominant white community
Judith Stacey and Timothy Biblarz (2001) reviewed 21 different studies finding that children in gay households are....
more likely to buck gender stereotypes.
Edward Laumann's "The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States"
most comprehensive study of sexual behavior since Kinsey demonstrates the conservative sex behaviors of most people (83% of people had had only one partner in the past year) Americans only average three partners during their lifetime increase in premarital sex among women
diversification
most countries now receive immigrants of many different types (refugee, work-seeking, etc.) one of stephen castles and mark miller's four tendencies that characterize migration patterns
American Psychological Association's review of 59 studies on the children of gay parents found that...
not a single study has found children of lesbian or gay parents to be disadvantaged in any significant respect relative to children of heterosexual parents
Twins (Colapinto 2001)
one identical male twin was injured while becoming circumcised; parents decided to make him a girl, and she exhibited female characteristics for the rest of her life (evidence that refutes the nature perspective and implies the role of gender socialization in human development)
four primary models of ethnic integration
pluralism, multiculturalism, melting pot, assimilation
comparable worth policies
potential mechanism to address gender pay gap; compare pay levels of jobs held disproportionately by women w/ pay levels of jobs held disproportionately by men and try to adjust the pay so that the women and men working in female industries are not penalized very difficult to implement these because it's hard to make gender neutral assessments of jobs
Ethnicity Without Groups by Rogers Brubaker
processual theory argues that scholars should not take the existence of ethnic and racial categories for granted; individuals do not always ID with, and act on behalf of, their racial or ethnic group; we should see race and ethnicity as categories that individuals work with to interpret the world
Ethnic Boundary Making by Andreas Wimmer
processual theory seeks to understand why some ethnic categories,such as race become durable, and viewed as unequal in the U.S. Argues that individuals consciously decide to align themselves with certain people over others, promoting categories and classifications that help them gain material or social benefits
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
provided amnesty for many illegal immigrants
displacement
psychological mechanism; the transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to another object
why does violence against women persist?
radical feminist scholars claim that men are socialized to regard women as sex objects- "rape culture" female victims are often victimized again by community rape is used as a weapon of war
"Half the Sky" by Kristof and WuDunn
recounts the experience of Hawa, a young student living in a refugee camp in Sudan's Darfur region. She was attacked and gang-raped by members of the government-sponsored janjaweed militia. She was arrested for pre-marital intercourse
macro level factors of migration
refer to overarching issues such as the political situation in an area, laws and regs controlling immigration and emigration
sex
refers to physical differences of the body
Testosterone Monkeys
refutes the nature perspective, both female and male monkeys, when exposed to testosterone has increased levels of aggression. however, if given the opportunity to be aggressive, monkeys' testosterone increased as a result of the aggressive act
"The Waning of American Apartheid?" by Farley
residential segregation is a lens to assess whether the U.S. has achieved equality while de facto segregation remains high in some cities, there's reason to believe that the "American Apartheid" no longer describes urban America analyzes censuses with the index of dissimilarity - how evenly distributed blacks and whites are within a tract of about 4,000 residents: in all metropolitan areas, black-white segregation has declined, but still remains prevalent. when people consider new homes, they are still influenced by the racial composition of the neighborhood racial residential segregation will decrease when more households have members of both races
liberal feminism
sees gender inequalities as rooted largely in social and cultural attitudes. Do not see women's subordination as a part of a larger system or structure. Instead identify many separate factors that lead to inequalities (discrimination in the workplace,etc.) focus on est. and protecting equal opportunities for thru legislation and other democratic means
racial literacy
skills taught to children of multiracial families to help them cope with racial hierarchies and to integrate multiple ethnic identities
functionalist perspective of gender socialization
socializing agents help maintain the smooth continuation of the existing social order by overseeing the smooth gender socialization of new generations
France Winddance Twine
sociologist who found that, among multiracial families in the U.S. and U.K., that some parents train their children to develop racial literacy skills to help them cope with racial hierarchies and to integrate multiple ethnic identities
gender inequality in politics
still, small numbers of women are in elected offices women politicians are overwhelmingly affiliated with the Dems the more local an office, the more likely it is to be held by a woman, b/c local politics is part time work globally, women are making strides in politics as well, still a relatively small proportion of overall women are more likely to hold seats in national legislatures in countries in which women's rights are a strong cultural value
theory of racial formation
structural theory of race; holds that race is a social convention that various political forces (progressive and reactionary) try to interpret for their own advantage. Omi and Winnant
discrimination
the carrying out of behavior that denies certain members of groups resources or rewards; does not always arise from prejudice
ethnic cleansing
the creation of ethnically homogenous territories through the mass expulsion of other ethnic populations
new/cultural racism
the exclusion of certain groups on the basis of cultural differences hierarchies of superiority/inferiority are constructed according to the values of the majority culture
"Straight Girls Kissing" by Leila J. Rupp
the fact that young women on college campuses display new kinds of sexual behaviors for the viewing of men demonstrates the gendering of those behaviors, and the social construction of sexuality. Men wouldn't make out with other men for the viewing of women. many more women have responded that they have a desire for the same sex but do not consider themselves homosexual; the opposite is true for men women at UCSB reported that they kiss other women for the purpose of attracting male attention, experimenting (the heterosexual context of hookup culture at college parties gives women a safe space to do so), and out of same sex desire women who kiss other women who enjoy it or want to do it again "cross the line of heterosexuality"
"Nature perspective"
the idea that there is a biological difference between men and women; women are more wired to have jobs that are supportive and nurturing while men opt for jobs that require more physical strength or mechanical ability neglects the role of social interaction in the forming of human behavior
"The Rhetoric and Reality of Opting Out" by Pamela Stone
the image of stay at home moms who were once high level career holders portrayed by the media differs from reality: most stay at homes only give up their jobs as a last resort when caught between a rock (the family) and a hard place (the demands of a lucrative career) women she studied were all affluent and had the option of their husband supporting them found that the uptick in stay at home momhood of women with young children was more of a result of the overall economic downturn "ideology of intensive mothering" - moms now feel a competitive need to expend as much time and energy as possible on rearing their children motherhood influenced women's decision to quit as they came to see the rhythms and values of the workplace as antagonistic to family life; women who were able to work part-time saw their responsibilities gutted over half of women studied said that their husband's work schedule was the reason they quit- husband's absences put a great deal of pressure on women to do it all, undermining the facade of egalitarian relationships however, many women emphasized choice in their reasoning for leaving work- we need better, more flexible ways to work
gender role socialization
the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family
racialization
the process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people; important in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality
genocide
the systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group
projection
the unconscious attribution to others of one's own desires or characteristics; example: in the U.S. before the civil rights movement, white men's notion of the lustful african american man was likely a product of their own frustration because access to white women was slim.
scientific racism
the use of science to "prove" superiority of one group over another; used in European validation of their conquest of "lesser" peoples
stereotyping
thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories; closely linked to displacement
Storm's socialization
two parents refused to assign their child, Storm, a gender. She says that sometimes she's a girl, and sometimes he's a boy. As sociological studies usually show, once a gender is "assigned" society expects individuals to act like "females" or "males"
Freud's idea of diversity in sexual pursuits
underscores the complex ways that biology and social contexts shape human sexuality argued that humans are born with a wide range of sexual tastes that are curbed through socialization; however, some adults may follow these tastes even when they're regarded by a society as illegal or immoral.
Clellan Ford and Frank Beach's exploration of learned sexual responses (1951)
used anthropological evidence from more than 200 societies; striking differences between cultures as to what sexual practices were normal in some societies, foreplay is extended, in others it is nonexistent; and in most societies, standards for sexual attractiveness mostly apply to women and not men
processual theory of race
views race and ethnicity as categories that people use to interpret the world around them
"Whitewashing Academic Mediocrity" by Jimenez
what it means to be white has turned on its head: whiteness was once associated with the model of success, but now it's associated with academic mediocrity. Cupertino's changing demographics, then, tell part of the story: between 1990 and 2010, the immigrant population grew from 22% of residents to 49% high-skilled Asian immigration has introduced a new set of achievement standards that requires more than typical upper-middle-class striving While high-achieving Whites feel like they have to counter prevailing stereotypes, third-plus-generation Asian American respondents said that they feel a stress-inducing pressure to live up to them native-born populations are adjusting to new linguistic, religious, culinary, political, and job-market related changes resulting from immigration
gendered inequalities in families: division of household labor
women bear an unequal distribution of household tasks, which affects their career prospects the intersection of gender, marital status, and parental status that most powerfully shapes housework: women save their husbands an hour of housework a week, husbands create an additional seven hours of housework for their wives a week women and men specialize in different chores - women do more routine things like laundry and men do more sporadic things like housework the gender gap may be caused by women's economic dependence on their husbands
gender typing
women holding occupations of lower status and pay, such as secretarial and retail positions, and men holding jobs of higher status and pay, such as managerial and professional positions leads women to accept these inequalities and to put their husband's career first
global workforce gender inequalities
women make up about 40% of the world's workforce the economic crisis reversed the trend towards less gender workforce inequalities women remain in the poorest paying industrial and service sector jobs in all countries globally women only hold 2-3% of top corporate jobs in developing countries, often more progress is made in terms of more women entering managerial positions
gender inequalities in the workplace
women now account for more people in the workforce than men; recession recently caused a decline in male-dominated jobs like construction an impetus behind women's increased entry into the labor force was a demand for clerical and service workers in the 1950s, and until recently, women were concentrated in these types of routine jobs
"Transitioning Out Loud and Online" by Arlene Stein
young people are using social media to document their transitions "If a transman can walk down the street in a way that does not call any attention to the way he is self-consciously producing gender, that gives him greater confidence." By narrating their life stories and sharing information they are creating a networked public comprised of young trans-men, building emotional bonds with similar others. millennials believe that, due to the sheer amount of information available online (causing a lack of attention), their privacy will be protected
