Sociology of Gender Final

Celeste was assigned female at birth and identifies as a woman. We would refer to Celeste's gender broadly as:

cisgender

In Zell's research on observed sex differences, the research team that males and female exhibited _________ differences on most traits.

small & negligible to nonexistent

In lecture, we observed that googling "man" produced images predominately of white, attractive, and masculine people. These characteristics are culturally available and socially constructed categories of people in which people place themselves or are placed by others. Broadly, these characteristics are known as __________________.

social identities

Despite the prevalence of hookup culture on today's campus, a survey of seniors find that only 14% of students hooked up more than 10 times in 4 years. Seniors, on average, reported ______ hookups during their college years.

8

Brittany is a freshman in college and a new member of a sorority. She was raised within a religious tradition that supports sexual intercourse between committed couples only. As such, Brittany will attend social events with her sorority and asks crushes on dates to see movies at Union South, but she has not kissed or been sexually intimate with anyone. Based on these behaviors, Sociologist Lisa Wade would most likely categorize Brittany as a(n) ______________.

abstainer

In lecture, we talked about gender as a social construct: an arbitrary but influential shared interpretation of reality. Other examples of social constructs include:

all of the possible responses race class national borders family

For a media studies course, Maeve is watching episodes of the reality television show "America's Next Top Model." Maeve is doing a project on transgender contestants in the show. She is noting how frequently transgender contestants appear on screen, how they appear, why they appear, in what stories, and their roles in the narration. Maeve is most likely doing her project on ________________.

gender representation

Policies may address different kinds of gender inequalities. A policy to reward reproductive labor addresses ________ and is known as the ____________ model.

androcentrism; equal value

Someone who is cisgender might use the pronouns:

any of these, none of these, or something else entirely

Someone who is nonbinary might use the pronouns:

any of these, none of these, or something else entirely they/them/their ze/hir/hirs she/her/hers he/him/his

In a research studies, professors of biology, chemistry, and physics ranked resumes for laboratory assistants. The resumes were identical except for names: half had men's names and half had women's names. The professors ranks resumes with women's names as less competent, less hireable, and less deserving of mentorship than those with men's names. This study demonstrated the professors favoring male-bodied people over female-bodied. This sex-based prejudice is known as:

sexism

Kokoro is selecting a birth control method. When choosing between options, she considers how each contraceptive may affect her sexual experience, known as its ________________.

sexual acceptability

Che has two roommates: Pedro and Sarah. The three go out dancing on Thursday night. Both Pedro and Sarah end up kissing people on the dance floor; this is typical for each of them. Che thinks it is fine when Pedro kisses people, but thinks it's inappropriate for Sarah to be doing so. Che's different rules for the sexual behavior of Pedro - a man - and Sarah - a woman - is known as:

sexual double standard

Paula grew up in Honduras and recently immigrated to New Jersey for work. Paula's two children--18 and 16--remained in Honduras in order to finish schooling. Families like Paula's in which members of the nuclear unit (caregivers and children) live in two different countries are referred to as:

transnational families

Daniyal travels to visit his grandmother for her 90th birthday. Daniyal's grandmother is delighted to see him and immediately ask if he has a girlfriend yet. The assumption that people are heterosexual, unless there are recognizable signs indicating otherwise, is known as:

heteronormativity

On the agriculture panel, Jaclyn discussed lessons that queer farmers in the United States, especially those who are white, can learn from those in Australia. One lesson that (white) queer farmers in the US can learn from Australian queer farmers is:

how to reflect on and acknowledge histories of colonial genocide and stolen land

Gendered job segregation is the practice of filling occupations with mostly male or mostly female workers. In lecture, we talked about four characteristic of gendered job segregation. These characteristics include all of the following EXCEPT:

segregation only applies to the highest earning occupations

In lecture, we discussed pay discrepancies for professional athletes based on gender. For example, the lowest paid athlete on a men's hockey team will receive almost $8,000 per game while the highest paid athlete on a women's hockey team will earn about $440 per game. At the same time, we discussed how women athletes in the United States - particularly if white - have privileges due to their location in a wealthy western country. For example, while Alex Morgan - captain of the US women's soccer team that won the 2019 World Cup - will earn almost $1,000,000 this year, professional women soccer players in Thailand, South Africa, Nigeria, and Argentina reported earning less than ______________ a year for playing the sport.

$5,000

Teddy identifies as a non-binary trans feminine person. Teddy lives in Wisconsin and works for the state. Teddy is considering having a gender affirming surgery (a surgical procedure that change's one's body to conform to one's gender identity). In what year did Wisconsin state employees gain access to transgender health coverage?

2018

In the United States, people tend to earn more money in their careers as they attain higher levels of education. Women are currently attaining college degrees at higher rates than men; however, men tend to earn more money in their careers than women. On average, women in the United States earn ______ cents for every dollar that a man earns. The difference between the income of an average men and women who work full-time is known as __________________.

82; gender pay gap

Venus and Serena are sisters. Serena is married to her husband, Alexis; the couple recently had their first child. Venus is unmarried and does not have any children. If Venus, Serena, and Alexis were equal in all ways, how would you rank the three in terms of their predicted earnings by the time that Serena and Alexis' child is 5 years old? (Rank from highest income to lowest income)

Alexis; Venus; Serena

David Pedulla's study of men's projected earnings based upon their race and sexual orientation demonstrates counter-intuitive findings. Though most of the class predicted that experiencing both racism and heterosexism would reduce earnings, the research finds that _________________ received the highest salary recommendations.

Black gay men

In the Netflix series Living Undocumented, the episode depicted a family with roots in Mauritania, a country in northwest Africa. Awa's father - who entered the U.S. almost 30 years prior seeking asylum - was detained by immigration and was to be deported to Mauritania. The episode discussed several reasons why returning to Mauritania would be "a death sentence" for a black person. These reasons included all of the following, EXCEPT:

Black people can easily use passports to leave the country

Between the 1930s and the 1990s, the dominant media images of Asian men (or white actors in "yellow face" portraying Asian characters) depicted them as effeminate and emasculated side characters. One exception was ______________ who played lead roles and was shown as both a fighter and a lover.

Bruce Lee

Theo is staying at his girlfriend Jimena's dorm and would like to have sex. Jimena has an exam early in the morning and says that she is not in the mood. Theo asks again, saying that they haven't had sex at all this week but they used to have sex twice a week. When Jimena declines again, Theo threatens to break up with her. Guilt tripping and threats to end the relationship are two of many tactics that people use to attain sexual behavior from an unwilling partner. Broadly, these tactics are referred to as ___________.

Coercion

If you have a question about the course, what should be your first step?

Consult the syllabus and canvas

In "Dating Around," who does Lex select for a second date?

Cory

What are some issues being addressed in the Second-Wave Feminism movement?

Equality in workplace

"Gamergate" reflects which gender issue on social media?

Gendertrolling

Which of the following female characters represent the ideal of traditional Chinese femininity?

Good mother

XXY chromosomes are linked to which intersex variation?

Klinefelter's

Kokoro is selecting a birth control method. Previously, she was not using protection during penetrative sex with cisgender men and worried about becoming pregnant. She now selects a method with 99% effectiveness to prevent pregnancy. Kokoro (like participants in Professor Jenny Higgins' research related to sexual health) is able to more fully enjoy sexual activity now that the threat of pregnancy is greatly reduced. Kokoro rates that her overall sex life has improved since using this birth control method. Based on Professor Jenny Higgins research, what might we predict about Kokoro's use of this birth control method?

Kokoro will keep using this birth control method for longer than one year

Black women in the United States experience maternal mortality at 40 deaths per 100,000 births. This rate is similar to maternal mortality in which of the following countries?

Malaysia

In 1875, the ___________________ banned single Chinese women from immigrating to the U.S. At the time, the predominant racist stereotype among white Americans was that Chinese women were sexually promiscuous. This stereotype shifted when the 1945 ____________ allowed U.S. soldiers to bring brides, including Asian women, back to the country.

Page Act; War Brides Act

In the workplace panel, Miriam shared that the United States is one of three countries in the world without a paid parental leave policy. One of the other two countries without paid parental leave is:

Papua New Guinea

June lives in a society in which she cannot own land, control her own money, or sue for discrimination. Instead, adult men in this society have control over females and younger males. Gender relations in this kind of society are known as:

Patriarchy

All of the following characterize current norms around love and romance in the U.S., EXCEPT:

Photos drive 10% of the action on dating sites like OkCupid

According to Winnie's research, what was Wang Dechun's gender strategy in her initial reports?

Portrait herself as a weak woman

According to Nona's lecture on the Sociology of Sexual Assault, sexual scripts are socially constructed instructions that establish the norms and expectations of sexual encounters. All of the following fit into sexual scripts for college students, EXCEPT:

Sexual pressure from women

What is the purpose of gendertrolling on gamergate?

To maintain privilege of male gamers

In lecture, we discussed that Title IX requires that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program." Title IX applies to collegiate athletes, so we examined the state of athletics at UW-Madison based on gender. All of the following are true EXCEPT:

UW-Madison has more student-athletes on men's team than on women's teams

In the essay "Universities should take concrete actions to stop sexual assault," Irene Shankar lists several ways that institutions of higher education can prevent sexual misconduct. These recommendations include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Universities need to be more attuned to the needs of middle-class women when shaping their policies

What is Winnie's final conclusion after her presentation?

Wang's femininity was transformed and reconstructed through online discussion, which potentially influenced Chinese femininity culture

Much of the research claiming sex differences has been conducted in "WEIRD" samples. WEIRD stands for:

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

In lecture, we discussed the intersections of gender, race, and partisanship in the U.S. legislative branch. Which of the following trends is TRUE?

Women of color representatives are more likely to be Democrat than Republican

A person with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome has internal testes that produce testosterone. Since their body is not sensitive to androgens, the testosterone is converted to estrogen and this leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics like breasts. This person has the following chromosomes:

XY

A person with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome has internal testes that produce testosterone. Since their body is not sensitive to androgens, the testosterone is converted to estrogen and this leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics like breasts. This person has the following chromosomes: X

XY

Gender stereotypes in media can have many effects on individuals. Which of the following is NOT one of the outcomes discussed in lecture?

Young girls are less likely to report wanted to pursue STEM careers after watching shows featuring women scientists

Based on the Explained episode, "Why Women Earn Less," Iceland and Rwanda were able to narrow the gender wage gap and increase women's participation in government by implementing key government policies. These policies included all of the following EXCEPT:

a ban on men becoming prime minister

Liberty (non-binary) just finished their first season working on a vegetable farm in Missouri. Liberty farmed alongside a crew of 5 other workers. When the farm manager divided people for tasks in the morning, Liberty noticed that the manager usually asked Brian, Bob, and Blake to do tractor work or run large machinery; the manager never assigned Liberty, Lalita, or Luna to these tasks. At the end of the season, Liberty realized that they were not able to gain tractor skills and this made them a less qualified candidate when applying to farm jobs for next season. Based on Keller's 2014 article, we may conclude that Liberty faced a barrier in agriculture related to their gender. Which barrier from the article BEST describes Liberty's experience?

a material barrier around access to farm knowledge

In lecture, we discussed the evolution of sex as societies transitioned from foraging to agrarianism to industrialization. Which of the following characteristics is associated with sex norms in forager societies the most?

acceptance of sex-same romance and gender nonconformity

Rogelio and River are actors in a new television show. They are experienced and accomplished actors, but the network believes that they will not bring in ratings because they are in their 50s. The network replaces them with less experienced actors in their 20s. The network is demonstrating the institutionalized preference for the young and the cultural association of aging with decreased value, known as:

ageism

Incels (involuntary celibates) are members of an online subculture who define themselves as unable to find a romantic or sexual partner despite desiring one. Some men incels feel angry because they believe that they deserve sex but women are unjustly withholding it from them. The anger that something men rightfully own or deserve is being unjustly taken or withheld from them is known as:

aggrieved entitlement

Lara Jean is an Asian American woman. She is newly dating and is straight. Based on what we know about dating trends on the U.S., what is Lara Jean likely to experience as she enters the dating world?

all of the possible responses Compared to her biological brother who is straight, Lara Jean is more likely to get response from white men on dating apps than he is from white women Lara Jean is most likely to end up with another Asian American Compared to her biological brother who is straight, Lara Jean is more likely to end up with someone who is white If Lara Jean ends of with someone of another race, she is most likely to end up with someone who is white

Carly just graduated from a public high school in Wisconsin. In her Sociology of Gender course, she learns that students from other states received quite different sex education than she did. In Carly's sex education in Wisconsin, we can be certain that she learned about which of the following topics:

all of the possible responses HIV education dating and sexual violence prevention emphasis on abstinence importance of sex only within marriage

In lecture, we discussed that there is a gendered notion of presidency in the U.S. with the nation as a metaphor for the family and the president as the head of the household. In other words, masculinity is a trait associated with the presidency and valued in a candidate. These dynamics played out in the 2016 election between candidates who were men and between men and and women. In which ways did these dynamics translate into voting?

all of the possible responses Women more likely to vote for Clinton, men for Trump Americans increasingly approve of women politicians, but still hold reservations Sexist media portrayals of Clinton Men exposed to masculinity threat were more likely to prefer a masculine candidate

In lecture, we discussed the evolution of sex as societies transitioned from foraging to agrarianism to industrialization. Which of the following contributed to a newfound societal desire to control women's sexual freedom in agrarian societies?

all of the possible responses consolidation of wealth ownership of land concerns about passing down wealth to heirs desire to prove paternity

In her guest lecture, Kristina summarized how her work contributed to the literature on transnational families which includes Dreby's 2006 article. What does Kristina's research add to the literature?

all of the possible responses contemporary digital communication (ipads, smartphones) a focus on families with children living on both sides of the border analysis of mothers and fathers analyzing age and life course in addition to gender

Rita is a 46-year-old woman living in southern Wisconsin. When she travel to Spain one summer, she met another traveler from Egypt, Azizi. Rita and Azizi have been in a long distance relationship for the past year. Rita would like Azizi to move to the United States so that they can be together. Rita joins an online forum made up of other women dating men from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). On this forum, she hopes to learn how to best petition to the US government for Azizi to immigrate. Based on Gina Longo's research, which theme would Rita most likely notice on this message board?

all of the possible responses forum members warning each other that their partner may only be interested in a green card forum members reminding each other to check their emotions forum members reminding each other than they need to protect themselves from being "had" forum members reminding each other than they need to protect the national boarders

Beginning in the 1920s, U.S. society witnessed a shift toward sex for pleasure. This period also witnessed which of the following trends:

all of the possible responses greater sexual equality beauty norms for women shifting away voluptuous bodies rise of queer communities rise of the cosmetics industry

Teddy identifies as a non-binary trans feminine person. Teddy lives in Wisconsin and is seeking transgender health care. According to the American Medical Association, transgender health care includes:

all of the possible responses hormone replacement breast augmentation or reduction gender-affirming strategies vocal surgery and voice training

Discrimination in the workplace has several consequences that can contribute to the gender pay gap. These consequences include:

all of the possible responses hostile workplaces dangerous workplaces harmed career trajectories limited career choices

In lecture, we defined mass communication as the process by which a person, group of people, or large organization creates a message and transmits it through some type of medium to a large, anonymous, and heterogeneous audience. Which of the following captures trends in today's mass communication?

all of the possible responses mass communication as professionalized storytelling mass communication as a powerful force that shapes people's perceptions of experiences new technologies "personalize" mass communication the scale and extent of mass communication is on the rise

In lecture, we talked about colleges as total institutions: planned entities that collect large numbers of like individuals, cut them off from the wider society, and provide for all their needs. Other examples of total institutions include:

all of the possible responses military juvenile detention boarding schools prison

In the Intersectionality in Athletics panel, Sheridan, Raquel, and Vivian shared their thoughts on important changes for athletics to be more inclusive. The panelists suggested which of the following changes:

all of the possible responses more empathy leadership on board for inclusion more tolerance for ignorance more women in positions of authority in athletics (ie referees, coaches)

In lecture, we discussed that ways that teachers - even in pre-school classrooms - treat boy and girl students differently, socializing them based on gender rules. In contrast to girls, teachers allow boys in the classroom to have more ability to:

all of the possible responses move around the class play physical games talk more talk loudly

In lecture, we talked about societal reasons contributing to why a Black man may enact a gender strategy known as "Dangerous Black Man." These reasons include:

all of the possible responses news media portraying Black men suspected of crimes using unflattering photos news media disproportionately portraying Black men as suspects of crimes racism following emancipation to repress Black populations racism based in slavery

In the childhood socialization panel, Ashley discussed her work with an after school group called Black Girl Magic. Ashley described aspects of the curriculum that she has created for Black Girl Magic. Those activities included which of the following:

all of the possible responses painting self portraits defining beauty listing positive traits about Black girls and women listing

As agents of socialization, peers differ from parents in which way:

all of the possible responses peer interactions are more spontaneous whereas family is more formal peers are relative equals whereas family is more hierarchical peers become increasingly important with age whereas family is the first socializing agent peer groups are relative homogeneous in terms of age and gender whereas family has a range of ages and gender

Tila is a bisexual teenager. According to statistics on LGBTQ+ people, Tila is more likely to experience which of the following physical and mental health issues?

all of the possible responses physical violence and stalking suicidal thoughts psychological aggression risk factors for mental health issues and substance abuse

According to the International Olympic Committee, track and field athletes in certain women's track and field events must have a testosterone level below 5nmol/L. The IOC does not test all athletes in these events in the women's division; rather, it tests individual athletes based on suspicion. Based on our discussions in lecture, which of the following factors would likely reduce the chances that an athlete will be tested?

all of the possible responses the athlete is white the athlete is white and from Global North countries the athlete fits into beauty norms for women the athlete does not medal - i.e. is not one of the best

Chloe is a transgender woman who is attempting to qualify for the U.S. Olympic team in fencing in the women's division. In order to compete, Chloe must:

all of the possible responses undergo a blood test remain within designated testosterone levels or risk a 12 month suspension remain within designated testosterone levels for at least 12 months prior to competiting declare female as her gender for at least four years

According to Nona's lecture on the Sociology of Sexual Assault, sexual assaults are underreported. In other words, sexual assault occurs at higher rates than those that are reported to officials. Why might sexual assaults be underreported?

all of the possible responses: A person wants to avoid the trauma of re-telling their story A person may not acknowledge that their experience is sexual assault A person knows the person who assaulted them and does not want to get that person in trouble A person may worry that if they were drinking, they will not be taken seriously

A teammate shares that they experienced sexual assault on campus. Your teammate would like support, but does not want to officially report to the institution. Based on the workshop with UHS Violence Prevention, you let your friend know about options for confidential support, such as _______________.

all of the possible responses: Forensic Nurse Examiners UHS Survivor Services Domestic Abuse Intervention Services (DIAS) Rape Crisis Center (RCC)

According to Elena's guest lecture, you can contribute to intersex rights by:

all of the possible responses: Foster and facilitate communities for intersex individuals. Advocate for intersex youth in medical settings Invite intersex activists to speak at your institution Listen to intersex people

In lecture, we discussed various inequalities faced by women professional athletes. These include:

all of the possible responses: Lack of support for maternity leave Less media attention Less pay than comparable men's athletes Fewer sponsorships

A friend shares that he experienced sexual assault by another student and would like to report the event. Based on the training with UHS Violence Prevention, you let your friend know about his options for reporting, such as _______________.

all of the possible responses: Madison Police Department Dean of Students UW Police Department Title IX

According to Winnie's research, which of the following responses to Wang's report represent toxic masculinity?

all of the possible responses: Verbally abuse her Call her a sex worker Label her relationship with Sun as a "fair" trade Call her a shame

UW-Madison Sociology alumni Julie Keller published an article in 2014 based on the experiences of women farmers in Wisconsin. She finds that the women encountered several kinds of barriers in their pathways to becoming farmers. Which of the following would be an example of a barrier to women farmers:

all of the possible responses: bosses not training women workers on tractors stereotyped understanding that women in agriculture are farmers' wives male landowners being unwilling to sell farmland to women stereotyped understandings that farmers are men

In the workplace panel, Maria and Miriam shared ways that they promote intersectional equality in their work/workplaces and how others might do so. These strategies include:

all of the possible responses: building networks a politics of citations, i.e. citing socially marginalized scholars standing up to people who say sexism things in the workplace as an instructor, highlighting how gender dynamics are pervasive

In lecture, we summarized women's in the class experiences with athletics. Women reported which of the following:

all of the possible responses: experiencing gender policing for participating in sports that people coded as "manly" people questioning the "realness" of sports that they played because the sports were coded as feminine playing a range of sports, including those typically coded as feminine, masculine, and neutral with age, shifting toward sports that were coded as more feminine (like volleyball)

Studies have named Wisconsin as the worst state for Black children in part because of exam scores and high school graduation rates. Some people attribute Black students' exam scores and graduate rates on values, attitudes, and behaviors that differ from those of the white middle class. This thesis, known as the culture of poverty, has been rejected. Why is the culture of poverty argument NOT TRUE:

all of the possible responses: it is not supported by empirical evidence it is based on unproven claims about Black families' values it is based on unproven claims about Black families' organization it is racist

Rafael would like to socialize his son to embody hybrid masculinity. Rafael leads by example, acting in ways associated with hybrid masculinity in front of his son. For example, Rafael openly cries when he is sad, discusses his support for transgender people in the military, and bakes cupcakes for his son's school's fundraiser. In lecture, we discussed four aspects to socialization: an agent, a learning process, a target, and an outcome. In this case, Rafael would be referred to as:

an agent

As societies transitioned from agrarian to industrial, we see all of the following shifts EXCEPT:

an increase in marriage fertility rates (married women had more children)

In the Media panel, we discussed trends in Google related to gender and intersectionality. These trends included all of the following EXCEPT:

an increase in women in leadership positions

In the contemporary United States, elementary school education is generally seen as a feminine job whereas construction is seen as a masculine job. Claudia works for the first 10 years of her career in construction and simultaneously earns a degree to become a teacher. When Claudia is hired as a teacher, she is now paid 15% less than she did in construction. Though other factors like experience and education can impact pay, ________________ refers to salaries going down in occupations that are seen as feminine.

androcentric pay scale

All Boys Black Schools gain support from progressive anti-racism advocates, but may also promote a sexist agenda. That sexist agenda includes the belief that feminized classrooms harm Black boys. This belief that masculinity is superior to femininity, and that femininity diminishes masculine spaces, is know as:

androcentrism

Cheerleading was initially an all-men's sport that was associated with honor, prestige, and status. During WWII, women entered the sport to fill spots while men served in the military. Once women also were cheerleaders and the sport was feminized, it became less prestigious and decreased in value. The trajectory of cheerleading is an example of granting higher status, respect, value, reward, and power to whatever is seen as masculine compared to what is seen as feminine. This gender-based prejudice is known as:

androcentrism

Fred is a government official in a society committed to the value of gender difference and gender hierarchy. Fred and fellow politicians aim to prevent feminist change. For example, women cannot control their own money, work, or read. Women are exclusively caregivers to their families. Which of the following terms best captures the type of policies that Fred promotes?

anti-feminist politics

How many attempts do you have to get a 14/15 (which amounts to 2 points toward your overall grade) on the weekly quizzes?

as many as you would like

In her book, "American Hookup: The New Culture of Sex on Campus," Lisa Wade used all the following methods to collect data, EXCEPT:

attending fraternity parties

In a start up tech company, all of the current programmers are women. Managers believe that women are best suited for the job due to their "natural" emphatic abilities that help them anticipate how users will use the program. In their mind, programming is a feminine job. The managers in the company are mostly men. Though they value their programmers, they rarely give the programmers concrete feedback because they worried about hurting the programmers' feelings. This practice is a form of __________________ and undermines the programmers' career trajectories.

benevolent sexism

In lecture, we discussed how women's sports are regulated in ways that men's sports are not. For example, women lacrosse players may not check, but men lacrosse players can. Athletes who wish to compete in elite women's sports may be subject to sex testing; those wishing to compete in men's elite sports are not. These differences are partially based in notions of women as the gentler gender in need of protection. The attribution of positive traits to women that, nonetheless, justify women's subordination to men is known as:

benevolent sexism

One of the common gender stereotypes in media is men's authority and women's incompetence: men are depicted as competent authorities who save women from their incompetence. For example, advertisements for household projects may use men's images (Mr. Clean) or men's voices to explain the product. Depictions of incompetent women who need to be saved by men most closely aligns with which of the following concepts:

benevolent sexism

Peyton believes that women are kind and generous people who need to be taken care of. Peyton holds doors for women at work, offers his jacket to his sister on chilly days, and buys his women friends coffee. Peyton does not hold doors for men, offer his jacket to his brother, or buy his men friends coffee. Though Peyton's positive attitudes and actions toward women may seem generous, they nonetheless justify women's subordination (being weaker, less resilient, unable to provide for themselves) to men. Peyton demonstrates:

benevolent sexism

In lecture, we discussed research on ways that football recruiters discuss athletes based on their perceptions of an athlete's race. Recruiters tend to focus more on white players' ____________ and on Black players' _____________.

brains; bodies

Emotion work is often framed as a "natural" characteristic of women rather than recognized as a skill that brings economic value to employers and businesses. As such, jobs that include this kind of work are often undervalued and employees in those industries are paid less. Individuals in _________________ -- jobs that involve face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others -- often experience this undervaluing of their skills and work.

care work

According to the Vox video on sex testing in sport, testosterone is one of many components that contribute to athletic performance. According to the video, these other components include all of the following EXCEPT:

chromosomes

In the childhood socialization panel, Ruby and Ashley discussed challenges for Black girls and women with darker skin. For example, famous Black women are often biracial or have lighter skin. This racist preference for light over dark skin is known as:

colorism

Shanice identifies as a masculine woman. She asserts her masculinity by playing rugby and riding a motorcyle. One day, a driver was texting and struck Shanice on her motorcycle, resulting in severe injuries. For the next year of recovery, Shanice could not play rugby or ride her motorcycle, and used a wheelchair most of the time. During this time, Shanice felt that her sense of masculinity was threatened, and as a result began to play murderball (wheelchair rugby). Shanice's decision to play murderball - an act taken to reassert masculinity in the face of a threat - is known as:

compensatory masculinity

In a study of middle school girls, researchers observed four norms that peer groups established and policed around attraction and romance. These norms include all of the following, EXCEPT:

conquer boys

Adam is a hockey player. He has suffered numerous concussions and now has issues with his memory. Adam's situation is an example of ____________, the damage that happens to men when they play participate in high-contact sports.

cost of masculinity

On the agricultural panel, Jaclyn discussed one of their greatest joys from researching queer farmers. What is Jaclyn's greatest joy from this research?

creating spaces for queer farmers to connect with one another

UW-Madison Sociology alumni Julie Keller published an article in 2014 based on the experiences of women farmers in Wisconsin. Keller describes several strategies the women in the study used to be legible as farmers. These strategies included all of the following EXCEPT:

creating urban gardens to resist racial injustices

In lecture. we discussed common conceptions of farmers in the United States. Words and images that students associated with "farmer" including all the following EXCEPT:

crops: kale, lettuce, and spinarch

Jason Orne defines sexual racism as a system of racial oppressions, shaping an individual's partner choices to privilege whites and harm people of color. Woof's, a gay bar in Madison, almost exclusively uses images of white men to advertise their events. These images can contribute to shaping the metrics that patrons use to determine who is hot in Woof's. These images are an example of _______________ sexual racism.

cultural

Court is a college freshman in his first semester. He is participating in a research project in which he writes in an online dairy about his love life. Court writes about going to fraternity parties with people from his dorm and feeling ambivalent about hooking up on campus. Though he is not opposed to casual sex, he doesn't feel very comfortable meeting people at college parties as a gay man. Court writes that he hooked up after a party once and then switched to meeting people through apps. Based on his entries, Sociologist Lisa Wade would most likely categorize Court as a(n) ______________.

dabbler

In lecture we discussed if symbolic representation (women's presence in government) translates into substantive representation (policies important and helpful to women)? In which of the following areas are women representatives MOST likely to impact policies?

debates about the environment

Based on observations in elementary schools, Thorne (1986) argued that games like chasing, cooties, and invasions created gender _____________ and exaggerated gender ______________.

divisions; differences

One factor contributing to the gender pay gap is ideologies of parenting. In the United States, there is the expectation that workers perform the ideal worker norm (the idea that an employee should commit their energies to their job without the distraction of family responsibilities). There is also the expectation that mothers perform intensive motherhood (the idea that women should be the primary caretaker of their children and child-rearing should involve copious amounts of time, energy, and resources). These norms place working mothers in a ________________: a situation in which cultural expectations are contradictory.

double bind

UW-Madison Professor Monica White published an article in 2011 about Black women farmers in Detroit. In the article, White uses ___________________, a theory that examines feminism in relation to the natural environment and lobbies for women's ability to engage with the earth, respond to, and solve ecological crises. The theory also has a practical component that includes participation in social movements and, especially, women's resistance.

ecofeminism

Keith works as a flight attendant. In any given flight, Keith has to calm passengers worried about missing their next flight or scared of flying. Sometimes passengers are rude to Keith, but he must remain calm and composed himself. Keith's work requires that he controls his own emotions and manages the emotions of others, a skill known as ______________.

emotion work

Paula and Pedro grew up in Honduras and recently immigrated to New Jersey for work. Their two children--18 and 16--remained in Honduras in order to finish schooling. According to the Dreby 2006 article, we would predict that Paula provides their children with more ____________ support while Pedro provides their children with more _______________.

emotional; financial

In a start up tech company, all of the current programmers are women. Managers believe that women are best suited for the job due to their "natural" emphatic abilities that help them anticipate how users will use the program. In their mind, programming is a feminine job. Xavier, a transgender man, is applying to work as a programmer with the company. Based on the ________________ -- a theory that employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine jobs, slotting applicants into gender-consistent roles during hiring -- we would predict that Xavier is ____________ to get the job than Colleen, an equally qualified cisgender woman.

employer selection hypothesis; less likely

Caregivers of Black boys may socialize their child to perform acts of deference to authorities -- acts that might be seen as "sissy" or "wimpy" if done by white boys -- in order to manage racist notions of Black boys as aggressive or dangerous. In lecture, we referred to these behaviors as:

enacting docility

In the Harvard Business Review's article, "Why Tech's Approach to Fixing Its Gender Inequality Isn't Working," sociologist Alison Wynn summarizes her research. Wynn states, "Unconscious bias trainings and mentorship programs can certainly help employees identify areas of bias and work toward changing them. But organizations shouldn't stop there." Wynn recommends additional ways for organizations to reduce gender inequality. These recommendations include all of the following EXCEPT:

encourage women employees to reimagine corporations

Leland is a freshman in college and member of the baseball team. In his first semester, he attends parties with older members of the team. At these parties, other students treat him with admiration and he has ended up hooking up with two different people by Halloween. He shares stories about these parties and hookups when he goes to the dining hall with people from his dorm. Based on these behaviors, Sociologist Lisa Wade would most likely categorize Leland as a(n) ______________.

enthusiast

Rita is a 46-year-old woman living in southern Wisconsin. When she travel to Spain one summer, she met another traveler from Egypt, Azizi. Rita and Azizi have been in a long distance relationship for the past year. Rita would like Azizi to move to the United States so that they can be together. Rita and Azizi's relationship may be considered an example of a(n) ________________: an erotic intersection that is heavily patrolled, policed, and protected, yet regularly penetrated by individuals forging sexual links with ethnic "others."

ethosexual frontier

According to Crenshaw's original definition, intersectionality refers to:

experiences that may result from multiple forms of structural and systematic oppression

Fernando (62-years-old) and Francisco (26-years-old) migrated to the U.S. from Mexico in the past year. Each currently has two children. Fernando's two adult children live in the United States and now have their own children; his wife and siblings live in Mexico. Francisco's 3-year-old lives in Mexico with his mother and his infant also lives in the United States. Based on Kristina's guest lecture, Fernando is more likely to experience which of the following than Francisco?

feeling that he has to "choose sides" between family on other side of the border

In lecture we discussed the the gender rule for doing masculinity is to avoid femininity. On the other hand, the gender rule for doing femininity in contemporary U.S. society is to do both masculinity and femininity. The requirement, however, is that women balance masculine interests, traits, and activities with conventional femininity. This requirement is known as:

feminine apologetic

Lindsay is a professional athlete. When she appears on a nighttime television show, the host asks about her boyfriend and if they plan on having children. The host also shows a picture of Lindsay in a bathing suit for Sports Illustrated. Framing women athletes in terms of their attractiveness to men and care giving to children aligns strong independent athletic women with the requirement that women balance masculine interests, traits, and activities with conventional femininity. This requirement is known as:

feminine apologetic

Sociologist Lisa Wade argues that hookup culture contributes to gendered power dynamics. For example, hookup culture codes caring committed monogamous sex as feminine and non-monogamous sex as masculine. Since today's girls and women are socialized to exhibit both masculine and feminine traits to be respected, college women may opt into hookup culture - the "masculine" type of sex - in order to have respect. This requirement that women balance feminine and masculine traits is known as ______________.

feminine apologetic

Niall is a medical resident at UW hospital. Looking back on his medical school training, Niall reported receiving _________________ related to LGBTQ+ health. Niall's training was the same as the average training dedicated to LGBT- related issues in medical school according to a 2011 report by the national Institute of Medicine.

five hours of content

Robert is a 52-year-old man living in northern Wisconsin. He joins an online website to connect with single women in the Ukraine. He meets Alina, who is 26-years-old. After 3 months of writing each other, Robert would like Alina to immigrate to the United States. Rita is a 46-year-old woman living in southern Wisconsin. When she travel to Spain one summer, she met another traveler from Egypt, Azizi. Rita and Azizi have been in a long distance relationship for the past year. Rita would like Azizi to move to the United States so that they can be together. According to Gina Longo's research, Rita is much more likely than Robert to be perceived as all of the following, EXCEPT:

fulfilling relationship norms

According to the Census Bureau, ______________ is the single largest contributor to the gender wage gap.

gender composition of the occupation

Pedro was assigned male at birth and was raised as a boy. Internally, Pedro identifies as feminine and experiences discomfort when people assume that Pedro is a boy, when people give Pedro stereotypical boy clothing, and when Pedro's voice became deeper in puberty. Pedro's discomfort in the relationship between their assigned sex and their gender identity is known as:

gender dysphoria

Teddy identifies as a non-binary trans feminine person. Teddy experiences emotional distress because their gender identity doesn't match the sex that they were assigned at birth. Teddy often feels uncomfortable about parts of their body, depressed, and stressed as a result. Teddy is likely experiencing:

gender dysphoria

Dwayne enjoys hunting, reading sports magazines, and spending time with friends at the gym. Dwayne often wears work boots and loose-fitting clothing. Dwayne's hair is buzzed to be short at all times. These descriptions make up Dwayne's:

gender expression

According to Zell's research on observed sex differences, males and females show show "very large" differences in these traits:

gender identity and sexual attractions

Tan is a member of a men's cricket team. Many of Tan's teammates love sports, but do not express older notions of toxic masculinity in sports. In other words, his teammates are supportive of women's sports and do not tolerate homophobic or racist language. They are largely a team of players with hybrid masculinity. As such, Tan feels supported as an openly gay man of color on the team. However, the team is most focused on being winners rather than losers. Because of this focus, the team contributes to a system of ideas, expectations, and behaviors that create and maintain unequal power relations. This system is know as ___________________.

gender order

Sasha meets her friends at the lake to go swimming. Shortly after arriving, a group of strangers walks by and Sasha hears one say "gorilla" and point at her legs, which she chooses not to shave. This person's comment brings attention to Sasha breaking a gender rule (that women should shave their legs) and seeks to make Sasha conform to that gender rule. These types of comments and behaviors are known as:

gender policing

Britt was raised on a dairy farm in rural Wisconsin. She knows how to milk cows and drive a tractor. When on the farm, she wears work boots and a baseball cap. While Britt occasionally wears dresses for formal events, she general sees herself an enacting "Tough Gal." In other words, Britt has found a way of doing gender that works for her as a unique individual, shaped by other parts of her identity and material realities of her world - such as living on a farm. We would refer to "Tough Gal" as Britt's:

gender strategy

Celebrities like Serena Williams, Beyonce, and Lizzo have pushed back against racist and sexist views of Black women by enacting a __________________ of Black is Beauty.

gender strategy

Global gender variation such as Two-Spirit, muxe, hijra, and bacha posh people demonstrate all of the following, EXCEPT:

gender variation is a new identity emerging largely in the United States

Whereas employed men use public transportation to commute to and from work, women use public transportation to drop of children at school, pick up groceries, attend doctors appoints, and to commute to work. Vienna, Austria used this data to design their transportation system to reflect how men and women—and different kinds of men and women—use public transportation. Vienna created zoning laws to limit the distance between homes, schools, and health clinics, and provided more buses during the day beyond peak commuting hours. This type of consideration in politics is known as:

gender-aware policymaking

In 1990s Chile, criminal lawyers passed reforms through an oppositional government by positioning themselves as modern and technologically rational, relying on international networks, using "hard" numbers, and claiming that they practiced "real" law. Together, they used their ______________: sets of competences and claims organized around perceived gender differences and mobilized through gender networks.

gendered expertise

Based on research of high school peer groups, Pascoe argued that students use "fag" to police masculinity rather than sexuality. In other words, students did not use the slur to refer to bisexual and queer girls, but to police "unmasculine" behaviors by boys. Pascoe concludes that the slur is an example of:

gendered homophobia

In the Death, Sex, & Money podcast episode "I wanted to be a good girl" Andrea's sex education emphasized abstinence. According to those educational materials, girls who remained virgins were good girls and those who engaged in sexual activity were bad girls. In addition to this good girl/bad girl dichotomy, Andrea also described how the sex education program put responsibility on girls to not give boys "impure" thoughts. The conception that boys are driven by sex whereas girls are driven by love is known as:

gendered love/sex binary

Olga moves to a new city and is using Tinder to meet new people and go on dates. She sets her preferences to any gender. As Olga is swiping on potential dates, she realizes that she tends to think that the people who identify as men will be motivated to meet her for sex whereas people who identify as women will be motivated by love. This projection of the gender binary onto the idea of love and sex, such that men are motivated by sex and women by love, is known as:

gendered love/sex binary

Keith works as a flight attendant. After only one year, he is promoted to serve first class passengers. He earns more money in this role. Several of co-workers who are women have been in the occupation for 3-5 years, but have yet to be promoted. The invisible ride to the top (promotions and higher earnings) offered to men in female dominated industries is known as:

glass escalator

Marissa is promoted to become the CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Before Marissa took over, the company's stocks had been declining, there had recently been a worker strike over labor practices, and several members of the board had resigned. Marissa works hard as CEO; she invests into more products in order to raise stock prices, negotiates with workers to improve their work conditions, and recruits board members who align with her vision for the company. Though there have been improvements, the company continues to struggle and shareholders force Marissa to resign after 3 years. The men who served as CEO before her usually served 6 to 10 years in the position. Marissa appears to have encountered a ______________: a situation in which women who do break through the glass ceiling often confront a high risk of failing, compared with similar men.

glass gliff

Madison and Morgan are twins. While Madison has been dating the same person for the past year, Morgan goes on a new date almost every other week; Morgan often is dating multiple people at once. They attend a family reunion and their aunt asks about their dating lives. Based on what she hears, the aunt asks Madison but not Morgan to watch her children the following weekend. While the aunt respects Madison and believes that she is a stable good model for her young children, she worries that Morgan will be a bad influence. The aunt's decision reflects ___________________: the idea that women who behave themselves sexually are worthy of respect and women who do not, are not worthy of respect.

good girl/bad girl dichotomy

Omar runs into Heidi, a classmate from discussion section, at a party at his fraternity. Omar has been impressed by Heidi in discussion; she makes interesting connections between the course and real life, and provides really helpful feedback on peer presentations. At the party, they have a lively conversation and end up hooking up. Like half of first time hookups, they exclusively kiss. In their next discussion section, Omar -- like 1/3 of other men -- realizes that he now respects Heidi less: he does not trust her judgement if she's the kind of person who kisses someone who she isn't dating. Omar's change in opinion about Heidi after hooking up -- placing her into a stigmatized category of women -- is in an example of which course concept?

good girl/bad girl dichotomy

On the sitcom Parks and Recreation, the character of Leslie Knope serves as the Deputy Director of the Parks and Recreation Department of the fictional city of Pawnee, Indiana. Leslie was civically engaged in high school, serving as the co-vice president of the student body, and succeeded academically. She is cheerful and hard-working. Though not always successful, she has good intentions, going above and beyond for the town's residents. She is unmarried and does not have children for the first five seasons of the show. Based on the common gender stereotypes in media that we discussed in lecture, Leslie fits mostly into which stereotype?

good woman

States are institutions entrusted with the power to regulate everyday life on behalf of a group. A state's main function is governance: to make decisions for the nation, enforcing laws of the land, and (if a democracy) ensuring the state's accountability to its citizens. In lecture we discussed how the gender of a country's residents shapes the way they are regulated, known as:

governance of gender

Kaia grew up on her grandfather's dairy farm and now owns her own farm. She proudly claims the title of farmer. In doing so, Keller (2014) would argue that Kaia has established an alternative rural femininity (of the "self-identified farmer") that resists gender exclusion around who is a farmer and resists the _______________________ of the farmer wife.

hegemonic rural femininity

John identifies as a cisgender heterosexual man. He strongly advocates for his friends to go to therapy, takes Women & Gender Studies courses, and conducts trainings on how fraternities can better prevent sexual assault. John performs a version of masculinity that incorporates symbols, performances, and identities that society associates with women. This type of masculinity is known as:

hybrid masculinity

Paula and Pedro grew up in Honduras and recently immigrated to New Jersey for work. Their two children--18 and 16--remained in Honduras in order to finish schooling. Despite living in another country, Paula remains heavily involved in her children's lives by calling frequently, sending gifts, and counseling them about their emotional problems. However, Paula still feels guilt because she is unable to physically be with her children. The idea that mothers should be primary caregivers, child rearing should involve copious amounts of time, energy, and resources, and that providing for children takes priority over all other interests, desires, and demands is known as:

intensive motherhood

Jason Orne defines sexual racism as a system of racial oppressions, shaping an individual's partner choices to privilege whites and harm people of color. Ricky uses Grindr, a dating app, to meet other men to date. On his profile, Ricky states "Must be STI free, fit, and not Asian." In addition to excluding people based on medical diagnosis and body type, Ricky also excludes based on race which is an example of ________________ sexual racism.

interactional

Smith's article introduces the concept of neo-capital punishment ideology, defined as indocile acts displayed by Black women and girls which result in neither institutionally sanctioned or legally justified discipline. This concept includes the follow tenants, EXCEPT:

internalization

In the mid 19th century, Chinese men immigrated to U.S. to build railroads. At this time, white society viewed Chinese men as sexual predators, in part because these men worked in manual labor, coded as a masculine occupation. Additionally, Chinese men lacked access to romance because the railroads did not allow laborers to immigrate with their wives, laws banned single Chinese women from immigrating, and anti-miscegenation laws prevented ____________________.

interracial marriage

In her Ted Talk, Crenshaw discussed experiences that Black women may face that are unique compared to those of Black man and to white women. These experiences may result from Black women facing both racism and sexism. The term used to describe analyzing multiple systems of oppression rather than isolated social identities is:

intersectionality

In lecture, Jaclyn discussed reasons to focus on surgery when discussing transgender health care. Jaclyn's justifications included all of the following, EXCEPT:

it is your right to know about someones surgeries

Lila is a queer sustainable vegetable farmer in a rural community where most other farmers grow soy and corn conventionally. Lila acknowledges that her farming practices are different than her neighbors'; nevertheless, Lila values these farmers for their experiences in farming. Lila believes her success as a new farmer is dependent on these connections to farming neighbors, even if they have different practices. Jaclyn refers to the ability of different people to come together over their shared dedication to rural agrarianism as ________________.

land allyship

Research demonstrates caregivers are more likely to speak to baby girls and more likely to physically handle baby boys. As a result, girls on average may develop language skills quicker than boys, and boys may develop motor skills quicker than girls. Which phenomenon might explain these different rates of development?

learned difference

Keith works as a flight attendant. As a man in a feminized industry, he likely earns _________ other men in masculine industries and __________ women flight attendants.

less than; more than

In comparison to other animals, humans demonstrate _____________ levels of sexual dimorphism.

low

According to The New York Times, scholars find that, "men's earnings increased more than 6 percent when they had children (if they lived with them), while women's decreased 4 percent for each child they had." Findings on this fatherhood premium(a wage increase that accrues to married men who become fathers) and the motherhood penalty (a loss in wages associated with becoming a mother) are intersectional. The article states that _____________ women lost about 6 percent in wages per child and that fatherhood premiums were largest for white and Latino men who were highly educated and in __________________ jobs.

low-income; professional

In lecture, Winnie discussed the common gender stereotype in media of women as sex objects. Winnie used an example from a sitcom to demonstrate this concept. In the sitcom, the lead character--a man--had a crush on a woman who is largely depicted as silently eating chocolate. The camera focuses on her mouth as she eats. In this show, audiences may identify with the active protagonist (a man) and his desire for the passive object (a woman). This dynamic is known as _____________.

male gaze

Lindsay is a professional athlete. When she appears on a nighttime television show, the host asks about her boyfriend and if they plan on having children. The host also shows a picture of Lindsay in a bathing suit for Sports Illustrated. Framing women athletes in terms of their attractiveness to men and care giving to children may be due to the threat men feel because of changes in society, gender issues, and relationships with women, especially women's independence. This threat is known as:

masculinity threat

Popular depictions of queer people - both in the media and within academic publications - often focus on queer people in urban areas. As referenced in lecture and in the podcast episode on queer farmers, these depictions can contribute to ________________: societal norms that understand urban life and experiences as the standard to queer people, which can contribute to minimizing or erasing the experiences of rural queers.

metronormativity

Di lives in a society in which she has the right to vote, can own property, and is legally entitled to equal treatment to men. However, the society conflates men and masculinity with power, and this is a central way of life. For example, men speak more in top movies than women, even when the main characters in the film are women. Men are also seen as the unmarked category; for example, men's sports do not require a gender prefix (NBA) but women's do (WNBA). This society would be categorized as a:

modified patriarchy

According to Devah Pager's research on how race and criminality impact men's job prospects, white men overall received ____________ interview callbacks than Black men. White men ____________ a criminal record even received __________ interview callbacks than Black men without a criminal record.

more; with; more

In lecture, we discussed federal and state policy regarding sex education. Which of the following is true regarding sex education policy in the United States?

most states have guidance on how and when sex education should be taught, but decisions are often left up to individual school districts

Skyler is a transgender man who is attempting to qualify for the U.S. Olympic team in diving in the men's division. In order to compete, Skyler must:

none of these options: Remain within designated testosterone levels or risk a 12 month suspension Undergo a blood test Remain within designated testosterone levels for at least 12 months prior to competiting Reduce testosterone levels

In lecture, we discussed the outcomes associated with gender stereotypes in media. Winnie used the example of the song, "Blurred Lines" to demonstrate one of these outcome. The lyrics state: "I hate these blurred linesI know you want itI hate them linesI know you want itI hate them linesI know you want itBut you're a good girlThe way you grab meMust wanna get nastyGo ahead, get at me" Lyrics such as these most closely links to which of the effects associated with gender stereotypes in media:

normalizing rape culture

Rafael would like to socialize his son to embody hybrid masculinity. Rafael leads by example, acting in ways associated with hybrid masculinity in front of his son. For example, Rafael openly cries when he is sad, discusses his support for transgender people in the military, and bakes cupcakes for his son's school's fundraiser. In lecture, we discussed four aspects to socialization: an agent, a learning process, a target, and an outcome. In the case of Rafael and his son, the learning process would be referred to as:

observation

It's 1966 and Kaya is competing in the 400m in the women's division at the Olympics. Kaya wins her heat and humors start among other athletes about whether or not she is "female." The IOC decides to sex test Kaya. At this time, how would the IOC have determined if Kaya was eligible?

panel of doctors examining genital

Billie is successful tennis player. Despite her numerous championships, Billie has few sponsorship opportunities compared to less successful tennis players. Brands tell Billie that they are not willing to work with her because she appears in public with her wife, has short hair, and advocates for equal pay for women. Billie is doing her gender in a way that, by virtue of directly challenging male dominance, are widely and aggressively policed. This gender strategy is known as:

pariah femininity

Morgan Matthews' article on gender in U.S. politics calls for researchers to use an intersectional perspective. In other words, Morgan advocates that researchers examine gender, race, and ____________ in politics.

partisanship

In lecture we talked about three ways that people may perform femininity that accepts or even legitimates some of the costs of patriarchy in exchange for receiving some of its rewards. For example, someone may perform emphasized femininity (an exaggerated form of conventional femininity "oriented to accommodating the interests and desires of men"), emphatic sameness (being "just one of the guys") or gender evocation (using masculinity and femininity strategically when either is useful and culturally expected). Broadly, the deal to accept patriarchal costs in order to receive some of it awards is known as:

patriarchal bargain

Visual-spatial abilities like mental rotation have been linked to testosterone levels: very high or very low levels of testosterone are correlated with poor visual-spatial abilities. On average, males perform better than females on visual-spatial tests. Experimental research demonstrated that females were able to improve scores and essentially close the sex gap in visual-spatial performance by:

playing Tetris for a semester

In lecture we discussed if symbolic representation (women's presence in government) translates into substantive representation (policies important and helpful to women)? In which of the following areas are women representatives LEAST likely to impact policies?

policies about partisan debates, such as the economy, abortion, and religion

Mike is conducting research on college freshmen's math abilities. In the first round, Mike asks participants to report their gender before taking the test. He finds that the men, on average, score better than the women. In the second round, Mike does not ask participants to report their gender. This time, Mike finds that men and women scored about the same. What might have contributed to the difference in women's scores from the first to the second round?

priming

Kurt identifies as a white cisgender man. In general, Kurt is trusted in interactions with law enforcement, can go to a party without being sexual harassed, receives warm reception from prospective employers, and easily sees people like him in television shows. Based on Kurt's location in a social hierarchy, Kurt receives these unearned social and economic advantages. These advantages are known as ____________________.

privilege

Robert is a 52-year-old man living in northern Wisconsin. He joins an online website to connect with single women in the Ukraine. He meets Alina, who is 26-years-old. After 3 months of writing each other, Robert would like Alina to immigrate to the United States. Rita is a 46-year-old woman living in southern Wisconsin. When she travel to Spain one summer, she met another traveler from Egypt, Azizi. Rita and Azizi have been in a long distance relationship for the past year. Rita would like Azizi to move to the United States so that they can be together. According to Gina Longo's research, Robert will be able to exert more sexual privilege than Rita as they both attempt to bring partners to the country. With sexual privilege, Robert has more ability to:

protect the U.S. border

Robert is a 52-year-old man living in northern Wisconsin. He joins an online website to connect with single women in the Ukraine. He meets Alina, who is 26-years-old. After 3 months of writing each other, Robert would like Alina to immigrate to the United States. Robert joins an online forum of other men dating women from the Ukraine in order to learn how to best petition to the US government to allow Alina to immigrate. Robert posts to the forum, sharing that he is twice Alina's age and that they have been dating for 3 months. Based on Gina Longo's research, what types of responses would you expect from forum members to Robert?

reassurances

UW-Madison Professor Monica White published an article in 2011 about Black women farmers in Detroit. In the article, White argues that the D-Town farm is way for the women to do _______________ and create ___________________.

resistance; a safe space

In lecture, we discussed different norms for middle school girls and boys around attraction and romance. Whereas girl peer groups socialized each other to always be in love, boy peer groups socialized each other to repress __________ and embrace ____________.

romantic feelings; girls as sex objects

When university students were exclusively or mostly men, fraternity brothers sought sex from sex workers, lower income women, or enslaved women. How did the widespread admission of women to universities shift fraternity culture?

sex became a competition among fraternity brother as a way to gain respect and admiration

Kai was assigned male at birth and identifies as genderqueer. Assigned male at birth refers to Kai's _________ whereas we would refer to a genderqueer identity as ___________.

sex; gender identity

Policies may address different kinds of gender inequalities. A policy to prevent gender-based discrimination in the workplace addresses ________ and is known as the ____________ model.

sexism; equal access

Music videos from the late 1990s and early 2000s often featured women in minimal clothing and moving their bodies in sexually suggestive ways. The reduction of a woman's body to its parts or functions, including the misrepresentation that those parts or functions are capable of representing women as a whole, is known as ___________________. This is a common gender stereotype in media.

sexual objectification

Simon and Sammy have a young child. They refer to their child using they/them pronouns. They talk to their child about body parts, but do not use external genitalia to determine the color of clothes that the child wears nor the toys that they give to the child. When the child gets older, they receive messages from television and peers about gender expectations. Though this child was initially raised in a gender-neutral way, they also will be learning and relearning gender expectations and how to negotiate them as a life long process. This process of learning gender is known as:

socialization

Dante grew up in a family in which his two older brothers served in the marines, his father was a police officer, and his grandfather served in the navy during WWII. Dante owned military action figures, played war video games, and chased friends in games of "cops and robbers." When he entered high school, he took classes in history to better understand the causes of war. Upon graduation, he signed up for the army reserves and began studying to enter the police academy. The ________________ would suggest that Dante responded to gender stereotypes when planning, training, and applying for jobs.

socialization hypothesis

According to the New York Times article "Huge Racial Disparities Found in Deaths Linked to Pregnancy" (covered in section), 60% of pregnancy-related deaths could be prevented with better health care as well as better communication and support in that health care. The article also mentions two solutions not directly related to health care: ___________ and __________. These factors demonstrate that disparities in one realm (health) are often tied to different areas due to underlying power structures such as patriarchy and racism.

stable housing and transportation

The Explained episode "The Female Orgasm" provided statistics on orgasm rates. For example, 16-21% of American and French women report never or rarely experiencing orgasm. The episode also provides the percent of straight men, straight women, and queer women who report regularly experiencing orgasm in sex. Of those three groups, rank them from the lowest to the highest percent of regular orgasm:

straight women; queer women; straight men

Jason Orne defines sexual racism as a system of racial oppressions, shaping an individual's partner choices to privilege whites and harm people of color. Raquel enters a dance party and hopes to meet someone to date. She counts the number of white people and the number of people of color. Raquel counts four times as many white people, and realizes that there is a lower likelihood of her meeting person of color in this space to date. Raquel determines that this space embodies _____________ sexual racism.

structural

Women make up 90% of nurses, 91% of receptionists, and 95% dental hygienists. Women in these jobs directly support higher status bosses who are often men: doctors, CEOs, and dentists. These roles are so pervasive that people often see it as normal to have women in positions that make them subservient to or dependent on men. This type of inequality is known as:

subordination

Policies may address different kinds of gender inequalities. A policy to provide paid parental leave to fathers and mothers, stipulating that fathers take their leave or the family loses that time, addresses ________ and is known as the ____________ model.

subordination; equal sharing

In lecture we talked about the criteria for the Bechdel Test: 1. the film has at least two named women in it 2. who talk to each other 3. about something other than a man 55% of the movies in their 4000 film database meet all 3 of these criteria. In combination with findings that male characters speak more in films, some scholars have argued that women are absent or underrepresented in the media and this works to maintain social inequality. This absence or underrepresentation of a group of people in the media is known as:

symbolic annihilation

In lecture, we watched Luke Bryan's music video, "Here's to the Farmer." This video, like others in the genre, largely depicts whiteness and masculinity as the norm for American agriculture. These depictions may be a form of _____________________ by underrepresenting women, queers, and people of color in agriculture, which may serve to maintain social inequality in farming.

symbolic annihilation

Paula and Pedro grew up in Honduras and recently immigrated to New Jersey for work. Their two children--18 and 16--remained in Honduras in order to finish schooling. According to the Dreby 2006 article, we would predict that Paula and Pedro behave in similar ways when parenting their children, EXCEPT:

the importance of emotionally supporting their children

Brayden is a senior in a Wisconsin public high school. Brayden's district provides a sexual education program (although it is not mandated by the state). Based on the state's mandates, Brayden has most likely received information about which of the following topics?

the importance of sex only within marriage

In lecture and section, we discussed maternal mortality in the United States. All of the following trends are true regarding maternal mortality, EXCEPT:

the rate of maternal mortality decreased between 1987 and 2014

Professor Jenny Higgins in UW-Madison GWS conducts research related to sexual health. Higgins' article mentions trends in women's use of birth control in the United States. These trends include all of the following EXCEPT:

there is no relationship between women's sexual experience with a birth control method and how long she uses that method

Robert is a 52-year-old man living in northern Wisconsin. He joins an online website to connect with single women in the Ukraine. He meets Alina, who is 26-years-old. After 3 months of writing each other, Robert would like Alina to immigrate to the United States. Robert joins an online forum of other men dating women from the Ukraine in order to learn how to best petition to the US government to allow Alina to immigrate. Based on Gina Longo's research, men on the forum describe women from the Ukraine in all of the following ways, EXCEPT:

threats to the men

Max was assigned female at birth and identities as a man. People often used derogatory or outdated words to refer to Max's gender. Which of the following is the most appropriate umbrella term for Max's gender?

transgender

According to Nona's lecture on the Sociology of Sexual Assault, ___________ experience the highest rates of sexual assault.

transgender people

According to Chris Barcelos' research, online campaigns to raise funds for gender affirming surgery are typically posted by white trans masculine people. Barcelos states, "social and racial privilege may influence a person to feel entitled to crowdfund the money for their transition." Additionally, trans feminine people who attempt to crowdfund may raise a lower percentage of their fundraising goal as a result of ________________: a particular form of hate and discrimination directed toward trans women that privileges masculinity and denigrates trans femininity.

transmisogyny

Paula grew up in Honduras and recently immigrated to New Jersey for work. Paula's two children--18 and 16--remained in Honduras in order to finish schooling. Situations like Paula's in which a mother migrates to a new country and the children remain in the home country is referred to as:

transnational motherhood

If I asked you if you were going to the hockey game, you would likely assume that I meant men's hockey unless I specifically said women's hockey. Likewise, the NBA (National Basketball Association) refers to men's basketball while women's professional basketball has a gender qualification: WNBA (Women's National Basketball Association). "Men's" is assumed for the sport of hockey and basketball without qualification. A social category that is assumed for a role or context with qualification is known as:

unmarked category

In the childhood socialization panel, Ruby argued that the lack of representation of Black women with natural hair in the media stems white supremacy. She mentioned that she's familiar with hair products, like Garnier, for other textures of hair, but many people are unfamiliar with products, like Shea Butter, that she might use in her hair. In addition, Garnier can be found in any store, but Ruby has to visit the "ethnic" aisle or a specialized store to buy products for her hair. Ruby also mentioned that she has to say "natural hair" to denote her hair, rather than just hair. In these situations, textures of hair and hair products associated largely with white people is assumed as the standard for hair without qualification. As such we would refer to white as the ___________ for hair.

unmarked category

The Explained episode "The Female Orgasm" describes societal factors that may contribute to people with vaginas struggling to experience orgasm. These factors include all of the following EXCEPT:

western sociosexual scripts that emphasize clitoral stimulation as an important aspect of pleasure

In lecture, we watched Luke Bryan's music video, "Here's to the Farmer." The music video MOST captures which of the following demographics in its representation of American farmers:

white people as the majority of farm owners

The Puritans of the United States restricted sex to intercourse within heterosexual marriages for the purpose of reproduction. In addition to notions of sex, Puritans had strong notions about gender. Which is the following most accurately describes Purtians' beliefs about women:

women were weak with less control over their sexual desires than men

According to sociologists, gender is:

a social construct

In lecture, we discussed four main agents of socialization. These agents included all of the following EXCEPT:

religion

According to Sociologist Lisa Wade, Black women, Latinx men and women, and Asian men and women are less likely to engage in hookup culture than their white peers. Wade provides several explanations for why this might be the case. These explanations include all of the following EXCEPT:

Students are not interested in sexual and romantic connection

Teddy identifies as a non-binary trans feminine person. Teddy lives in Wisconsin. If Teddy is like other transgender people in Wisconsin, what would we predict about Teddy's experiences obtaining and receiving health care:

Teddy is more likely to receive poor quality of care and receive unfair treatment

Looking at the history of suffrage in the United States, white women in the United States gained suffrage at the same time as:

black women

In lecture and in "Ain't No Amoeba," we argued that girls' lower math scores than boys' is most likely related to:

both practice and opportunity

In lecture, we discussed the formation of fraternities in the U.S., born out elite students' protests, expulsions, and then coming together at one university. In the early days of fraternities, members embraced which of the following values:

exclusion

Growing up, Jane was taught that there are only two types of people: male-bodied people who are masculine and female-bodied people who are feminine. This idea is known as:

the gender binary