Sociology Test 2

organized, illegal goods

_____ crime refers to activities of individuals and groups that supply _______ and services for profit. (drug distribution, loan-sharking)

white-collar

_____ crime refers to illegal activities committed by high-status people in the course of their occupations. (stealing an employer's or client's money, illegal stock manipulation)

cyber

_____ crime, also called computer crime, refers to illegal activities that are conducted online. (defrauding consumers with bogus financial investments, embezzling, being paid to recommend stock in line chat rooms)

victimless

_____ crimes are acts to violate laws but those involved don't consider themselves _____.

corporate, executives

_____ crimes, also known as organizational crimes, are illegal acts committed by _____ to benefit themselves and their companies.

informal

_____ deviance is behavior that disregards accepted social norms. (picking nose)

formal

_____ deviance is behavior that violates laws. (crime)

Status, ranked, occupational, family, community

_____ is a collection of of social statuses that an individual occupies. Statuses can be _____. A status can include _____ as well as _____ or _____ positions.

ascribed status

_____ is a position into which we are born. (cannot control or change)

achieved status

_____ is a position we have through choice, effort, and our own actions and behavior.

master status

_____ is a status that determines a person's identity. (Bill Gates- because he is a multibillionaire he is considered to have a positive master status in the U.S.)

a role performance

_____ is the actual behavior of a person who occupies a status.

a role, status

_____ is the behavior expected of a person in a particular _____.

social interaction, act toward, people around us

_____ is the process by which we ________ and react to _____.

deviance

_____ is the violation of social norms.

crime, deviance

_____ is the violation of society's formal laws. Crime is an important category of _____.

functional

deviance is ______ because 1) affirms cultural _____ and _____ values 2) provides temporary ______ valves 3) creates social _____ 4) _____ the economy 5) triggers _________ change

dysfunctional

deviance is ________ because 1) creates ______ and ______ 2)______ trust 3) decreases _____ in institutions 4) _________

social stigmas

deviance is accompanied by _____ _____.

rehabilitation

. The third approach to social control, __________is a view that appropriate treatment can change offenders into productive, law-abiding citizens. Advocates argue that public assistance, educational opportunities, job training, and crisis intervention programs can reduce recidivism.

crime control model

These who adhere to the _____________________ believe that crimes rates increase when offenders don't fear apprehension or punishment

relational, complementary

Statuses are always _____ or _____, because they are connected to other statuses.

labeling theory

_____ _____ holds that society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant. (teenagers who misbehave are tagged as delinquents)

impression management

_____ a process of suppressing unfavorable traits and stressing favorable one. (on stage the formal role is played, offstage role is relaxed and informal)

dramaturgical, stage

_____ analysis examines social interaction as if it were a _____ where people play different roles and act out scenes for the "audiences" with whom they interact. (Erving Goffman)

interaction, emotional labor

_____ and _____ are important in gender-based social interaction.

interaction, power, feminist scholars

_____ and _____ are keys to understanding dominant-subordinate relationships according to __________.

ideal types, composite pictures

_____ are general elements that describe a social phenomenon rather than every case. Ideal types are _____ _____ of how social phenomena differ rather than specific descriptions of reality.

sanctions

_____ are punishment or rewards for obeying or violating a norm. Positive sanctions are rewards for good behavior and negative sanctions are punishments for disobeying a norm.

dysfunctions

_____ are the detrimental consequences of behavior, but what is dysfunctional for one group or individual may be functional for another. (gangs are functional because they provide members with a sense of belonging, identify, and protection BUT are also dysfunctional because they commit violent and property crimes)

deviance, crime

_____ becomes _____ when it violates the rules that have been written into law and enforced by a political authority.

gender-based touching

_____ can lead to assumption about intentions. (a female teacher touching a student's shoulder may lead to the view that she is nurturing and friendly, while a male teacher's touch may be views as a come-on.)

touching, feelings, positive, negative

_____ communicates _____ towards another person. touching can send _____ and _____ messages about our feelings and our attitudes about people. (varies from culture to culture aka cross-cultural variations) e.g., handshaking is not typical for most Chinese/Asian groups/ George W. Bush holding hands with Saudi prince Abdullah

nonverbal

_____ communication is messages sent without using words. (language of behavior)

hate, race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, disability

_____ crime is a criminal act motivated by the offender's bias regarding _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, or _____.

status inconsistency, social positions

_____ refers to occupying _____ that create conflict because they are ranked differently. (e.g., a computer scientist who is a bartender or a skilled welder who stocks shelves at Walmart)

Social control, reduce

_____ refers to the techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society. the purpose is to ________ deviance.

ethnomethodology, construct, learn, interaction

_____ studies how people _____ and _____ to share definitions of reality in everyday life that make _____ possible.

social exchange, maximize, minimize

_____ theory focuses on any social interaction between _____ people, and is based on each person's trying to _____ rewards and _____ punishments.

stigma

______ is a negative label that devalues a person and changes his or her self concept and social identity.

anomie

_______ is the condition in which people are unsure how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms.

strain, deviant

_______ theory posits that many people engage in ______ behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain the goals.

women scholars

___________ focus on women as victims of crime and their omission from criminological perspectives. They focus on the role of patriarchy in women's victimization and the role of stereotypes of women in maintaining violence, abuse, and other crimes against women.

symbolic interaction, account, knowledge, ideas, beliefs, attitudes, interpret

___________ theories assume that the most significant feature of all human is that people take each other and context into _____. they examine how people communicate _____,_____, _____, and _____, and how they _____ situations in everyday life.

functionalism

________________ helps us understand how social structure produces deviance and crime. It also helps us understand social trends in deviance and crime such as the percentage of cheating on tests rising in the current period. Functionalism ignores the fact that society may have more than one goal and that financial goals are not the only goals in life. Another criticism is that the focus of the perspective is on low income-based crimes and not middle- and upper-class crimes.

open stratification system

__________________ is defined as a person's movement up or down the stratification hierarchy.

social stratification, property, prestige, power, status

______________________ is a hierarchical ranking of people who have different access to valued resources such as ________,_________, __________, and __________.

social group, identity, a sense of belonging, we-ness

a _____ consists of two or more people who interact with one another and who share a common ____, _____, or _____. (friends, family, work groups, religious congregations, clubs, sports teams)

primary group, intimate face to face

a _____ is a relatively small group of people who engage in _____ _____ interaction over an extended period of time.

secondary group

a _____ is usually a large, formal, impersonal, and temporary collection of people that pursue a specific goal or activity.

social construction

a key feature of symbolic interaction analysis is the ___________ of reality.

status, roles

each _____ is associated with one or more _____.

criminal justice system

government agencies that are charged with enforcing laws, judging offenders, and changing criminal behavior. (police, courts)

conversational analysis

interaction and gender roles can be understood through _____.

conflict, strain, multiple, role conflict,

role _____ and role _____ emerge when an individual occupies _____ roles. Playing many roles often leads to ____________, the frustration and uncertainties a person experiences when confronted with the requirements of _____ or ore statuses. (when college students school work and job cross each other)

define, rights, responsibilities

roles _____ how we are expected to _____ in a particular status, but people vary considerably in how they actually carry out the _____ and _____ associated with their roles.

central, how a person defines reality

social interaction is _____ to all human interaction, and is determined by ______________.

statuses roles groups organizations institutions

social structure is made up of _____(5)_____.

reducing, compromise, negotiation

suggestions for reducing role conflict and role strain include _____ role conflict through _____ and _____. (set priorities, compartmentalize roles, exit the roles) (President Nixon's famous role exit to avoid negative publicity)

nonverbal, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact.

visual cues are another form of _____ communication. this includes _____, _____, and _____.

occupy, play, role set

we _____ status, but _____ a role. Each person occupies a _____. (different roles are attached to a single status. e.g., a college student is a status, but roles of a college student would be going to class, reading, thinking, completing assignments, taking exams, and writing papers)