sociology test one

"Male" is to "female" as "androcentricity" is to __________.

"gynocentricity"

Michelle is a 32-year-old African American college graduate. Thinking sociologically, we might expect that she is most likely to marry a __________.

35-year-old African American man who is also a college graduate

__________ is an example of a high-income country.

Canada

Which of the following characteristics do middle- and low-income countries have in common?

In both types of countries, there is considerable social inequality, with some rich and many poor.

How can a degree in sociology benefit people working in criminal justice?

It can help them to devise and assess crime-prevention programs.

Which of the following statements is an example of sociological research shaping U.S. public policy?

Many states have passed laws that increase women's claims to marital property and enforce fathers' obligations to provide support for women raising their children.

E. Digby Baltzell studied the effects of __________ and __________ in shaping the different cultures of two U.S. cities.

Puritanism; Quakerism

__________ is a concept that refers to a pattern by which the positions athletes play on the field are linked to their race.

Stacking

What general conclusion did Emile Durkheim reach in his study of suicide?

The risk of suicide is shaped by social forces.

What is the key quality or characteristic of a sample that will provide good results in research?

The sample must be made up of people who represent the whole population.

A __________ is a concept whose value changes from case to case.

variable

Which of the following situations is an example of the research problem called "androcentricity"?

A sociologist creates a survey to measure average work hours but does not include "housewife" as an occupational choice.

What was the major finding of Joseph Ewoodzie's study of homeless people in Jackson, Mississippi?

Although there was often little choice about what to eat, and the quality of food was uneven at best, few homeless people went for a day without having any food.

The sociologist Lois Benjamin interviewed many successful African Americans and concluded from her research that black people still suffer from racism in the United States today. How did she know that racism still exists?

Benjamin's subjects said that they experienced racism and its effects in their lives.

How did Auguste Comte contribute to the study of society?

He applied the scientific approach to the study of society.

Which of the following was one result of the European enclosure movement?

People throughout a country sought out work in cities.

In the research described in your text, which researcher used deductive logical thought?

Philip Zimbardo

__________ refers to consistency in measurement.

Reliability

__________ is a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.

Science

What research problem often results from the technique called "snowball sampling"?

Snowball sampling rarely produces a sample that is representative of the population.

Using the sociological perspective, why do most people marry someone of similar race, social-class background, level of education, and degree of physical attractiveness?

Society guides our actions, thoughts, and feelings, generally narrowing our marital choices to people within our race, social class, education level, and degree of attractiveness.

The ___________ theoretical approach operates on the micro-level of analysis.

Symbolic-interaction

How did people view society during the early period that Auguste Comte called the "theological stage"?

They thought human society expressed God's will.

Which of the following statements about using a global perspective is correct?

What happens in the rest of the world affects us here in the United States.

In her study of how divorce affects people's income, sociologist Lenore Weitzman discovered that women who leave marriages typically experience __________.

a dramatic loss of income

Jamal works as a police officer. He has a "sociological advantage" from his study of sociology. That is, he understands __________.

a great deal about which categories of people are most at risk of engaging in crime

Which of the following traits characterizes low-income nations?

a low material standard of living so that most people are poor

Sasha wants to study how elderly people are affected by the loss of a spouse. She decides to collect data from people living in a local nursing home. She prepares a list of questions to ask of people willing to participate in the study. These questions include: "How do people's daily schedules change after losing a spouse?" and "Could you please describe your personal reaction to the loss of your spouse?" What would be the best research method for Sasha to use in gaining answers to these questions?

a survey using interviews

Which of the following is an example of a scientific truth?

a theory that is supported by empirical evidence

Which of the following correctly defines positivism?

a way of understanding that is based on science

Which of the following research methods provides the greatest opportunity to specify cause-and-effect relationships?

an experiment

A sociologist creates a questionnaire to measure average hours that people engage in work each week but omits "stay-at-home mother" as an occupational choice. This omission is an example of __________.

androcentricity

"Most poor people don't want to work," "Differences in the behavior of men and women are just human nature," and "Most people marry simply because they are in love" are examples of common sense statements that are __________.

assumed to be true by many North Americans but are actually false

Sociological investigation begins with two requirements: (1) Apply the sociological perspective, and (2) __________.

be curious and ask questions

Which of the following is an example of a latent function of social structure?

college's function as a "marriage broker," bringing together young people of similar social backgrounds

Family, economy, gender, and social class are all __________, or examples of mental constructs that represent some part of the world in a simplified form.

concepts

The text describes the "doing" of sociology as __________.

conducting research to learn about the social world

In addition to using the sociological perspective, sociological investigation starts with __________.

curiosity and questioning

Joyce is a clinical sociologist. She would most likely work to improve the lives of her troubled clients by focusing on __________.

difficulties in social relationships

A researcher describes opposite-sex couples as "man and wife," and characterizes the man as the "head of the household." Such statements are examples of the problem of __________.

double standards

Failing to consider gender in research is an error sociologists call __________.

gender blindness

Sociologists look for __________.

general patterns in the behavior of particular people

Taking a(n) __________ perspective involves studying the larger world and our society's place in it.

global

Joseph Ewoodzie used participant observation in his research about homelessness in Jackson, Mississippi, because __________.

he wanted to explore an important issue in an unfamiliar place, which would take time

Which of the following questions about professional sports would best be answered using the symbolic-interaction approach?

how different athletes on a team react to each other as the team wins or loses

A basic difference between clinical psychologists and clinical sociologists is that clinical sociologists focus on difficulties __________.

in the individual's social relationships

Because Claudia's interview subjects believed it was improper for an unmarried woman to speak privately with a man, men would not speak with her and therefore the information she gathered was skewed by her gender. This situation is an example of the error of __________.

interference

If asked, "Why do couples marry?" most people in the United States without a sociological perspective would answer, "Because of __________."

love

Which of the following factors is linked to the higher rate of suicide in the western part of the United States?

low population density

To determine the value of a variable in a specific case, a procedure called __________ is used.

measurement

Countries at which level of economic development have a world-average standard of living?

middle-income countries

If the measurements in your research are not reliable, then the research is __________.

not valid

A social-conflict analysis of "stacking" in professional baseball identified the largest share of African American players in the __________ position(s) on the baseball field.

outfield

A researcher plans to investigate students' responses to the new curriculum requirements. As he conducts his surveys, he approaches only male students. However, he publishes his findings implying that the whole campus embraces this view. This research error is an example of __________.

overgeneralizing

Which are the three major sociological research orientations?

positivist, interpretive, and critical

Scientists often repeat research, a processed called __________, to limit any possible distortion caused by the effect of one person's values on research results.

replication

One of the limitations of using participant observation in a research study is that __________.

replication of research is difficult

After selecting a topic for sociological research, the next step is __________.

researching what theories and methods other researchers have applied to your topic and what they have learned

Positivist research discovers facts through the use of __________.

science

The text presents an example of "truth," a story about planting seeds and placing a fish on top of the soil. This story expresses the type of truth that is based on __________.

simple agreement among ordinary people

Bohdan researches the harmful effects of globalization of the economy for workers in the United States. He is interested in the __________ of globalization; that is, the pattern that disrupts the operation of society.

social dysfunction

The social-conflict theoretical approach highlights __________.

social inequality

Kareem believes that U.S. families are socially very unequal. Growing up in a major city, he witnessed constant conflicts between people of different racial categories and especially between people of different social classes. Which of sociology's theoretical approaches does this description sound like?

social-conflict

Which theoretical approach in sociology would most likely lead to an analysis of sports that shows that the games people play reflect their social standing?

social-conflict approach

According to sociologist C. Wright Mills, __________ is the main cause of poverty and other social problems.

society

In the metaphor for the game of life used in your text, __________ deal(s) the cards and __________ play(s) the hands.

society; people

Sociology is based on a special point of view called the __________, which can be described as seeing general patterns in the lives of particular people.

sociological perspective

Consider a case in which two variables change together; change in the value of one is accompanied by change in the value of the other. However, the two variables have no cause-and-effect relationship. In such a case, the correlation between the two variables is said to be __________.

spurious

A sociologist following the __________ theoretical approach would be likely to ask the following questions: What are the major parts of society? How are these parts linked? What does each part do to help society work?

structural-functional

Taking a global perspective involves __________.

studying our society's place in the larger world

According to the guidelines set forth by the American Sociological Association, researchers must get the informed consent of participants. This requirement means that __________.

subjects must understand the responsibilities and risks involved in the study and agree to take part

If you were to study sports guided by the __________ theoretical approach, you would think about sports in terms of the meaning that people give to social behavior.

symbolic-interaction

Following which theoretical approach would we understand sports not as a societal system but as an ongoing process of face-to-face interaction?

symbolic-interaction approach

A social-conflict analysis of sports points out __________.

that the games people play reflect their social standing

What do sociologists refer to as "public policy"?

the laws and regulations that guide how people in communities live and wor

Which of the following questions cannot be answered using a scientific approach to truth?

the meaning of life

Which of the following lists of historical events and trends correctly identifies three factors that led to the initial development of the discipline of sociology in Europe and the United States?

the new industrial economy; the growth of cities; political change

According to Auguste Comte, the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Adam Smith shifted focus from moral obligation to God and king (theological stage) to __________ (metaphysical stage).

the pursuit of self-interest

In the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Adam Smith, we see a shift in the understanding of human behavior from a focus on moral obligation to God and king to what Auguste Comte called the metaphysical stage of development with a focus on __________.

the pursuit of self-interest

The text presents the formal definition of the discipline of sociology as __________.

the systematic study of human society