Sociology: The Family, Chapters 14 & 15

The living wage varies across cities and regions in the U.S., as shown in Table 15.4, but tends to hover around __________ for an individual, or __________ for a small family of two.

$10-$12; $22-$25

Somewhere between __________ elderly are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT).

1.4 and 3.8 million

The Social Security Act was passed in:

1935

What is the median age of retirement?

62

Mary is a member of the fastest-growing cohort in the U.S. What would be the best guess of Mary's age?

86 years old

social security

A federal government-sponsored cash assistance program for seniors (and survivors).

regressive tax

A form of taxation in which low income earners pay a greater proportion of their income in taxes than do higher income earners, e.g., the social security tax.

sandwich generation

A generation of people who are in the middle of two living generations providing care to members of cohorts on both sides of them, parents and children.

national health insurance

A health care system for all citizens that considers health care a public right.

resilience

A multifaceted ability to thrive despite adversity.

formal care

Care provided by social service agencies on a paid or volunteer basis.

community factors

Community features that help promote resilience, such as social networks and religious and faith-based fellowships.

cumulative advantage and disadvantage

Early life chances that influence status in later life.

Brett is a working father who earns low wages and receives a refundable federal tax credit that reduces the amount of taxes he owes on April 15. This program is called

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC).

What is the future potential for telecommuting? Research conducted and synthesized by Global Workplace Analytics (2016) provides some ideas. Which is one of them?

Eighty to ninety percent of U.S. workers say they would like to work from home at least part of the time.

Whose work with 200 cancer patients led to a typology of five somewhat distinct stages that dying people and their loved ones experience?

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross

family recovery factors

Family characteristics or dynamics that assist families in bouncing back from a crisis situation.

family protective factors

Family characteristics or dynamics that shape the family's ability to endure in the face of risk factors.

flextime

Flexibility in the daily hours of work.

telecommuting/working remotely

Flexibility in the location of work, including working from home.

Your mom and dad are almost 60 year old and thinking about retiring from their jobs as a teacher and marketing manager, respectively, in about 5 years. If they are typical, what would you tell them about sex differences in retirement?

Friendships and social contacts prior to retirement are particularly important for your mother's well-being when she retires.

At what point in time did attitudes toward older persons change and they became considered an economic liability?

Industrialization

Which is true with regard to the Social Security Act?

It was a response to the poverty from which many elders suffered.

Which of the following statements best describes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) elders?

LGBT elders face many of the same issues that others elders face, but may also have additional financial, social, and health challenges, especially if they are unmarried.

kinkeeping

Maintaining ties among family members.

Which of the following best represents patterns of aging in the U.S.?

Older Black women are more than five times as likely to be impoverished as are older White men.

baby boom generation

People born in the years after World War II through the early 1960s.

means-tested programs

Programs for which beneficiaries must meet some eligibility requirement to qualify.

selective programs

Programs for which only a select group of people is eligible.

universal programs

Programs to help strengthen all families without any eligibility requirement.

universal program

Social programs that are available to everyone, regardless of income.

life expectancy

The amount of time (in years) a person can expect to live from birth.

alzheimer's disease

The most common form of dementia; at present, it is incurable.

temporary assistance to needy families (tanf)

The principal cash welfare program in the United States.

The rise in the age of retirement is likely due to several factors. Which is not one of these factors?

The shift from a 401K plan to a defined benefit plan eliminated built-in incentives to retire.

We have all heard the idea that an elderly person often dies soon after his or her spouse dies, referred to as a "widow effect." Is there really an increased probability of death among new widows and widowers?

There may be a widow effect for Whites, but not for Blacks.

individual-level protective factors

Traits including a positive self-concept, sociability, intelligence and scholastic competence, autonomy, self-esteem, androgyny, good communication and problem-solving skills, humor, and good mental and physical health.

informal care

Unpaid care by someone close to the care recipient.

The Netherlands Kinship Panel Study focused on the topic of family solidarity, including relationships among siblings. Which of the following is one of the findings of this large study?

When a relationship with a parent was poorer, more support was exchanged between siblings.

Why are women far more likely to be widows than are men?

Wives are typically a few years younger than their husbands.

Which of the following represents a macro-level factor associated with retirement?

a cultural view that sees elders as having earned the right to leisure

Wenjuan Xing is a gerontologist who is studying the degree of impairment that elders face in things such as bathing, dressing, eating, or walking. She is using a common set of measures known as:

activities of daily living.

During the 17th and 18th centuries:

adult sons often continued to live at home until their fathers passed away, or until they received land as a wedding gift.

Couples without children:

are more likely to go to a nursing facility when their health deteriorates than are those couples with children.

Diane was born in 1953. She is referred to as a member of the:

baby boom generation.

Your cousin Annette just lost her husband to cancer. She went through the five stages of grief that Elizabeth Kübler-Ross described. Which is not one of these stages?

betrayal

Kai, a 24-year-old college graduate, was having financial troubles and therefore returned to live with his parents. He is an example of the __________ generation.

boomerang

My grandmother, Blanche Seccombe, lived to be 108.5 years. She is an example of the Census Bureau's category called:

centenarian.

Grandma Denise and Grandpa Tony love to have their grandchildren come over to their house to play. Together they like to read books, work on puzzles, and cuddle on the couch while watching TV. Sometimes the grandchildren are able to spend the night at their house. This is an example of what kind of relationship?

companionate

What is the most typical living arrangement for young adults between the age of 18 and 34?

equally likely to be married/cohabiting in own household or living in parents' home

Which of the following is a macro-level factor influencing resilience?

family policies and programs

In the opening vignette, Sophie and Alain discuss:

family policies in the U.S. and France.

Your aunt Beatrice, who is 91 years old, cannot care for herself independently any more. She moved to an assisted living facility in which she has her own small apartment, but gets her meals in the cafeteria. Beatrice also pays a helper to come to her apartment for assistance with several activities of daily living. What type of help is your aunt Beatrice receiving?

formal

Strengthening families requires individuals, families, and communities to work together. But what still is missing, according to the text?

national and state policies

Researchers from RAND, a prominent research institute in California, conducted a project to determine whether early childhood intervention programs offer lasting success. They examined 20 programs that provided either (a) parental education and home visiting; (b) early childhood education combined with parent education; or (c) early childhood education only. Of these 20 programs:

nineteen demonstrated positive child outcomes in at least one of the following domains: cognitive and academic achievement, behavioral and emotional competencies, educational progression and attainment, child maltreatment, health, delinquency and crime, social welfare program use, and labor market success.

As adult children leave home, marry, and are employed:

older parents and their adult children remain emotionally linked.

AARP conducted a comprehensive survey about sexuality in midlife and beyond, based on a sample of over 1,600 older adults. About __________ men and women aged 60-69 reported engaging in sexual touching or caressing at least once per week.

one-half

An example of a universal program or policy in the United States is:

police protection.

A type of tax system under which those who earn more pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes than do those who earn less is called __________.

progressive

Your grandparents live in a different state and you have not seen them in several years. This has been the case for most of your childhood, so you don't feel very close to them emotionally. What is this type of relationship called?

remote grandparenting

The Family Medical Leave Act:

requires employers with more than 50 employees to offer 12 weeks of unpaid leave for maternity or to care for a sick family member.

Some people have difficult lives, yet overcome adversity and are successful and well-adjusted. In the face of life's many challenges, they have overcome many, if not all, of them. These individuals show:

resilience.

Although most Americans believe that age 65 is the golden retirement age, in many cultures there is no such thing as retirement. Older people must work to support themselves and would never think to retire 20 or 30 years before they die. This illustrates that:

retirement is a social construction.

Like many other women, Amy (opening vignette) cares for her child and her parent at the same time. Amy is a member of the so-called ______________.

sandwich generation

The feature box, Policy and You, From Macro to Micro, introduced you to Jane Fowler, who may appear to be your typical grandmother. However, Jane is not typical because:

she has HIV.

Referring to the story in the opening vignette, family policies and programs in France tend to be __________, whereas they tend to be __________ in the U.S.

universal; selective

The feature box, My Family: My Experience with Widowhood, is unique because the author:

was widowed when she was only 41 years old.

Milo has a positive self-concept of himself, and is intelligent, creative, and independent. These are examples of:

individual protective factors.

Unpaid care by someone close to the care recipient, usually a wife, daughter, husband, or son is called:

informal care.

Robby and his mother live with his grandmother. His grandmother watches 4-year-old Robby while his mother works, and is almost like a second parent. This is an example of what kind of relationship?

involved

National health insurance:

is an example of a universal program.

Dementia:

is not a specific disease but an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or thinking skills that reduces a person's ability to perform everyday activities.

What is the most common activity that grandparents do with their grandchildren?

joke or kid around

The cost of elder care, including Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and private pensions is consuming more and more of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). According to Figure 14.6, today it consumes just over 15 percent of our GDP, but by 2035 it may consume __________ of our GDP.

just over 25 percent

You are taking a course called Families and Aging, and professor Martindale uses a perspective that sees age-related transitions as socially produced, socially recognized, and shared—a product of social structure, historical forces, and culture. This perspective is called __________.

life-course perspective

Which perspective suggests that development is a lifelong process, is multidirectional, and consists of both positive and negative changes involving gains and losses?

life-span perspective

Nickolay is a gerontologist who claims that human development proceeds through a fairly set pattern of sequential stages that most people experience. What perspective is this?

life-stage perspective

The majority of _________ age 65 and over are married.

males

Cross-sectional studies about marital satisfaction suggest __________, and Glenn's work that followed couples over ten years found that marital satisfaction __________.

marital satisfaction is curvilinear; declines

maternity (or family) leave

A paid and guaranteed leave from work to care for children, including after the birth of a child.

centenarian

A person who lives to be at least 100 years old

life-span perspective

A perspective that claims development is a lifelong process, is multidirectional, and consists of both positive and negative changes involving gains and losses.

life-stage perspective

A perspective that claims development proceeds through a fairly set pattern of sequential stages that most people experience.

earned income tax credit

A refundable federal tax credit for low-income working families that reduces the amount of taxes owed.

For significant numbers of elderly to be able to withdraw from the labor force, four conditions must exist in a society. Which is not one of these conditions?

A society must produce an economic shortage severe enough to encourage hard work among the employed

progressive taxation

A tax system under which those who earn more pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes than those who earn less

remote grandparenting

A type of grandparenting in which the grandparents and grandchildren are emotionally or physically distant.

involved grandparenting

A type of grandparenting in which the grandparents and grandchildren have frequent interaction or possibly even live together.

companionate grandparenting

A type of grandparenting where the grandparents and grandchildren enjoy recreational activities, occasional overnight stays, and even babysitting with an emphasis on fun and enjoyment.

Who is Amy, in the opening vignette?

Amy is caring for an aging parent and also caring for her son.

Which statement about Alzheimer's disease is true?

As Alzheimer's progresses, brain cells die and connections among cells are lost, causing cognitive symptoms to worsen.

early childhood intervention

Attempts to maintain or improve the quality of life for young children.

activities of daily living (adl)

General day-to-day activities such as cooking, cleaning, bathing, and home repair.

gerontologists

Researchers studying issues affecting the elderly.

Life expectancy is usually calculated:

from birth.

If Bill is a typical elderly person, he would probably rate his health as:

good or excellent.

The role of grandparent has changed over the past century in several ways, including:

grandparents today have greater economic security than in the past.

Which of the following developed nations do/does not offer paid maternal/paternal leave at childbirth, universal health care, or a family allowance?

the United States

With respect to elders' division of household labor:

the division of household labor changes little as a couple ages and women continue to do the majority of housework.

Who is most likely to be the kinkeeper of the family?

women