sociology unit 3
The situation where one feels poor and must do without the "extras" in life in order to make ends meet is referred to as
relative poverty
The belief that one skin tone is superior to another skin tone within a racial group is known as
colorism
David was born in Honduras, but immigrated with his family to the United States when he was nine years old. He is interested in international business and hopes to open a company with factories in his native country. As he does research into labor laws, he is astounded by the behavior of some companies who exploit labor in peripheral nations. This exploitative inequality is best addressed by which sociological perspective? Responses
conflict theory
A sociologist working from a Marxist perspective would likely attribute the causes of the 2008 global recession to
the class standing and power of the owners of the means of production.
The causes and consequences of poverty are similar due to the cyclical nature of poverty. Common consequences include Responses
inadequate healthcare, limited education, inaccessibility of birth control.
The standard of living is based on
income, employment, class, poverty rates, and housing affordability.
Programs like Head Start that work to increase access to early childhood education and "level the playing field" for students from various backgrounds attempt to ________.
increase life chances
Functionalist theory would describe social stratification as something that
is necessary to promote excellence, productivity, and efficiency, thus giving people something to strive for.
According to ________ undeveloped and low income countries are in their situation because they have not industrialized, but could do so if they chose to.
modernization theory
According to ________ undeveloped and low income countries are in their situation because they have not industrialized, but could do so if they chose to. Responses modernization theory
modernization theory
Symbolic interactionists have come to the conclusion that
most people only socialize with people in their same social class
Elements of personal style such as hairdos, fashion accessories, and transportation, any of which might indicate social status within a stratified society, would be of interest to sociologists working from the perspective of
symbolic interactionism
Which theory examines the class status that one publicly indicates through conspicuous consumption?
symbolic interactionism
Which theory focuses on everyday interactions to explain people's social standing in society?
symbolic interactionist theory
________ would suggest that because heterosexuality had come to signify normalcy, homosexuality came to be viewed as an abnormal or deviant disorder. Today, the American Psychological Association cites no association between sexual orientation and psychopathology and sees homosexuality as a normal aspect of human sexuality.
symbolic interactionists
Symbolic interactionist theory examines face-to-face interactions, usually with people who share the same income level, educational background, or racial/ethnic background because Responses
symbols of stratification help to reflect our identity with certain groups.
Symbolic interactionist theory studies the ways that people often interact with others who belong to their same class because
symbols of stratification help to reflect our identity with certain groups.
The most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living in the United States is
the decline of the middle class
The poverty line is determined by ________.
the level of income necessary for a basic standard of living
Social stratification is defined as
the manner in which persons in a society are sorted categorized into ranked groups based on certain criteria.
According to the Davis-Moore thesis, Responses
the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make.
During the Cold War Era, undeveloped countries that did not have access to industrialization were often referred to as
third world countries
The loosely defined, unregulated global market that is unhindered by taxes, government permits, or human protections is called ________ .
underground economy
While social stratification examines inequalities among people, global stratification examines
unequal wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world.
________ means an improvement in social class, like a "rags-to-riches" story while ________ refers to a decrease in social class as when problems arise that reduce income or prestige.
upward mobility; downward mobility
Immanuel Wallerstein conceived of the World Systems approach which
used an economic basis to depict global inequality among nations.
Physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity for males and menstruation and lactation for women
vary depending on the specific culture.
During the Cold War era, affluent, industrialized countries were once referred to as
1st world countries
Sweden, whose comprehensive sex education program in its public schools educates participants about safe sex, can serve as a model for this approach. The teenage birth rate in Sweden is ________ , compared with ________ in the United States.
7 per 1,000 births; 49 per 1,000 births
According to a recent study, the richest ________ of the world are worth more that the poorest 3.5 billion people, combined.
85 people
How did the introduction of Alfred Kinsey's scale of human sexuality change how people viewed sexuality? Responses
A majority of Americans still viewed sexuality as a binary social construct, as they had been socialized to believe, and they passed this belief onto their children. A majority of Americans still viewed sexuality as a binary social construct, as they had been socialized to believe, and they passed this belief onto their children. Skip to navigation
One of the most common ways to measure wealth inequality between nations is the scale called the ________ where the number 1 indicates complete equality and the number 100 indicates the highest possible inequality.
GINI coefficient
Calculating the ________ is one way to analyze a country's standard of living.
GPD
When it comes to global stratification, the two most widely applied perspectives are the ________.
Modernization Theory and Dependency Theory
In the United States, the official definition of the poverty line traces back to a single person: ________, whose idea was to ________.
Mollie Orshansky; define a poverty line based on the cost of a healthy diet
What would a functionalist say about social stratification?
Social stratification is necessary to promote excellence, productivity, and efficiency, thus giving people something to strive for.
contact hypothesis
The idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.
Since the social classes in the United States do not have any clear boundaries, how is a sociologist supposed to determine whether their subjects are in the upper class or the upper-middle class? Responses
Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life.
Sex is the term that sociologists use in reference to
a biological concept
The term "race" is Responses
a culture or heritage
Women have higher rates of poverty than men. Reasons for this include the hands-off approach to economic policy that hurts women, inequality and biases against women, as well as Responses
a greater number of female-headed households.
Which of the following reasons best explain why poverty rates are so high in many areas of Africa and Asia?
a history of imperialism and a lack of access to resources or land
Dallas worked hard to open her own restaurant, despite many obstacles standing in her way. Eventually, her restaurant's success spread and she was able to open her own national chain. She credits her hard work and persistence for her rise to wealth. Dallas' situation is a good example of ________.
a meritocracy
A state of living where people lack even the basic necessities, which typically include adequate food, clean water, safe housing, and access to healthcare is known as Responses
absolute poverty
The World Bank has defined ________ to be a situation when someone lives on less than $1.25
absolute poverty
The occupations women dominate
are similar to those they have done at home such as the domestic chores of childcare and teaching.
There have been some disagreements over whether Hispanic or Latino is the correct term for a diverse group and whether it would be better for people to refer to themselves as
being of their origin specifically, for example, Mexican American or Dominican American.
________ wrote a book that is often credited with sparking the second wave of the women's movement in the United States and later served as the first President of the National Organization of Women (NOW)? Responses
betty friedan
Mohit spent his days combing through garbage in Mumbai, India with his brothers and sisters. Sometimes he would find food, or something to sell for money. He never tried to overcome his lower-class status because he had seen his friends try and fail. So, he accepted his fate, and tried to live life as best he could in a closed society. Mohit is an example of someone living under a/an ________.
caste system
Tamir grew up in India in a closed society, where marriage was pre-arranged with someone of his same station in life. Tamir is an example of someone living under a/an ________.
caste system
According to ________, global inequality is caused by dominant, core nations whose main goal is to exploit semi-peripheral and peripheral nations, creating a cycle of perpetual reliance.
depedency theory
Terms such as "first world, second world, and third world" have come to be considered politically insensitive although they are often still used. Today, these are more frequently referred to as Responses
developed and undeveloped countries
A stereotype is an oversimplified generalization that
doesn't take individual differences into account.
Which theory suggests that social stratification represents the built-in and necessarily unequal value of different work?
functionalist theory
The modernization and dependency theories represent two categories of theories to describe
global stratification
Dimitrius was born into a poverty-level household, as were his own parents, but he worked hard in school, earned a prestigious degree, and obtained a high-paying job. He eventually acquired an upper-class social status. What type of social mobility has occurred?
intergenerational mobility
Charlotte was born to a lower class family in rural Pennsylvania. After taking a job in the mail room of a large corporate office, Charlotte is slowly promoted through the ranks and becomes CEO of the company by the age of 50. What type of stratification is shown in this story?
intragenerational mobility
Patterns of mobility can occur within the same generation, called ________, or they may occur across successive generations which is referred to as ________. Responses
intragenerational mobility; intergenerational mobility
An obvious racist and anti-foreigner action is evidenced by the ________ internment camps of World War II.
japanese
Question Which of these countries would be considered by Immanuel Wallerstein to be providing cheap agricultural labor and supplying goods to a dominant nation without the usual legal protections offered to workers of the dominant nation?
mexico
Which class, based on one's self-description, is the largest in the United States?
middle class
Groups that are subordinate, or that lack power in society regardless of skin color or country of origin are referred to as
minority groups
________ perspectives and arrangements are widespread and taken for granted. Responses
patriarchal
According to Immanuel Wallerstein's theory, which countries are economically dependent on more advanced nations and have very little industrialization or means of production? Responses
peripheral countries
Culture of prejudice refers to the idea that
prejudice is embedded in our culture
A state of living where people can afford necessities but are unable to meet their society's average standard of living is known as
relative poverty
Kendra has an hourly wage job that just covers most of her bills, but money is scarce and she makes far less money than most people in her society. What status would Kendra be assigned based on this information?
relative poverty
This ________ of the women's movement attempted to broaden the debates on women's issues to sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities.
second wave
________ refers to the ability to change positions within a social stratification system.
social mobility
Question According to Karl Marx
stratification creates class conflict
The higher the GINI coefficient number for any given country,
the higher the level of inequality in that country compared to others.
The term transgender is most closely associated with which other term
transsexual
Michael went to college in order to get a degree and a good job that would support his love of boating. Because Michael was born into an upper-middle class family in a good area, a sociologist might say that Michael has ________. Responses
high life chances
Social stratification is based on categories of
wealth, power, income, and race.
Social stratification is based on categories of Responses
wealth, power, income, and race.
The causes and consequences of poverty are similar due to the cyclical nature of poverty. Common consequences include
inadequate healthcare, limited education, inaccessibility of birth control.
The United States Supreme Court ruled that the denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples and the refusal to recognize those marriages performed in other jurisdictions violated the Due Process and the Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution in the case of
Obergefell v. Hodges.
It was time for Oli to marry. He had finished school and was starting a job. His parents chose a bride for him whose parents had the same amount of wealth and belonged to the same class as they did. Oli and his bride will have a(n) ________ marriage.
endogamous
Though the ________ continent has the greatest number of impoverished nations in the world, India and Southeast Asia have large populations, meaning that the majority of the world's poorest people live in Asia. Responses
african
Question Sociologists have found that in addition to negatively affecting physical and mental health and causing an increase in crime rates, poverty tends to become
entreched in an area
Non-industrial countries, when compared with those who embraced technology, have economically
fallen behind
________ suggests that the normative roles of the family is important in perpetuating male dominance.
feminist theory
The rise of technology, which has contributed to increasing inequalities between countries, is referred to as
global stratification
________ compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world, and highlights worldwide patterns of social inequality.
global stratification
________ compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world, and highlights worldwide patterns of social inequality. Responses
global stratification
Some discrimination against LGBTQ is based on heterosexism, which Herek suggests is
an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations.
The United States was deeply affected by the September 11 attacks, regardless of the fact that most U.S. citizens with ties to the Middle Eastern community deeply condemn terrorist actions, the even nonetheless fortified ________ for a large percentage of Americans.
anti-arab sentiment
Rather than maintaining their own cultural heritage, subordinate cultures give up their own traditions in order to conform to their new environment. This is called
assimilation
At what age do individuals typically become aware of their sexual orientation?
between middle childhood and early adolescence
Parents typically supply ________ with trucks, toy guns, and superhero paraphernalia, which are active toys that promote motor skills, aggression, and solitary play and ________ are often given dolls and dress-up apparel that foster nurturing, social proximity, and role play.
boys; girls
The English had oppressed the Irish for centuries, eradicating their language and culture and discriminating against their religion which was ________, even though the Irish had a larger population than the English, they were a subordinate, disadvantaged group.
catholicism
Slavery eventually became an issue over which the nation divided into geographically and ideologically distinct factions, leading to Responses
civil war
he two types of stratification systems are ________, which do not allow change in social position and ________, which are based on achievement and allow movement between levels.
closed systems; open systems
A/an ________ is likely to study the struggles between the ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities. They may also examine how these inequalities influence daily life for minorities.
conflict theorist
Question Jamila, a sociologist, is interested in studying how large American corporations exploit the labor of international workers in companies without labor laws. Her research about worker exploitation best coincides with which sociological perspective?
conflict theory
Which theory is deeply critical of social stratification because it benefits only some people, and not all of society?
conflict theory
Luciana is on the student advisory board at her community college. She and her co-workers are working on ways to create more opportunities for social interaction across ethnic and racial groups on campus, with the hopes of increasing interpersonal communication and thereby reducing prejudice and racism. This is an example of the ________ in action. Responses
contact hypothesis
In Immanuel Wallerstein's theory, dominant capitalist countries which are highly industrialized and urbanized are referred to
core countries
dependency theory suggests that
core nations choose which countries to loan money to and decide which labor markets will benefit the dominant countries with less thought given to the country targeted for development.
Mollie Orshansky officially defined the poverty line in the U.S. based on the ________.
cost of a healthy diet
Blake is a young adult from an impoverished area with an associate's degree. He has no savings and struggles to find work and hold down a steady job. His family recently accused him for being lazy and unmotivated and faulted him for not climbing out of poverty. In this example, Blake's family would likely say that
poverty is a personal failing
When reference is made to the ________, it means the specific amount of income needed for a basic standard of living. Responses
poverty line
The basic premise of the structural-functionalists who agree with the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards
serves a purpose in society
The Women's Suffrage Movement insisted that it was difficult for women to rise above men, as dominant group members create the rules for success and opportunity in society. Contemporary ________ theorists suggest that when women become wage earners, they can gain power in the family structure and create more democratic arrangements in the home, although they may still carry the majority of the domestic burden
social conflict
Marco grew up in a wealthy, suburban neighborhood and spent most of his childhood interacting with people in a similar social class as his own. It wasn't until he took a cross-country roadtrip for his 16th birthday that he noticed just how privileged his upbringing had been. His observations about the unequal distribution of valued goods and opportunities throughout the country can best defined as ________.
social inequality
Rochelle comes from a small country town and lives in a small rental house with her dad. Rochelle accepted a basketball scholarship to a wealthy, private university. In her new town, Rochelle becomes acutely aware of the unequal distribution of valued goods and opportunities available at her university when compared to her hometown. What Rochelle is observing can best be defined as ________. Responses
social inequality
Global social inequality is difficult to measure because
social inequality is relative and difficult to compare across cultures. social inequality is relative and difficult to compare across cultures.
One main issue in studying global social inequality is
social inequality is relative, and therefore difficult to compare across cultures.
The way that a society sorts people into rankings based on measures of factors such as wealth, income, race, education, gender, power, etc., is called Responses
social stratification
The ________ is a way to measure the level of wealth available to a certain socioeconomic class enabling it to acquire the material necessities and comforts to maintain its lifestyle. Responses
standard of living
Television commercials and other forms of advertising reinforce inequality and gender-based stereotypes. In such forms of the ________, women are almost exclusively present in ads promoting cooking, cleaning, or childcare-related products, and are underrepresented in roles that involve leadership, intelligence, or a balanced psyche. Responses
stereotypical socialization
Native Americans ________ of centuries of degradation through long-term poverty, inadequate education, cultural dislocation, and high rates of unemployment which contribute to Native American populations falling to the bottom of the economic spectrum with lower life expectancies than most groups in the United States.
still suffer the effects
In ________, a permissive approach to sex has helped the country avoid some of the major social problems associated with sex. For example, rates of teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease are among the world's lowest. It would appear that this is a model for the benefits of sexual freedom and frankness. However, implementing such ideals and policies regarding sexuality in other, more politically conservative, nations would likely be met with resistance.
sweden
This notion of "doing gender" is based on ________ which suggests that whether we are expressing our masculinity or femininity, we are always "doing gender."
symbolic interaction theory