Sociology(Holt): Chapter 4 Review Understanding main Ideas

Section 1:(pp.66-68) 1.How can a person's status differ from his or her role? 2.How does role conflict affect groups and individuals? How can it be resolved?

1.A person's status is a socially defined position in a group or society while a role is the behavior, rights, and obligations that are expected of a person occupying a particular status. 2. Role Conflict occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status make it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status. It can be resolved by Choosing which role is more important to fulfill at that time and making sacrifices.

Section 2:(pp.69-72) 3. What are the five most common forms of interaction recognized by sociologists?

3. The five most common forms of interactions recognized by Sociologists are Exchange, Competition, Conflict, Cooperation, and Accommodation.

Section 3:(pp.73-77) 4.Identify and Describe the three broad categories of societies used by sociologists.

4. The First one is Preindustrial Societies which focus mainly on food production which is carried out through their use of human and animal labor. Preindustrial Societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology. The Next Category is Industrial Societies which emphasizes the shift from the production of food to manufactured goods, in which the bulk of production is carried out through the use of machines. The last Category is Postindustrial societies which focus on the production of information and the provision of services.

Section 4:(pp.78-81) 5.How do the roles of group members differ between primary and secondary groups?

5. Primary Group members interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis. Their relationships tend to be intimate and often face to face. Secondary group members interactions with one another is impersonal and temporary in nature. Their relationships tend to be casual and limited in personal involvement.

Section 5:(pp.83-89) 6.What, according to Max Weber's model, are the major characteristics of a bureaucracy? 7.What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of bureaucracies?

6. They are Division of labor, Ranking of authority, Employment based on formal qualifications, and specific lines of promotion and advancement. 7. Bureaucracies lose sight of their original goal and sometimes they seem to abandon their original purpose in favor of self continuation. Some officials focus to intently on rules and ignore the goals of the bureaucracy which leads to the creation of "red tape" or bureaucratic delay. Bureaucracies also have a tendency to result in oligarchies.