Socl 3371

Which of the following is considered an issue with the privatization of police? a. There is relatively limited control over the policies of private police agencies. b. The salary for private police agency employees is low. c. Private police forces lack the knowledge that they do not have the power to arrest. d. There is a lack of training for personnel

All of the Above

Which of the following was a setback in the reform era? a. The emergence of private security firms and community crime control policies. b. A rapid increase in fear of crime. c. Loss of financial support. d. Challenges to police legitimacy by civil rights and antiwar movements.

All of the Above

According to Packer (1968), the Crime Control Model can be viewed in terms of a/an ________ in which the criminal process serves as a screening process in which each successive stage involves a series of routinized operations whose success is primarily gauged upon its tendency to pass the case along to a successful conclusion. Conversely, the Due Process Model can be viewed as a/an ________ in which each successive stage in the criminal process is designed to present formidable impediments to carrying the case along in further in the process. a. Marathon; Pipeline. b. Pipeline; Marathon. c. Assembly Line; Obstacle Course. d. Obstacle Course; Assembly Line.

Assembly Line; Obstacle Course.

Which of the following was not found by McIntyr (1987) to be a rationale that public defenders use to justify defending a guilty person? a. Belief that their clients are factually innocent. b. Desire to win in court. c. Keeping the system honest. d. Protection of the defendant's constitutional rights.

Belief that their clients are factually innocent.

Each of the following are viewed as central police functions, except: a. Law Enforcement. b. Due Process. c. Public Service. d. Order Maintenance.

Due Process.

According to Zatz (2000), which of the following is not a suggestion for furthering our understanding of bias in criminal court processing and sanctioning? a. Think critically about class. b. Conceptualize and measure race/ethnicity in a multiracial society. c. Eliminate discussions of culture in studies of bias. d. Develop better methodological strategies. e. Consider the ramifications of policies and court decisions for poor communities of color.

Eliminate discussions of culture in studies of bias.

Which of the following theorists held concerns primarily on the economic and political determinants of punishment? a. Michel Foucault b. Karl Marx c. Norbert Elias d. Emile Durkheim

Karl Marx

According to Kraska and Brent (2011), _______ serve as a useful tool in devising theoretical frameworks for criminal justice. a. Hyperboles. b. Alliterations. c. Metaphors. d. Euphemisms.

Metaphors.

Which of the following theorists viewed historical developments concerning punishment and prisons as a reflection of attempts to displace and relocate "uncivilized" behaviors rather than an effort dedicated towards the total suppression of "uncivilized" behaviors? a. Karl Marx b. Michel Foucault c. Norbert Elias d. Emile Durkheim

Norbert Elias

According to Foucault, penal systems employ disciplinary power through a corrective method called ________. a. Normalization. b. Civilization. c. Domination. d. Subjugation.

Normalization.

Select the definition: Represented the dominant form of policing practices in America throughout the 1990s. a. Standard Model of Policing. b. Problem-Oriented Policing. c. Grass Eater. d. Hot Spot Policing. e. Racial Animus. f. Noble Cause Corruption. g. Racial Profiling. h. Community Policing. i. Meat Eater.

Standard Model of Policing.

A proposition stating the repression of criminal conduct is the most important function within the criminal process best characterizes:

The Crime Control Model

Which of the following is not a member of the courtroom working group? a. The Defense Attorney. b. The Judge. c. The Jury. d. The Executioner. e. The Prosecutor.

The Executioner.

According to Rusche and Kirchheimmer, penal policy regarding choice of penal methods and patterns of use has historically fluctuated due to the influence of __________. a. The political climate. b. The moral sentiments of the community. c. The labor market. d. The educational system.

The labor market.

Relative to the corporate strategy framework employed by Kelling and Moore, the __________ employed by Williams and Murphy was used to stress that policing needs to be viewed as a condition of broader social forces and attitudes, as well as emphasize how institutions, norms, and attitudes have affected policing during each era. a. The reconstructionist perspective. b. The minority perspective. c. The expanded perspective. d. The critical perspective.

The minority perspective

While investigating racial disparities during traffic stops, Warren and colleagues found: a. No racial disparities in either local police officer stops or highway patrol stops. b. A small racial disparity in both local police officer stops and highway patrol stops. c. A small racial disparity in local police officer stops, but a large racial disparity in highway patrol stops. d. A large racial disparity in local police officer stops, but a small racial disparity in highway patrol stops. e. A large racial disparity in both local police officer stops and highway patrol stops.

A large racial disparity in local police officer stops, but a small racial disparity in highway patrol stops.

While examining police organizations as a site of hegemonic masculinity, Rabe-Hemp found: a. Relative to their male counterparts, women brought distinctive characteristics to the task of policing. b. Female officers typically rose through the ranks at a higher rate than their male counterparts. c. Few female officers compliment their other female counterparts, but instead distance themselves from female group membership. d. Citizens typically viewed policewomen more as police officers than as women

A;C;D

According to Gottfredson and colleagues (2009), which of the following are key features of Drug Treatment Courts? a. Intensive Drug Treatment. b. Extended Periods of Incarceration. c. Use of an Adversarial Approach. d. Frequent Drug and Alcohol Testing. e. Prompt Identification and Placement of Eligible Offenders. f. Integration of Drug Treatment Services with Justice System Case Processing. g. Frequent Status Hearings with Drug Treatment Court Judges.

A;D;E;F;G

In examining prosecutorial discretion in sexual assault cases, Spohn and colleagues (2001) found which of the following to be rationales for case rejection? Select one or more: a. Incongruities between the survivor's recollection of events and the prosecutor's knowledge of typical behavior in similar rape cases. b. Beliefs that the survivor has ulterior motives, such as filing a false complaint to cover up illegal activity or deviant behavior. c. Lack of cooperation from the survivor. d. Inconsistencies in the survivors recollection of events or between statements of the survivor and the suspect. e. Inferences based upon the survivor's character and behavior at the time of the incident. f. Inconsistencies between the survivor's reporting behavior and the prosecutor's beliefs about rape reporting.

All of the Above

Which of the following represent the inherent contradictions and conflicts Goldstein argues occur within police-society relations? a. Police are expected to act in an authoritative manner in some situations, while in many other situations the same officers must be supportive and friendly. b. The public holds the police responsible for preventing crime and catching all criminals; however, the police are extremely limited in their ability to cope with crime. c. Police have come to be viewed as capable of handling every emergency; in reality, police have neither the authority nor the resources to deal effectively with much of the business that comes their way. d. There is a basic pervasive conflict between crime-fighting and constitutional due process which is inherent in the police function in a free society. The police are expected to deal aggressively with criminal conduct, but must do so in accordance with procedures that prohibit them from engaging in practices which appear to be expeditious and effective. e. The image of the police is supposed to be one of neutrality through uniform applications of authority, but the array of circumstances that officers deal with requires immense flexibility. f. Policing is grounded on the existence of a system of criminal justice that operates with reasonable effectiveness in adjudicating guilt and in imposing sanctions upon those found guilty; however, the system as it exists today is so overcrowded and disorganized that it is capable of neither achieving justice nor administering punishment. g. Police must always enforce every law, yet the public will not tolerate the full enforcement of many laws.

All of the Above

-An individual who is muscular and is more likely to engage in violent offenses. -An individual who is thinner, possesses the tendency to be less social, and is often more intelligent. -An individual who is heavier, possesses the tendency to be more social, and is more likely to engage in property offenses.

An individual who is muscular and is more likely to engage in violent offenses. → Mesomorph, An individual who is thinner, possesses the tendency to be less social, and is often more intelligent. → Ectomorph, An individual who is heavier, possesses the tendency to be more social, and is more likely to engage in property offenses. → Endomorph

Please match each court within the state judiciary to its counterpart within the federal judiciary. -Appellate Courts -Courts of General Jurisdiction -Courts of Limited Jurisdiction -State Supreme Court

Appellate Courts → U.S. Court of Appeals, Courts of General Jurisdiction → U.S. District Courts, Courts of Limited Jurisdiction → U.S. Magistrate Courts, State Supreme Court → U.S. Supreme Court

Which of the following is a set of five courts consisting of 53 judges which utilizes three-judge panels to rule on errors of law in the judgement of trial courts and cannot try cases as courts of general jurisdiction? a. U.S. Magistrate's Courts b. U.S. District Courts. c. U.S. Supreme Court. d. Courts of Limited Jurisdiction. e. Appellate Courts.

Appellate Courts.

Cesare Lombroso (1896) posited that ______, or evolutionary regressions characterized by inferior biological features, could explain criminal behavior

Atavism

Which of the following were identified as major strengths of policing strategies during the political era? a. The centralization of the police force. b. Community integration. c. The provision of useful services to residents. d. A and B. e. B and C.

B and C

According to Beccaria (1764), the three criteria of penological reform necessary to ensure general and specific deterrence are: a. Punishment should vary in terms of intensity, ranging from minor financial penalties to capital punishment. b. Punishments should be implemented swiftly to resolutely impress the connection between the pleasure of the crime and the pain of penalty in people's minds. c. Punishment should consider an individual's life circumstances, allowing for judicial discretion in penal sanctions. d. Punishment should possess an element of certainty that appeals to individuals' rationality by emphasizing the high probability of being caught and penalized for criminal actions. e. Punishments should be proportional to the crime in terms of severity, as the pain of punishment should just slightly outweigh the pleasure derived from the crime.

B;D;E

According to Williams and Murphy, the most recent era of policing has not been as beneficial for Black individuals as white individuals because: a. Black individuals disproportionately live in socially disorganized communities, where community policing has been least effective. b. Black individuals were less likely to pass civil service exams relative to white individuals. c. Black police officers routinely get assigned to patrol poor, high crime areas. d. Black individuals are more likely to have been arrested and convicted of a crime relative to white individuals, thus barring them from serving on police forces.

Black individuals disproportionately live in socially disorganized communities, where community policing has been least effective.

In examining judicial decision making, Steffensmeier and Britt (2001) found: a. White judges give shorter sentences relative to Black judges. b. White judges incarcerate at a greater rate relative to Black judges. c. There were no racial effects in judicial decision making. d. Black judges incarcerate at a greater rate relative to white judges. e. White judges incarcerate at a greater rate, but Black judges give longer sentences.

Black judges incarcerate at a greater rate relative to white judges.

Who were the main contributors to the Classical School of Thought? a. William Sheldon and Cesare Lombroso. b. William Sheldon and Cesare Beccaria. c. Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. d. Cesare Lombroso and Jeremy Bentham.

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.

According to Skolnick, which of the following is not an element which contributes to the social isolation of police: a. Danger. b. Efficiency. c. Chivalry. d. Authority. e. None of the above.

Chivalry.

Assumes that police can use a broad array of resources and partner with the local community to address crime problems. Select one: a. Standard Model of Policing. b. Racial Profiling. c. Noble Cause Corruption. d. Racial Animus. e. Problem-Oriented Policing. f. Community Policing. g. Hot Spot Policing. h. Grass Eater. i. Meat Eater.

Community Policing.

Which of the following political ideologies views the fundamental cause of crime as the result of diminished traditional institutions and values, as well as the implementation of lenient criminal justice policies? a. Radical ideology. b. Liberal ideology. c. Libertarian ideology. d. Conservative ideology.

Conservative ideology.

Within the state judiciary, the major trial courts are called __________. a. U.S. Magistrate Court. b. U.S. Supreme Court. c. Courts of Limited Jurisdiction. d. U.S. District Courts e. Courts of General Jurisdiction.

Courts of General Jurisdiction.

Collectively, the U.S. Supreme Court and State Supreme Courts are also known as __________. a. Courts of the Federal Judiciary. b. Courts of Final Jurisprudence. c. Courts of the State Judiciary. d. Courts of Last Resort.

Courts of Last Resort.

Which of the following are lower state courts which deal with approximately 90% of all criminal cases, hold initial appearances and preliminary hearings, as well as set bail? a. Courts of General Jurisdiction. b. Courts of Limited Jurisdiction. c. State Supreme Court. d. Appellate Courts.

Courts of Limited Jurisdiction.

Relative to the _________ derived from Roman and canonical law, the ________ derived from English Common Law provided citizens with several procedural safeguards that were sustained as the basis of the American legal system.

Crime Control Model; Adversarial System of Justice.

In most cases, theories utilized in criminal justice research focus upon:

Crime control.

In examining the efficacy of drug treatment courts, Gottfredson and colleagues (2007) found ____________. a. Drug treatment courts lower recidivism levels both directly and indirectly by increasing perceptions of social control and increasing perceptions of procedural justice. b. Drug Treatment Courts increase recidivism levels when compared with traditional imprisonment. c. Drug Treatment Courts lower recidivism levels by decreasing perceptions of procedural justice. d. Drug Treatment Courts are not more effective at lowering recidivism levels when compared with traditional imprisonment, but they are more cost effective. e. Drug Treatment Courts do not lower recidivism levels when compared to traditional imprisonment.

Drug treatment courts lower recidivism levels both directly and indirectly by increasing perceptions of social control and increasing perceptions of procedural justice.

Due to the popularity of the Positivist School of Thought, the U.S. passed laws for the forced sterilization of individuals deemed "feebleminded" to prevent the spread of criminogenic genes to future generations. Such laws formed the basis of the ____________. a. Incarceration Movement. b. Euthanasian Movement. c. Eugenics Movement. d. Castigation Movement.

Eugenics Movement.

According to Packer (1968), the Due Process Model is diametrically opposed to the Crime Control Model.

False

According to Weisburd and Eck, there has been a surge of innovation in policing strategies beyond the standard model. The most widely adopted innovation has been community policing. Specifically, community policing scores high regarding the diversity of approaches employed, as well as high regarding the level of focus. Conversely, hot spot policing scores low on the diversity of approaches due to its generalized use of directed police patrols.

False

For defense attorneys to be able to justify representing a guilty person, it is critical to distinguish between factual guilt and legal guilt. Whereas legal guilt addresses whether or not the defendant is actually responsible for the crime of which they are accused, factual guilt is established when a prosecutor presents sufficient evidence to convince a jury (or judge in a bench trial) that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In certain circumstances, a defendant who is factually guilty may not be found legally guilty.

False

The doctrine of legal guilt dictates that: 1) A person is to be held guilty if and only if these factual determinations are made in a procedurally regular fashion and by authorities acting within competences duly allocated to them; 2) A person is to be held guilty if a factual determination is or might be adverse to them, even if the various rules designed to protect the individual and safeguard the integrity of the process are not given effect.

False

The trial system is based upon the belief that jurors choose a verdict derived from the facts of the case as presented by the prosecution and the defense. However, under certain circumstances, juries have disregarded the evidence and facts of the case when making the decision, thereby nullifying the law. This practice, known as jury nullification, has a valid legal basis derived from English Common Law. While attempting to develop a legal framework guiding the use of jury nullification, Butler (1995) ultimately contends jury nullification is never appropriate within the context of the U.S. legal system.

False

Theories can be proven

False

Though modern Positivism has manifested in various forms, all positivists tend to assume that crime is determined by factors largely within the control of the individual.

False

Though the federal judiciary enforces all federal codes, local codes, and ordinances across the fifty states and the District of Columbia, it has no jurisdiction over U.S. territories.

False

Whereas Liberal political ideology emphasizes penal retribution, Conservative political ideology emphasizes criminal rehabilitation

False

Whereas the Due Process Model prefers extrajudicial processes and informal operations, the Crime Control Model prefers judicial processes and formal operations.

False

According to Jeremy Bentham (1789), the principle of utility could be measured through a mathematical formula known as ________, which measure several factors such as the intensity, duration, and propinquity of an action. a. Rational statistics. b. Utilitarian derivatives. c. Hedonistic calculus. d. Altruistic algebra.

Hedonistic calculus.

Identifying specific places in a police jurisdiction where crime is concentrated and focusing resources at those locations. a. Grass Eater. b. Noble Cause Corruption. c. Problem-Oriented Policing. d. Community Policing. e. Standard Model of Policing. f. Racial Profiling. g. Hot Spot Policing. h. Racial Animus. i. Meat Eater.

Hot Spot Policing.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of ideologies? a. Ideologies are immune to change. b. Ideologies are based exclusively upon personal experiences, convictions, or selective observations. c. Ideologies selectively utilize and interpret empirical evidence. d. Ideologies are used to validate or falsify arguments.

Ideologies are used to validate or falsify arguments.

According to Donald Black, routine police work: a. Frequently involves contact with a criminal suspect. b. Is predominantly reactive. c. Rarely involves local residents' complaints. d. Typically leads to an arrest. e. Does not involve a great deal of discretion.

Is predominantly reactive

Please match each political ideology with their prime values.

Law and order. → Conservative ideology., Protection of individual rights and humane treatment of the less advantaged. → Liberal ideology., Total economic and social equality. → Radical ideology.

The Due Process Model views concepts such as jurisdiction, venue, statutes of limitations, and criminal responsibility as central to determinations of __________. a. Mens rea. b. Legal innocence. c. Habeus corpus. d. Factual guilt.

Legal innocence.

Whereas _________ emphasizes the need for crime prevention policies to implement social programs to meet the needs of the disadvantaged and focus on humane rehabilitation, _________ emphasizes crime can only be eliminated by eliminating the capitalist system and establishing a new social order. a. Conservative ideology; Liberal ideology. b. Radical ideology; Liberal ideology. c. Liberal ideology; Radical ideology. d. Conservative ideology; Radical ideology.

Liberal ideology; Radical ideology.

Which of the following is not an example of a federal law enforcement agency? a. Federal Bureau of Investigation. b. Drug Enforcement Agency. c. U.S. Postal Inspection Service. d. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. e. National Parks Service.

Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.

Butler (1995) introduces a framework which suggests that there should be a presumption towards using racially-based jury nullification for: a. Violent Malum in Se Crimes. b. Non-Violent Malum in Se Crimes. c. Malum Prohibitum Crimes. d. All Crime Types.

Malum Prohibitum Crimes

Term for when a law enforcement officer spends a good deal of his time on the job aggressively looking for situations that can be exploited for financial gain. Select one: a. Problem-Oriented Policing. b. Racial Profiling. c. Hot Spot Policing. d. Grass Eater. e. Community Policing. f. Noble Cause Corruption. g. Racial Animus. h. Meat Eater. i. Standard Model of Policing.

Meat Eater.

Improper or unethical acts that are committed in the pursuit of good ends and worthwhile goals (e.g., fighting crime). a. Grass Eater. b. Problem-Oriented Policing. c. Noble Cause Corruption. d. Meat Eater. e. Racial Profiling. f. Standard Model of Policing. g. Hot Spot Policing. h. Racial Animus. i. Community Policing.

Noble Cause Corruption.

According to Williams and Murphy, the first police forces in the 1840s: a. Were marked by reform. b. Provided significant improvements for marginalized individuals. c. Originated from slave patrols. d. Were heavily centralized. e. Rapidly responded to citizen calls for service.

Originated from slave patrols.

Which of the following is the process whereby the accused and the prosecutor in a criminal case work out a mutually satisfactory disposition to the case, subject to the court's approval, that usually involves the defendant pleading guilty to a lesser offense or to fewer counts in a multi-count indictment in return for a lighter sentence that the potential gravest charge? a. Plea Bargaining. b. Malum in Se. c. Bench Trial. d. Jury Nullification.

Plea Bargaining.

Calls for police to focus on specific problems and to tailor their strategies to combat the identified problems. a. Grass Eater. b. Hot Spot Policing. c. Racial Animus. d. Noble Cause Corruption. e. Meat Eater. f. Problem-Oriented Policing. g. Community Policing. h. Standard Model of Policing. i. Racial Profiling.

Problem-Oriented Policing

Please match each perspective of punishment to the appropriate description. -Punishment is a cultural and historical artifact shaped by an ensemble of social forces and carries a range of effects well beyond criminal justice settings. -Punishment is a distinctively moral issue from which to examine the normative foundations of the penal system. -Punishment is an instrument whose overriding purpose is the management and control of crime.

Punishment is a cultural and historical artifact shaped by an ensemble of social forces and carries a range of effects well beyond criminal justice settings. → Sociological perspective on punishment., Punishment is a distinctively moral issue from which to examine the normative foundations of the penal system. → Philosophical perspective on punishment., Punishment is an instrument whose overriding purpose is the management and control of crime. → Penological perspective on punishment.

Refers to the creating and acting on a set of characteristics which can include race, used to describe a typical offender or offending population. a. Noble Cause Corruption. b. Racial Animus. c. Grass Eater. d. Racial Profiling. e. Community Policing. f. Meat Eater. g. Hot Spot Policing. h. Problem-Oriented Policing. i. Standard Model of Policing.

Racial Profiling.

A key finding of Spohn and colleagues (2001) examination of prosecutorial discretion in case rejection is that prosecutors: a. Favored prosecuting sexual assault cases involving Latinx women. b. Only selected cases for prosecution that were likely to be plea bargained. c. Had higher rates of sexual assault case rejection if they were men (compared to women). d. Favored prosecuting sexual assault cases involving white victims. e. Refused to prosecute over 50% of the sexual assault cases brought to them by the police

Refused to prosecute over 50% of the sexual assault cases brought to them by the police.

According to the Positivist School of Thought, penalties for a crime should be based upon: a. Deterring the public from committing similar crimes. b. Correcting the social harm caused by the offender. c. Rehabilitating the offender. d. All of the above.

Rehabilitating the offender.

According to Durkheim, the punishment of a criminal offense: a. Serves to develop and sustain social solidarity. b. Represents a moral process that serves to preserve the shared values and normative conditions underpinning social life. c. Functions primarily as a regulatory mechanism for crime control. d. Draws upon the moral sentiments of the community to administer moral judgements for the purpose of reasserting and preserving the shared values of the collective conscious.

Represents a moral process that serves to preserve the shared values and normative conditions underpinning social life., Draws upon the moral sentiments of the community to administer moral judgements for the purpose of reasserting and preserving the shared values of the collective conscious., Serves to develop and sustain social solidarity.

Durkheim predominantly views punishment as a _________.

Social institution

Sheldon proposed _______, or the classification of body types, to determine an individuals propensity toward certain types of crime. a. Phlemotyping. b. Atavism. c. Somatotyping. d. Stigmata.

Somatotyping.

Which of the following is a state court that acts as the final resort in trying cases of procedural error and is composed of seven justices who are selected from their representative districts, of which the oldest judge in point of service retains the title of Chief Justice? a. U.S. Magistrate's Courts. b. State Supreme Court. c. U.S. District Courts. d. Appellate Courts. e. U.S. Supreme Court

State Supreme Court.

In discussing plea bargaining, Guidorizzi (1998) recommends which of the following? a. Have judges play a greater role in the plea bargaining process. b. Tailored reforms to plea bargaining. c. Increase the use of plea bargaining to lower court caseloads. d. Limit plea bargaining to no more than 50% of case dispositions. e. Ban plea bargaining altogether.

Tailored reforms to plea bargaining.

Which of the following represents the accused immediately after arrest to provide advice during interrogation and ensure that constitutional safeguards are not violated during pretrial procedures? a. The Judge. b. The Jury. c. The Prosecutor. d. The Defense Attorney.

The Defense Attorney.

Which of the following was not one of the eras of policing? a. The Militarization Era. b. The Community/Problem-Solving Era. c. The Political Era. d. The Reform Era. e. None of the above.

The Militarization Era.

The individual with the greatest degree of discretion in the criminal justice system is _________. a. The Judge. b. The Prosecutor. c. The Defense Attorney.

The Prosecutor.

Which of the following is a government lawyer who serves as the chief law enforcement authority of a particular jurisdiction? a. The Prosecutor. b. The Defense Attorney. c. The Judge. d. The Jury.

The Prosecutor.

Which of the following represent the Enlightenment philosophers' view of human nature? a. People engage in pleasure-seeking behavior while trying to avoid pain. b. People engage in rational, logical evaluation regarding the consequences of their behavior. c. People are free to determine their own course of action. d. People are basically altruistic, seeking to help others at their own expense.

The correct answers are: People are free to determine their own course of action., People engage in rational, logical evaluation regarding the consequences of their behavior., People engage in pleasure-seeking behavior while trying to avoid pain.

Which of the following do not reflect Foucault's perspective on punishment? a. The historical transition to penological concerns regarding the individuality of the offender (i.e., the soul) needs to be considered as the most recent chapter in a longer history of ways in which the "body" has been dealt with by political policies. b. Punishment is to be understood as a political tactic situated within the general field of power relations. c. Punishment needs to be considered as a mechanism for controlling the poor. d. Punishment needs to be considered as intimately and internally linked with the development of the human sciences rather than simply externally influenced by such sciences. e. Punishment needs to to be understood through the context by which it serves as a mechanism of class struggle. f. Punishment needs to be studied with attention to its positive effects (however marginal or indirect) and not simply as a repressive mechanism for crime control.

The correct answers are: Punishment needs to to be understood through the context by which it serves as a mechanism of class struggle., Punishment needs to be considered as a mechanism for controlling the poor.

Through her research, Rabe-Hemp argues that police organizations serve as a site of hegemonic masculinity. By this, she asserts: a. A lack of physical strength and inability to maintain an authoritarian presence hinders female police officers. b. Female police officers must act "masculine" to be accepted by their peers. c. The division of labor in police organizations relegates female police officers to women's issues. d. Female police officers have more respect toward fellow female police officers. e. Male police officers are higher paid than female police officers.

The division of labor in police organizations relegates female police officers to women's issues.

According to Foucault, ________ represented the epitome of power-knowledge principles, since it not only served as a prototype for prisons, but rather for all social institutions implementing regimes of surveillance and discipline.

The panopticon

In comparing premodern penal systems to modern penal systems, Durkheim states that while the functions of punishment have remained the same, the forms of punishment have underwent historical change. In doing so, Durkheim is prefacing his later conceptual framework which invokes __________ to describe shifts in punishment as a function of the degree of political centralization and form of social solidarity present within a given society. a. The pathological and normative natures of crime. b. The socio-legal evolution of contract law. c. The principle of qualitative change and the principle of quantitative change. d. The concept of anomie.

The principle of qualitative change and the principle of quantitative change.

According to early Enlightenment philosophers, the most fundamental feature of society is: a. The process of social evolution. b. An adversarial system of justice. c. The existence of rights and positive law. d. The social contract.

The social contract.

According to the Classical School of Thought, what should the punishment of a crime be based upon? a. The social harm of the act. b. The intentions of the offender. c. The affiliations of the offender. d. All of the above.

The social harm of the act.

Though not a specific theory itself, a __________ refers to a logically coherent set of organizational concepts, causal preferences, value-clusters, and assumptions that work to orient our interpretations and understanding of criminal justice phenomena. a. Interpretive framework. b. Conceptual framework. c. Ideological perspective. d. Theoretical orientation.

Theoretical orientation.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a theory? a. Theories attempt to falsify arguments. b. Theories are open-ended and possess the potential to grow and develop. c. Theories are examined with all relevant empirical data. d. Theories are belief systems closed to contradictory evidence.

Theories are belief systems closed to contradictory evidence.

Which of the following does not represent a practical benefit to quality theorizing according to Kraska and Brent (2011)? a. Theory possesses the ability to transform consciousness and guide responsible practice. b. Rigorous theorizing is essential for conducting quality research. c. Theorizing provides the basis for ideological change. d. Theorizing enhances intellectual understandings regarding the why of criminal justice and crime control.

Theorizing provides the basis for ideological change.

According to Foucault, the lines between judicial punishment and other institutions of social life became increasingly blurred by the development of similar disciplinary techniques across institutions and the frequent transfers that take place from one institution to another. As such, there exists a carceral continuum which covers the whole social body that is linked by a pervasive concern to identify deviance, anomalies, and departures from the norm.

True

All federal judges are nominated by the President of the United States and require confirmation by the U.S. Senate. Once confirmed, a federal judge holds office for life.

True

Bayley argues that most police misconduct is relatively minor in nature, but no less problematic for society. For instance, noble cause corruption occurs when police violate the law to serve the larger interest of doing justice. This type of behavior occurs when law enforcement officers are too invested in idealistic notions of crime fighting. The individual characteristics of an officer are only one aspect of policing that facilitates noble cause corruption.

True

Foucault's account regarding the actual functioning of prison institutions stresses an important hidden role in the wider field of political domination and general social control rather than simply its declared objectives of disciplining individuals. To this end, Foucault argues the penological failure of the prison has been reinterpreted as an unspoken political success since the creation of a recidivist delinquent class is deemed to be useful in a strategy of political domination that works to separate crime from politics, divide the working classes against themselves, enhance the fear of prison, and guarantee the power and authority of the police. Specifically, the development of a well-defined delinquent class ensure habitual criminals are known to the authorities and can be more easily managed, while the necessitated powers of surveillance can be easily used for wider political purposes.

True

In Policing a Free Society, Goldstein argues "the police, by the very nature of their function, are an anomaly in free society." By this, Goldstein maintains certain tensions inherently exist in police-society relations since police officers have the authority to remove an individual's freedom in a society where citizens are presumed to have nearly unlimited freedoms.

True

The Crime Control Model refers to the criminal justice system's efficiency as its capacity to apprehend, try, convict, and dispose of a high proportion of criminal offenders whose offenses become known

True

Though the ideology of the Due Process Model is not diametrically opposed to the ideology of the Crime Control Model, the ideology of the Due Process Model is nevertheless more resolutely impressed upon the formal structure of the law as it is based upon adherence to the U.S. Constitution.

True

Through their historical analyses of specific penal practices and institutions, Rusche and Kirchheimmer argued three positions: 1) Punishment should not be viewed as a technical response to crime, but rather as a social phenomenon in its own right; 2) Specific penal practices are never determined solely by crime-control objectives, nor are their social effects solely penological; 3) Penal institutions are to be viewed in their interrelationship with other institutions and with nonpenal aspects of social policy. As a result of their analyses, Rusche and Kirchheimmer concluded penal policy should be understood as a single element within a wider strategy of controlling the poor.

True

Whereas criminological research typically exemplifies the development and testing of theories regarding crime causation, criminal justice research has often relied upon applied and evaluation research methodologies to determine the effectiveness of crime control practices.

True

Whereas the Classical School of Thought advocated for increased determinant sentencing and the reduction of judicial discretion, the Positivist School of Thought demonstrated a preference for increased judicial discretion and indeterminant sentencing.

True

Generally speaking, Cullen and Gilbert (1982) posited that criminological and penological debates over the past two centuries have largely been guided by ______ and _______. a. Two Political Parties. b. Two Schools of Economic Philosophy. c. Two Schools of Criminological Thought. d. Three Forms of Political Ideology

Two Schools of Criminological Thought., Three Forms of Political Ideology.

Which of the following are federal courts of limited jurisdiction which can only try lesser misdemeanors, set bail, and assist district courts in various legal matters? a. U.S. District Courts. b. U.S. Magistrate's Courts. c. U.S. Supreme Court. d. U.S. Court of Appeals.

U.S. Magistrate's Courts.

_______ is the ethical philosophy underpinning the Classical School of Thought which argues all social, political, and legal action should be directed toward achieving the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Utilitarianism.

Which of the following represent characteristics of the Due Process Model? a. The Due Process Model centers around presumptions of guilt. b. The Due Process Model places substantial emphasis on speed and finality. c. The Due Process Model prefers informal non-adjudicative processes to formal adjudicative processes. d. The Due Process Model stresses the possibility of error. e. The Due Process Model invokes the doctrine of legal guilt. f. The Due Process Model insists upon the prevention and elimination of mistakes.

You have correctly selected two options. The correct answers are: The Due Process Model insists upon the prevention and elimination of mistakes., The Due Process Model stresses the possibility of error., The Due Process Model invokes the doctrine of legal guilt.