SOCL 3501

About __________ children are severely physically abused every year. 100,000 500,000 3 million 5 million

3 million

In a recent nationwide survey undertaken by Ms. Magazine, nearly __________ percent of the college women who had been raped by their dates did NOT identify their experience as rape. 5 25 45 75

75

All of the following are part of the positivist perspective on deviance, EXCEPT that deviance is: -a label. -intrinsically real -an objective fact. -determined behavior.

A label

Which of the following statements about school violence is TRUE? School violence is relatively common in America today. The enviornment of the school has little impact on school violence. A school environment conducive to school violence seriously affects only a few students. Northern states like New York and New Jersey have more firearm deaths among children than other areas.

A school environment conducive to school violence seriously affects only a few students.

Sociologist David Phillips discovered that some persons can conceal their suicidal wishes, but carry them out with more ingenuity. He studied __________ to document this pattern of murder-suicide. teenage alcoholics poor, inner-city youth bridge jumpers airplane pilots

Airplane Pilots

In 1965, J. L. Simmons asked a sample of the general public who they thought were deviant. Which of the following did significant numbers of people feel were deviant? -homosexuals and prostitutes -communists and atheists -psychiatrists and priests -all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following are criticisms of protective services efforts for children? They fail to provide enough staff and resources to investigate all complaints of child abuse. They sometimes haul innocent parents to court. They leaving a child with an abusive parent. All of the above answers are criticisms.

All of the above answers are criticisms.

Which of the following statements about pedophile priests is NOT true? Almost half of all priests have been involved in molesting children. Only a few priests are child molesters. The cause of child molesting among priests is not their celibate, sexless life. The large majority of priests, both straight and gay, keep their vows of celibacy and lead productive lives.

Almost half of all priests have been involved in molesting children.

After committing the violence, most abusive husbands do not admit guilt freely admit guilt. undergo counseling. go to jail.

Do not admit guilt

To analyze how their subjects feel and think about deviance, phenomenologists use the method of - construction. - surveys. - ethnography. - introspection.

Ethnography

According to research, which of the following statements is true? Most marital rape involves vaginal penetration. Forced anal intercourse occurs more often than forced vaginal intercourse. Most marital rape involves kinky sex acts such as bondage. Marital rape never occurs after a woman has given birth to a child.

Forced anal intercourse occurs more often than forced vaginal intercourse.

Which of the following is NOT a way poverty causes homicide? The poor are more likely to have financial, marital, and other stressful problems. Genetic factors cause both poverty and homicidal tendencies. Poverty causes more interpersonal conflict. The poor tend more to resort to physical violence to deal with interpersonal conflict.

Genetic factors cause both poverty and homicidal tendencies.

Which of the following is NOT a theory that attempts to explain genocide? Genocide is based on the physical and psychological separation between perpetrators and victims. Genocide is based on obedience to authority. Genocide is based on power. Genocide is based on personal prejudice.

Genocide is based on personal prejudice.

Evidence shows that the murder rates in states with capital punishment are higher. lower. almost undetectable. about the same.

Higher

This type of killing is done to save the "face" and "name" of the family. mercy killing honor killing family killing communal killing

Honor killing

Daniel Glaser felt that Sutherland's theory was too __________, and proposed that a process of identification with criminals also had to take place. liberal mechanistic voluntary sociological

Mechanistic

The perpetrators of genocide are monsters, psychopaths and sadists. mostly normal people. strongly resisted by their country's average citizens. never upset about what they were doing.

Mostly normal people

Anger, revenge, and courage to keep a rapist in jail are _____ ways rape survivors react after being raped. inward outward irrational psychological

Outward

______________ studies the underlying causes of deviance through social and environmental factors. -Positivists -Constructionists -Scientists -Historians

Positivists

All all the variables mentioned, this has the most significant effect when it come to murder. sex. race. age. poverty.

Poverty

A type of murder involving killing a number of people one at a time is called warm-blooded murder. mass murder. serial murder. an adjunct to suicide.

Serial Murder

According to Jack Douglas, there are two types of meanings: abstract meanings and __________ meanings. - immoral - moral - independent - situated

Situated

According to a famous study of a sample of the elderly in Boston, __________ of elder persons are more likely to become elder abusers. daughters spouses institutional caregivers social workers

Spouses

Pursuing someone that creates fear of being assaulted or killed is called stalking. aggravated assault. domestic terrorism. harrasment.

Stalking

The most conservative sources estimate that an average woman's chance of suffering a rape are one in two. ten. forty. seventy.

Ten

Women have a _____ percent probability of being raped. five ten. twenty. thirty.

Ten

Apart from the police and the military, ___________ is America's most violent institution. sports. schools. the family. the economy.

The family

Chambliss called the observing of how legal authorities actually discharge their duties the study of - the law on the books. - the law in action. - the process of legal change. - the ideal of the law.

The law in action

When it comes to family violence, all of the following are false EXCEPT Family violence hits the poor only. Family violence and love cannot happen together. Alcohol and drugs are involved in almost all cases of family violence. The majority of child abuse victims do not grow up to abuse their children.

The majority of child abuse victims do not grow up to abuse their children.

Which of the following is TRUE about stalking? Stalkers usually pick strangers to follow and threaten. Stalking helps distract people from other kinds of deviance. The majority of stalkers know their victims. The majority of stalkers are psychologically normal.

The majority of stalkers know their victims.

Which of the following traits is part of the traditional masculine social role that leads to rape? The male should take an active part in achieving social and sexual relations with females. The male should share in housekeeping and in the rearing of children. The male should see sexuality as a form of a wider relationship with women who are male's sexual equals. The male should exercise in order to keep in shape and have a desirable body.

The male should take an active part in achieving social and sexual relations with females.

Which of the following groups is most likely to be involved in imposing labels? - the poor - the criminal - the powerful - women

The powerful

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why the South is the region with the nation's highest murder rate? The "subculture of violence" in the South. The prevalence of rurality, forcing family members and friends to spend too much time with each other. The prevalence of population heterogeneity which leads to a lack of community. The reduction of community integration through population dispersion.

The prevalence of population heterogeneity which leads to a lack of community.

Homicides occur most frequently during the weekdays. the afternoons. the morning. the weekends.

The weekends

Which of the following statements about the definition of deviance is TRUE? -Almost all persons in a society will agree on the nature of deviant behavior. -Definitions of deviant behavior are determined by a nation's economy. -There is usually a great deal of disagreement among people as to what they consider deviant. -Few persons in a society are concerned about the definition of deviance.

There is usually a great deal of disagreement among people as to what they consider deviant

Which of the following statements about those who abuse the elderly is NOT true? The abusers have severe personal problems such as drug addiction or alcoholism. They are beset with money problems. They are largely male. They are stressed by the need to care for both children and an elderly parent.

They are largely male.

According to the the "Social Profile of Serial Killers," which of the following statements about serial killers is probably UNTRUE? They are mostly college educated. They are mostly white men in their late 20s or 30s. They are most likely to kill strangers. They are motivated is an intense desire for power and sadism.

They are mostly college educated.

Which of the following is a reason why women continue to live with abusive husbands? They are pressured by religious and other groups to which they belong to stay. They are waiting for the right moment to seek revenge against their husbands. They fear their husbands will retaliate. They fear leaving will harm their prospects for getting a good job.

They fear their husbands will retaliate.

Which ONE of the following questions reflects the constructionist and labeling perspective on deviance? -Why do people become deviant? -Why is a given act defined by society as deviant? -Why are so many sociologists seen as deviant? -Why is deviance an objective fact?

Why is a given act defined by society as deviant?

Which of the following statements about characteristics of homicide is true? Research suggests that lunar events do influence homicide rates. Murder rates occur at about the same rate throughout the year. Women are more likely to be killed at home. Men are most often killed in the bedroom.

Women are more likely to be killed at home.

To say that deviance is a subjective experience means that the deviant person is -a determined subject. -a morally degenerate person. -a secret deviant. -a conscious, feeling, thinking subject.

a conscious, feeling, thinking subject.

Which of the following are ways feminist theory shifts the focus of theories of deviance? - a focus on women as offenders and victims related to their subordinate roles. - a concentration on women as economically more successful. - a focus on the greater deviance of men. - a recognition of a new and growing goals-means gap. Question 3

a focus on women as offenders and victims related to their subordinate roles.

According to the labeling theory, deviance is -an objective reality. -a property inherent in the actor. -a label created by the person who commits a deviant act. -a label imposed by others upon a given behavior.

a label imposed by others upon a given behavior.

Among sociologists there is: -much involvement in illegal deviant behavior. -little interest in the study of deviance. -widespread agreement about what behavior should be considered deviant. -a lack of consensus about what behavior should be seen as deviant.

a lack of consensus about what behavior should be seen as deviant.

The myth that women want to be raped is partly based on facts. a male blame-the-victim rationalization. no longer a widely held belief. no longer a part of the assumptions held by the courts.

a male blame-the-victim rationalization.

According to a study undertaken by Chappel and his associates, which of the following kinds of sexual environments might most hurt a man's failures to win sexual favors? a religious environment an alcoholic environment a permissive environment a restrictive environment

a permissive environment

Which of the following is most likely to be a victim of same-sex rape in prison? Which of the following is most likely to be a victim of same-sex rape in prison? Selected Answer: a slightly built young white man Answers:

a slightly built young white man

Which of the following types of children would be at the highest risk for child abuse? a teenage child a very young child a child in an upper income family a normal child

a very young child

Sociologists feel that the homicide-suicide type of murder is "normal" because, after the killing, the murderer is in a psychotic state. able to feel remorse. able to feel a sense of moral superiority. anticipating an after-life reunion with the victim.

able to feel remorse.

Most control theorists seem to - imply that too much social control will force criminals to commit more crimes. - accept the Freudian assumption that our inborn animal impulses, if unchecked, will turn into deviant behavior. - accept the notion that one has to learn some skill and ideology in order to commit deviance. - assume that social control often indirectly or unexpectedly causes deviant behavior.

accept the Freudian assumption that our inborn animal impulses, if unchecked, will turn into deviant behavior.

According to labeling theory, the final step leading to secondary deviation involves - stronger penalties and rejections. - formal action taken by the community against the deviant. - hostilities and resentment on the part of those who penalize the deviant. - acceptance of and adjustment to deviant social status by the deviant.

acceptance of and adjustment to deviant social status by the deviant.

From the constructionist perspective, deviants are -actively seeking meaning in the deviant activities. -totally different from normal people. -biologically defective. -propelled by well defined social forces.

actively seeking meaning in the deviant activities.

If guns were less available, many heated arguments would result in just about as many murders as take place at the present time. more murders rather than aggravated assaults. the use of weapons more deadly than guns. aggravated assaults rather than murders.

aggravated assaults rather than murders.

All of the following are definitions of deviance proposed by different sociologists, EXCEPT that deviance is: -behavior that is labeled negative by politicians and the police. -a departure from the normative standards of a common culture. -always immoral behavior. -behavior eliciting anger or disapproval from large numbers of people.

always immoral behavior.

Which of the following concepts constitutes the core of Sutherland's differential association theory? -numerous associations with criminals -an excess of criminal over anticriminal contacts -a strong criminal personality -an excess of criminal over anticriminal personality traits

an excess of criminal over anticriminal contacts

Feminist theory states that rape is caused by sexual inequality because rape is an expression of men's dominance over women. the result of relative sexual frustration. the result of a culture of violence. the result of a man afraid to admit his homosexual tendencies.

an expression of men's dominance over women.

Which of the following is one way rapists attempt to determine the vulnerability of their victims? joining health clubs and becoming friendly with members approaching a woman on the street and asking for directions asking a woman out on a date and drugging her gathering a gang of friends together and grabbing a victim off the street

approaching a woman on the street and asking for directions

Many child abusers see abusive behavior as good and proper because they have watched much violence on TV. are among many who accept the rightness of physical punishment. are victims of child abuse themselves. are totally out of control.

are among many who accept the rightness of physical punishment.

According to research, children who have been abused are unlikely to suffer continuing problems later in life. may or may not suffer continual problems, based on the individual. are likely to suffer severe problems later in life. seem predestined to become child abusers themselves.

are likely to suffer severe problems later in life.

Hate-motivated killers personally know their victims. are very common in the U.S. today. are more likely to belong to an organized hate group. mostly attack members of their own racial or religous groups.

are more likely to belong to an organized hate group.

The author argues that an integrated definition of deviant behavior must focus on -the deviant behavior itself. -the deviant label. -the methods of sociologists. -both deviant behavior and the deviant label.

both deviant behavior and the deviant label.

Sociologists who study the role of power in the definition of deviance have discovered that the rich and powerful -are rarely deviant. -can avoid the label of deviance. -are prejudiced toward most types of deviant behavior. -ignore most forms of deviant behavior.

can avoid the label of deviance.

Deviance as an "observable object" means that deviance -is largely a subjective phenomenon. -can be studied in a factual way. -is behavior that at least a few people agree is deviant. -actually exists in the minds of the beholder.

can be studied in a factual way.

The author of the text concludes that psychological theories of rape explain about one-half of all acts of rape. are superior to sociogenic theories of rape. can only explain a few unusual cases of rape. have no relationship to the rape problem.

can only explain a few unusual cases of rape.

The theories of positivist sociologists attempt to explain the __________ of deviance. -negative features -functions -causes -meanings

causes

Early criminologists believed deviance was intrinsically real because they believed criminals possessed -a superior way of life. -the same biological traits found in noncriminals. -a distinctive set of labels that set them apart from noncriminals. -certain biological traits absent in noncriminals.

certain biological traits absent in noncriminals.

Most positivist sociologists today continue to reject the idea of free will as an explanation of deviance because free will cannot explain why one person -commits deviant acts while others do not. -refrains from committing deviant acts. -commits both deviant and nondeviant acts. -is born with a tendency toward deviance.

commits deviant acts while others do not.

Murders committed by people who are poor are often premeditated. committed on impulse. accidental. self-inflicted.

committed on impulse.

According to the text's author, the __________ perspective is more pertinent for studying less serious kinds of deviance. -objective -constructionist -deterministic -psychological

constructionist

According to Albert Cohen, when lower-class boys experience status frustration they set up their own competitive system in the form of -violent gangs. -religious groups. -delinquent subcultures. -boys clubs.

delinquent subcultures.

Most abusive husbands deny any forms of guilt. take ownership and responsibility for their abuse. seek help. are incarcerated.

deny any forms of guilt.

Burgess and Akers argued that before one becomes criminal, a process of __________ must occur where he or she is rewarded for continuing deviant behavior. -differential reinforcement -differential revulsion -differential learning -differential rejection

differential reinforcement

Most rapists commit their crime impulsively. commit their crime explosively. do some planning before their assaults. experience intense sexual desire before a rape.

do some planning before their assaults.

According to the exchange theory of family violence, which of the following would be the reward of violence? enjoyment of power and control over the victim intense guilt over the hurting of a family member fear of getting arrested enjoyment of higher status and respect in the eyes of the larger community

enjoyment of power and control over the victim

All of the following are ways men learn to play the "masculinity game," except for learning dehumanizing images of women. learning basic pointers about how to play the game. experiencing social pressures to play the game. experiencing the absence of referees to manage the game.

experiencing the absence of referees to manage the game.

The sociologist Jack Katz studied a variety of murderers and armed robbers and discovered that they - felt intensely guilty about their crimes. - experienced a sense of powerlessness over their behavior. - felt morally superior to their victims. - labeled themselves as morally inferior.

felt morally superior to their victims.

According to critics, reintegrative shaming can only work with -hardened criminals. -embarrased criminals. -first-time offenders. -sexual offenders.

first-time offenders.

According to sociologists, participation in a gang rape is an expression of latent homosexuality. fulfills a social need more than a sexual desire. is a psychologically disturbed act. is an erotic act for the participants.

fulfills a social need more than a sexual desire.

The wholesale killing of members of a racial or ethnic group is the definition of hate killing. genocide. terrorism. mission killing.

genocide.

According to the social profile of molesters, which of the following traits is most likely associated with a child molester rather than a rapist? toughness and aggressiveness old age gentleness and passivity having a way with adult women

gentleness and passivity

Poor people are more likely to use firearms than other weapons when they kill because guns are very inexpensive to purchase. provide barriers between individuals in poor neighborhoods. give a sense of power to the poor. are less risky to use than knives or rope.

give a sense of power to the poor.

Research suggests that most men who kill their wives or girlfriends have previously shown few violent tendencies toward their victims. have previously kept their victims in abusive relations. have predominantly experienced family economic problems. are psychologically normal men.

have previously kept their victims in abusive relations.

Which of the following aspects of deviance would be of special interest to constructionist sociologists? -surface facts about deviance -statistical data -how deviants seek positive meanings in deviant activity -moral reactions to deviant behavior

how deviants seek positive meanings in deviant activity

In order to win the "masculinity contest," men tend to see women as worthy of deep respect. equal to men. fellow participants in the contest. if they were objects.

if they were objects.

Which of the following is not a cause of rape listed in the text? the husband's use of rape to control his wife the husband's belief that he is entitled to any kind of sex with his wife the existence of patriarchy improper behavior on the part of the victim

improper behavior on the part of the victim

Until recently, almost all rapes were interracial. intraracial. same-sexed. older men raping younger women.

intraracial.

If you believe that deviant behavior has characteristics that distinguish it from conforming behavior, you believe deviance is -a label. -a biased concept. -biologically determined. -intrinsically real.

intrinsically real

A majority of actual rapes involve little actual violence. actually never occur. involve pushing, shoving, or choking the victim. lead to little more than verbal threats.

involve pushing, shoving, or choking the victim.

Most evidence about the impact of capital punishment on murder rates supports the conclusion that capital punishment has greatly deterred murder in other cultures but not in America. greatly increases the number of murders committed. is an effective deterrent to murder. is not an effective deterrent to murder.

is not an effective deterrent to murder.

According to Cohen's theory, status frustration is most likely to occur among -upper-class boys. -middle-class boys. -lower-class boys. -lower-class girls.

lower-class boys.

The terrorists who attacked the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, were most likely insane. loyal members of a religious group. purely evil persons. psychologically frustrated men.

loyal members of a religious group.

All of the following are factors that lead to more rape-prone campuses, except for mandatory membership in fraternities. a tradition of heavy drinking. not seriously dealing with sexual assault. rampant homophobia.

mandatory membership in fraternities.

According to Merton, the only cultural value of importance in American society is -family relationships. -hard work. -material success. -religious faith.

material success.

Men who have lost control of their lives due to poverty, unemployment, drug abuse, or alcoholism are more likely to become abusive husbands. less likely to become abusive husbands. just as abusive as men who have control over their lives. usually too depressed about life to act in a violent way.

more likely to become abusive husbands.

All of the following are types of mass murderers, EXCEPT for murderers who stalk and torture their victims. pseudocommandos. team members under the direction of the charismatic leader. disgruntled employees.

murderers who stalk and torture their victims.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the battered woman syndrome? loss of self-esteem expecting the terror of violence passively submitting to more violence feeling trapped

passively submitting to more violence

Which of the following is NOT a primarily positivist theory of deviance? -differential association -anomie-strain theory -control theory -phenomenological theory

phenomenological theory

Gold attempted to add to external restraint theory by arguing that socialization plays a role in determining who becomes a murderer. He felt that physical punishment in childhood leads to homicide. physical punishment in childhood leads to suicide. psychological punishment in childhood leads to homicide. a combination of physical and psychological punishment leads to suicide.

physical punishment in childhood leads to homicide.

Which of the following factors is involved in most marital rapes? money or the lack of it drugs or alcohol physical violence or threats of it pornography

physical violence or threats of it

According to Erikson and others, labeling other persons as deviant has - positive consequences for the community or individuals who apply the label. - negative consequences for the community or persons who apply the label. - positive consequences for the person who is labeled by the community. - little impact beyond the social control of the person who is deviant.

positive consequences for the community or individuals who apply the label.

Joe is a sociologist who is undertaking a study of drug use. He is interested in how broken families and poor neighborhoods lead to more problems of drug addiction. Joe is following a __________ theory of deviant behavior. -positivist -constructionist -scientific -historical

positivist

Feelings of depression, anxiety, and helplessness such as those suffered by U.S. soldiers who served in Vietnam and victims of physical injury are called stress-induced mental illness. posttraumatic stress disorder. poststress syndrome. stress depression.

posttraumatic stress disorder.

The author of the text points to recent studies that suggest the cause of higher violence rates among poor African Americans is the culture of violence. violent media programs and video games. rapid social change. poverty and social inequality.

poverty and social inequality.

Most rapes are committed on impulse. committed explosively. premeditated. determined by strong sexual desires before a rape.

premeditated.

According to Lemert, what is the first act in the sequence of interaction leading to secondary deviation? - primary deviation - a deviant impulse - tertiary deviation - the confession of deviance

primary deviation

All of the following are ways that pornography is implicated in the problem of rape, EXCEPT that it trivializes the problem of rape. tends to incite violent, angry men to rape. provides an erotic sexual outlet. treats women as men's sex objects.

provides an erotic sexual outlet.

Which of the following is NOT a type of hate killers? thrill hate killers defensive hate killers mission hate killers racist hate killers

racist hate killers

One reason why we are more likely to be killed by those we know than by strangers is that murder most often requires a great deal of planning to scheme against persons we know. requires a great deal of emotion, which is more likely to be generated by intimate relations. occurs in large cities and the rural South. takes place in an arbitrary way, and therefore people we know have a greater chance to be a victim.

requires a great deal of emotion, which is more likely to be generated by intimate relations.

According to Merton, when persons hold high success aspirations and are not given the opportunity to realize them they might -resort to illegitimate means of achieving their aspirations. -reset their goals to an even higher level. -feel irrepressible psychological pressures and become violent. -become more religious.

resort to illegitimate means of achieving their aspirations.

Influenced by the culture of rape, a man whose wife has been raped tends to respect or love her more than before. respect or love her as much as before. respect or love her less than before. scold her for having cheated on him.

respect or love her less than before.

The criminologist Marvin Wolfgang studied victims of self-precipitated murder, and felt that victims genuinely tried to kill their murderers but failed. ingeniously planned to have their killers convicted for first-degree murder. secretly wished to kill themselves. merely intended to engage in a fist fight.

secretly wished to kill themselves.

The main purpose of the positivist approach to deviance is -developing empathy with deviant persons. -seeking out the causes of deviant behavior. -to make moral judgments about deviant behavior. -to study biases toward persons seen as deviant.

seeking out the causes of deviant behavior.

One serious consequence of marital rape is self-blame and guilt by the victim. the furthering of the norms of patriarchy. the culture's condemnation of marital rape. the sensitive involvement of the police.

self-blame and guilt by the victim.

All of the following are ways our society has attempted to protect women from marital rape and abuse, EXCEPT for the passage of new laws. establishing counseling programs for abusers. severely punishing men who sexually or physically abuse their wives. the creation of a network of women's shelters and safe houses.

severely punishing men who sexually or physically abuse their wives.

An expression of disapproval designed to invoke remorse in the wrongdoer is called -labeling. -denouncing. -bonding. -shaming.

shaming.

Problematic interaction between a parent and child is one cause of child abuse. All of the following are problems of interaction, except for lack of parenting skills. lack of knowledge of normal childhood behavior. social approval of physical punishment. unrealistic expectations for a child.

social approval of physical punishment.

The following are ways abusive husbands rationalize their violent acts, EXCEPT for blaming the victim for provoking the offense. minimizing the harm done to the victim. attributing the violence to some problem beyond their control. stating they do not remember carrying out the rape.

stating they do not remember carrying out the rape.

The external restraint theory holds that weak external restraint leads to homicide. strong external restraint leads to homicide. strong external restraint leads to suicide. weak internal restraint leads to weak external restraints.

strong external restraint leads to homicide.

Which of the following conditions separates the positivist and constructionist perspectives on deviance? -the variety and type of religious attitudes toward deviant behavior. -the amount of private consensus about what is deviant behavior -the number of persons involved in deviant behavior -the amount of public consensus about what type of behavior is deviant.

the amount of public consensus about what type of behavior is deviant.

The strongest motivation for rape in prison appears to be homosexual tendencies. relief of sexual deprivation. the need to avoid boredom and alienation. the drive for power.

the drive for power.

According to the Marxist explanation of deviance, the cause of deviance can be traced to -the gap between the goals of success and the means of achieving them. -the breakdown of the family and other social controls. -the presence of diverse cultural groups in American society. -the exploitative nature of capitalism.

the exploitative nature of capitalism.

Sociologists have a difficult time studying family violence, due to the fact that the family is considered a cherished and intimate social institution. few people belong to formal families. the diversity of family life makes studying family violence difficult. the family is too private to study sociologically.

the family is considered a cherished and intimate social institution.

One reason why more poor people commit murders over very trivial acts is the impact of economic and social oppression on one's sense of honor. the poor are more deeply involved in trivial behavior. the poor have more verbal rather than written or analytic skills and talk themselves into murder. the role of women in the family, which causes more tension and hardship.

the impact of economic and social oppression on one's sense of honor.

Ethnography is defined as the style of research that seeks to understand - the meanings the people under investigation ascribe to their experiences. - the factual aspects of behavior that people follow. - the causes of behavior under study. - why the larger society considers some behavior as deviant and other behavior as normal.

the meanings the people under investigation ascribe totheir experiences.

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that supports female genital mutilation in many African cultures? the meaning of womanhood in many cultures that practice female genital mutilation the overwhelming presence of patriarchy and the need to oppress women the social and psychological benefits the practice provides the participant the high social value of virginity and marriageability that are supported by genital mutilation

the overwhelming presence of patriarchy and the need to oppress women

The most prevalent form of forced sex is the rape of a woman by her husband. the rape of a woman by a stranger. rapes occurring in college fraternities. rapes occurring along with a felony.

the rape of a woman by her husband.

The many women who are squeezed between raising children of their own and taking care of parents are called the sandwiched generation. generation X. the stressed generation. the mommy/daughter track.

the sandwiched generation.

For feminists, a major cause of wife beating is poor economic and social conditions. the sexist, patriarchal nature of society. some men's lack of self-esteem. men's greater access to the means of violence such as guns.

the sexist, patriarchal nature of society.

What do phenomenologists mean by the term deviant reality? - the nature of deviant behavior as seen by scientific sociologists - the characteristics of deviance as shown by objectively acquired data - the reality of deviance as defined as such by the powerful - the subjective meaning that deviants impute to their own deviant experience

the subjective meaning that deviants impute to their own deviant experience

Child molesting is considered a form of rape because the victims are under the control and supervision of the parents. the victims are too young to give their consent. it is the same as raping a woman. most parents who engage in these activities are sick perverts.

the victims are too young to give their consent.

According to the subculture of violence theory, the poor are more violent than people in the larger culture because the poor are psychologically weak and cannot resist the subculture. the poor are genetically more inclined to violence. the larger culture is more violent and thus avoided by the poor. the violent subculture has a powerful grip on the poor.

the violent subculture has a powerful grip on the poor.

All of the following are reasons why large numbers of children are abused in American society, EXCEPT for past experiences of being abused as a child. the widespread acceptance of spouse abuse. many parents' lack of education and parenting skills. the social acceptance of physical punishment to discipline children.

the widespread acceptance of spouse abuse.

School violence is caused by all of the following, except for increased availability of guns. media violence. violent sports competition. the culture of violence.

violent sports competition.

Incest is not considered self-serving if the child gives consent. was permitted in many societies throughout history. was assumed to be rare until 1974 when it become part of mandatory child abuse reporting laws. is usually committed against boys.

was assumed to be rare until 1974 when it become part of mandatory child abuse reporting laws.

According to control theories of deviance, the central question is -what causes deviance. -what causes conformity. -what causes criminality. -what is the definition of deviance.

what causes conformity.

All of the following are true about incest, EXCEPT that stepfathers are much more likely than biological fathers to commit incest. incestuous fathers are more isolated from others outside of the home. there is no significant difference in incest rates among social classes or racial and ethnic groups. young victims of incest usually forget about the past and lead normal sexual lives as adults.

young victims of incest usually forget about the past and lead normal sexual lives as adults.

Hank is a sociologist investigating the causes of crime. He is interested in how some areas of the city have traditions of crime that persist over generations, and how individuals easily move into groups following those traditions. What theory of deviance is guiding Hank's research? -labeling theory -control theory -differential association theory -strain theory

?

Feminist theorists argue that most theories of deviance - stereotype women. - are only about men. - call for the exploitation of women by men. - are not related to gender.

Are only about men

The deterrence doctrine assumes that human beings, when anticipating deviant behavior, are - basically rational. - basically irrational. - nasty and evil. - motivated to fight crime.

Basically rational

Which of the following is NOT one of the constructionist theories of deviance? - labeling theory - phenomenological theory - control theory - conflict theory

Control Theory

Which of the following statements does NOT belong to the constructionist perspective on deviant behavior? -Deviance is largely the product of others labeling behavior as deviant. -Deviance is an observable, objective set of behaviors. -Deviance is often a voluntary act. -Deviance involves important subjective experiences.

Deviance is an observable, objective set of behaviors.

Which of the following is NOT a kind of social control that can prevent deviance? bonds to society reintegrative shaming differential association legal punishment

Differential Association

Which of the following statements reflects the symbolic interactionist's view of human beings? - Humans are simply a medium on which social forces operate in a neutral way. - Humans face, deal with, and act toward the objects they encounter. - Human behavior largely follows well-established patterns. - Individuals have little awareness about what is going on around them.

Humans face, deal with, and act toward the objects they encounter.

Which of the following statements is an accurate criticism of Burgess-Akers' social learning theory? - It only explains why some commit crime without interaction with others. - It cannot explain why a person initially commits a deviant act. - It can only explain why a person initially commits a deviant rather than a conforming act. - It fails to explain why a person continues to commit deviant acts.

It cannot explain why a person initially commits a deviant act.

According to Richard Quinney, there are different ways for the dominant class to define the social reality of crime. Which of the following is NOT one of them - It defines as criminal those behaviors that threaten its interest. - It applies the laws to ensure the protection of its interests. - It engages in behavior that is defined as criminal. - It constructs and diffuses an ideology of crime.

It engages in behavior that is defined as criminal.

Which of the following is NOT a statement about the nature of postmodernist theory? - It is an attack on modern science's emphasis on a search for the objective truth. - It leads to the deconstruction of events, revealing their contradictions and assumptions. - It studies "linguistic domination," among other topics. - It is relatively disinterested in the most modern forms of deviant behavior.

It is relatively disinterested in the most modern forms of deviant behavior.

This theoretical perspective attributes deviance to the unequal distribution of resources brought about by the exploitative capitalist system. - Postmodernist Theory - Legal Reality Theory - Social Reality Theory - Marxist Theory

Marxist Theory

According to labeling theory, being labeled deviant produces - positive consequences. - negative consequences. - no consequences whatsoever. - some consequences whose nature cannot at present be understood.

Negative consequences

According to this theoretical perspective, power, or the lack of it, determines the type of deviance one is likely to commit. -Postmodernist Theory -Power Theory -Marxist Theory -Social Reality Theory

Power Theory

Peter, disillusioned with the way things are going, decides to live in a hippie commune away from the rest of society. According to Merton's theory, his behavior is an example of -Conformity -Innovation -Ritualism -Retreatism -Rebellion

Retreatism

Joe, a steel worker in Cleveland, Ohio, has no aspirations of being rich and successful. Nevertheless, he works hard, and takes pride in his job. According to Merton's theory, this is an example of Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion

Ritualism

According to Hirschi's theory of social control, if elements of bonding to society are weak, the individual might - have strong self-control. - have a good self-concept. - develop a strong goal orientation. - slide into deviance.

Slide into deviance

Which statement about the definition of deviance is TRUE? -Deviance should only include important violations of the norms. -All sociologists agree that deviance includes mundane, routine, and normal violations of the norms. -Deviance is not an important subject anymore. -Sociologists cannot agree on a precise definition of -deviance.

Sociologists cannot agree on a precise definition of deviance.

Which of the following statements is most likely to be true today? Young adults from 20 to 29 are more likely than teenagers to kill. Teenagers are more likely than young adults from 20 to 29 to kill. Older people are more likely than young people to kill. If embroiled in a quarrel, older people tend more to kill than to be killed by younger persons.

Teenagers are more likely than young adults from 20 to 29 to kill.

According to Merton's anomie-strain theory, which of the following statements is true? - All Americans have about the same chance of reaching high success goals. - Both the cultural goals of success and the legitimate means of achieving high success goals are freely available to all Americans. - Relatively few Americans believe that success is an important part of life. - The legitimate means of achieving high success goals are not freely available to all classes of people.

The legitimate means of achieving high success goals are not freely available to all classes of people.

All of the following are the results of capitalism's creation of economic marginality and coercive control of the workers, EXCEPT for - loss of self-esteem. - resentment. - a greater reliance on the family. - a sense of powerlessness and alienation.

a greater reliance on the family.

According to Hirshi, which of the following is NOT a way for individuals to bond themselves to society? -a commitment to conformity -an experience of a gap between goals and means -a belief in moral validity of the rules -involvement in conventional activities

an experience of a gap between goals and means

According to the constructionist perspective, deviant behavior is -determined behavior. -an expression of human volition. -robot-like behavior. -passive reaction to social forces.

an expression of human volition.

To phenomenologists, "constructs of the second degree" - reflect the real meaning of deviance. - reflect deviants' subjective views. - are far removed from the reality of deviant experience. - are truly objective, because they are free of emotional judgment.

are far removed from the reality of deviant experience.

Cohen's theory of status frustration closely resembles Merton's goal-means gap because they both -use similar styles of research. -argue that deviant actions are the product of individual choice. -assert that lower class people are more likely to engage in deviant actions. -assume that social class has little to do with deviant behavior.

assert that lower class people are more likely to engage in deviant actions

According to Cloward and Ohlin, lower-class boys experience different opportunities in the form of three subcultures, which are -criminal, conflict, and rebellious. -criminal, retreatist, and innovative. -conflict, rebellious, and innovative. -criminal, conflict, and retreatist.

criminal, conflict, and retreatist.

Early in the twentieth century, criminologists believed that -criminals are made, not born. -criminals are born, not made. -criminal status varies within time and space. -crime is determined by the social environment.

criminals are born, not made.

The positivist perspective assumes that deviance is -a matter of choice. -relativistic. -determined behavior. -unimportant behavior.

determined behavior.

Burgess and Akers find Sutherland's differential association theory inadequate because Sutherland -ignored the individual's choice-making ability. -placed too much emphasis on the rewards, not the consequences, of deviant behavior. -could not empirically test his theory. -did not specify what is involved in the process of learning to become a criminal.

did not specify what is involved in the process of learning to become a criminal.

At the heart of the conflict between phenomenologists and positivists is - different philosophical views of humanity. - different views on the punishment of deviants. - whether deviance is a primary or secondary phenomenon. - whether sociology should even study immoral behavior like deviance.

different philosophical views of humanity.

Cloward and Ohlin attempt to extend Merton's central idea that the lower classes are denied legitimate opportunity by introducing the concept of - status frustration. - the means-goal gap. - differential illegitimate opportunity. - differential legitimate opportunity.

differential illegitimate opportunity.

One negative criticism of labeling theory is that it - is not a sociological theory. - does not actually explain the causes of deviance. - is too deterministic a theory. - emphasizes the causes of deviance too much.

does not actually explain the causes of deviance.

According to phenomenologists, what deviance means is - obvious to all observers. - fundamentally problematic. - insignificant for the understanding of deviant behavior. - an objective fact.

fundamentally problematic.

All of the following are reasons the powerful are more prone to deviance EXCEPT for - stronger deviant motivation. - greater deviant opportunity. - greater deviant tendencies. - the weaker application of social controls.

greater deviant tendencies.

One reason why labeling theory has enjoyed tremendous popularity among sociologists is because this theory -supports many of the basic ideas of traditional theories of deviance. -firmly locates the role of the powerful in creating deviant labels. -is easy for students to understand. -has considerable data to support some of its basic ideas.

has considerable data to support some of its basic ideas.

According to Glaser, before a person pursues criminal behavior, he or she must first __________ real or imaginary persons whose criminal behavior seems acceptable. -strongly reject -rebel against -identify with -fall deeply in love with

identify with

All of the following are criticisms of phenomenological theory EXCEPT that phenomenologists - cannot keep a totally open mind in understanding the essence of deviant reality. - cannot examine subjective experience in a totally unbiased way. - incorrectly assume that powerless deviants are powerless people who have little free will. - fail to see the relevance of the objective study of deviance.

incorrectly assume that powerless deviants are powerless people who have little free will.

All of Jane's friends have jewelry and new clothes, but she had no money to buy them. She therefore resorted to shoplifting to get what she wanted. According to Merton's theory, her behavior is an example of -conformity. -innovation. -ritualism. -retreatism.

innovation.

Cloward and Ohlin used the concept of differential illegitimate opportunity to mean that some members of the lower class have -a greater chance to become middle class through use of illegitimate opportunities. -more opportunities to pursue legitimate opportunities. -more positivist cultural values than others. -less opportunities to pursue illegitimate opportunities.

less opportunities to pursue illegitimate opportunities.

When the language of the strong dominates the language of the weak, the weak experience _________. - postmodern anxiety. - the labeling of their behavior as deviant. - positivistic pressures. - linguistic domination.

linguistic domination.

According to the deterrence doctrine, all of the following would help reduce the rate of crime, EXCEPT for making punishment -more certain. -more swift. -more general. -more severe.

more general.

Chambliss stated that the tendency of the police, prosecutors, and judges to become tools of power and privilege is caused by the __________, or the need of organizations to compel their members to maximum rewards. -phenomenonal reality -social reality -organizational imperative -organizational dysfunction

organizational imperative

Labeling theory interprets deviance as a(n) -totally subjective experience. -expression of human animalistic tendencies. -process of symbolic interactionism. -outcome of conflict between powerful groups.

process of symbolic interactionism.

If a society makes a deviant feel guilty while showing understanding and forgiveness, it practices __________ shaming. - bureaucratic - disintegrative - reintegrative - degrading

reintegrative

Chambliss' analysis of the English legal system showed that the vagrancy laws - helped the poor to improve their lives. - benefited the ordinary citizens the most. - aggravated the crime problem. - served the interests of the influential members of society.

served the interests of the influential members of society.

Sociologists criticizing control theory point out that control can become a possible cause of deviance. They therefore conclude that most versions of this theory are too -underdeveloped. -oriented to adult deviance. -simplistic. -focused on society's unattainable goals.

simplistic.

The incompatible interests, needs, and desires of diverse groups of people in society can lead to -deviant behavior. -social conflict. -cultural conformity. -social strain.

social conflict.

The conflict approach contributes of our understanding of deviant behavior by showing how -unconscious drives and motives lead to some forms of deviance such as child molestation. -the subjective experiences deviance can lead to fear and anger. -youth gangs are at the root of most deviance. -social inequality influences the making and enforcing of norms and laws.

social inequality influences the making and enforcing of norms and laws.

According to Robert Merton's goal-means gap theory, the psychoanalytic approach to deviant behavior is wrong because that theory incorrectly assumes -society discourages the individual from engaging in deviant behavior. -society encourages the individual to engage in deviant behavior. -society has no impact on human biological impulses. -individuals freely choose to partake in deviant behavior.

society discourages the individual from engaging in deviant behavior.

One problem positivist sociological researchers face that natural scientists do not is that: -sociologists are able to use more objective criteria than natural sciences. -natural scientists have a bigger problem with personal bias than sociologists. -sociologists have difficulties with personal biases and making moral judgments about research subjects. -sociologists find studying human behavior is substantially easier than studying the natural environment.

sociologists have difficulties with personal biases and making moral judgments about research subjects.

Recent developments in anomie-strain theory have located new sources of strain that might push individuals toward deviance. Which of the following is NOT one of those newly identified strains? - American culture's "anything goes" mentality in the pursuit of success - removal of positively valued stimuli such as the death of a friend - the discrepancy between success aspirations and the opportunities for realizing those aspirations - presentation of negative stimuli, such as the experience of child abuse or criminal victimization

the discrepancy between success aspirations and the opportunities for realizing those aspirations

According to labeling theory, the focus of sociological research should be on - how the person who behaves in a deviant way interprets - reality. - the historical creation of deviant and normal labels. - the economic structure of society. - the interaction between the supposed deviant and conventional people.

the interaction between the supposed deviant and conventional people.

What Marxists call "marginal surplus population" refers to -employed workers. -those who are relatively superfluous or useless to the economy. -families with more than two children. -the capitalist elite, who need not work.

those who are relatively superfluous or useless to the economy.