SOCY 1004: Test 2

Latent Function

the consequences/results of conformity ex: Conforming to the education system (manifest function) stabilizes the economy by creating a steady stream of workers when they graduate (latent function)

Structural-functionalist

the idea that society is a complex unit made up of inter-related parts -deviance is viewed as contributing to social order -strengthens the bonds of an existing social order -promotes social solidarity -prompts social change -Sociologists who study this theory study social structure and social function. -French sociologist Emile Durkheim based his work on this theory.

Differential Association Theory (Sutherland)

the proposition that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity -focus on social processes

Social Learning Theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished -Bandura's view of human development; emphasizes interaction

Power of Capitalists come from:

their ability to control both the means of production and communication. -a lot of labeling communicated thru media. -manipulate by labeling behaviors or groups that are dangerous to capitalism as deviant. -Spitzer/Marxist Theory

Social Control Theory (ACIB)

theory that explains deviance as the result of the weakening of social bonds aka. Social Bond Theory -developed by Hirschi -4 components/elements

Rebellion

Reject the cultural goal and replace it with another primary goal. May use either legit or illegitimate means to achieve their goal. -category for political deviants. -don't play by the rules but work to change the system to their own liking -Merton's Adaptations to Anomie/Strain

Parental Efficacy

parent's ability through parent-child attachment, rules and supervision, and also social support

Retreatism

Have abandoned cultural goal and have also rejected the legitimate means. -chronically homeless, serious drug addicts, Christopher McCandless -Merton's Adaptations to Anomie/Strain

Ritualism

Have abandoned cultural goal but continue to use legitimate means to make their living. -dedicated workers who will never advance to management. -Merton's Adaptations to Anomie/Strain

Conformity

Have accepted the cultural goal of success/wealth attainment and are trying to achieve it via legitimate means. -the most common adaptation to anomie/strain. -college students earning degrees -Merton's Adaptations to Anomie/Strain

Innovation

Have accepted the cultural goal of success/wealth attainment but are trying to achieve it via illegitimate means. -any crime for profit -robbers, thieves, drug dealers, embezzlers, high-priced call girls -Merton's Adaptations to Anomie/Strain

Critical Race Theory

-argue that 'white' experience is established as 'proper' experience and that view has been institutionalized as normative -experiences/viewpoints that deviate from 'white' perspective are seen as harmful and deviant. -looks at how law neglects discrimination and victimization of ppl of color, and focuses on deviance that may/may not exist in communities of color -law is not 'neutral' or 'objective' -racism is intricate and enduring fabric in American life, woven into social structure and institutions emphasizes the importance of capturing individual's stories and highlighting experiences of everyone, not just the most visible or 'deserving' of storytelling. -Allows more thorough examination of experiences that usually go unnoticed or unrecorded or overlooked. -Gives voice to individual who may not have their stories told in more traditional settings. Ex: San Diego Evacuees-Most all who were accused of unlawful behavior were: homeless or colored

Peacemaking and Homelessness

-we must approach homelessness from a place of kindness individualistic deficit model suggest those who are homeless are at fault bc of their own problems or deficits of their character( lazy, like being homeless, drug addicts) -this characterization allows for treatment of homeless that is warlike and inhumane.

Monopoly Capitalism- 2 Realities/Problem Populations

1. As capitalism advances, it will become more efficient-> some capitalists would fail as monopolies became stronger-> failed capitalists would fall into the labor class-> this every growing class would become less and less useful as fewer laborers are needed to do the same work. = 'Social Junk' 2. Advanced capitalism promote increased levels of education needed to do the more advanced work of the economy. This education would create a more thoughtful population that was likely to criticize the system. = 'Social Dynamite' -Spitzer/Marxist Theory

4 Components of Hirschi's Control Theory (ACIB)

1. Attachment to other individuals. 2. Commitment to following the rules. 3. Involvement by typical societal behaviors. 4. Belief- a basic value

Similarities btw Marxist and Conflict Theories

1. Both social constructionist/relative perspective. 2. Both focus on institutions, groups, and structure.

Difference btw Conflict and Marxists Theories

1. Definition of Power: Money vs. Complex 2. Proposed Solution: Burn it all vs. Fix it

Differences btw Marxist and Conflict Theories

1. Definitions of Power -Marxist: Power is money. Political economy and capitalist system. -Conflict: Power is more complex than just money. 2. Solutions -Marxist: Revolution, advocate for overthrow of capitalism. Burn it. -Conflict: Fix it.

Theorists from Ch.4

1. Durkheim: Anomie and Strain 2. Merton: Adaptations to Anomie/Strain 3. Agnew: General Strain Theory 4. Cloward & Ohlin: Differential Opportunity Theory 5. Cohen: Status frustration (delinquent subculture) 6. Messner & Rosenfeld: Institutional Anomie Theory (American Dream) 7. Stouffer: Relative Deprivation Theory

Critical Theories

1. Feminist Criminology, 2. Critical Race 3. Peacemaking -examine the issue of deviance and crime from a perspective that questions the normative and status quo

Solomon and Ray-8 Identified Rationalizations of shoplifters (irrational beliefs)

1. If i am carful and smart, I will not get caught. 2.Even if I got caught, I won't be turned in. 3. Even if I am prosecuted, the punishment will not be severe. 4. The merchants deserve what they get. 5. Everybody at sometime or another has done it-therefore it's OK. 6. It's not a major crime. 7. I must have it or if i want it, i should have it. 8. It's okay because the merchants expect it. -Contemporary Marxist/Conflict

Gusfield's 2 Functions of Law

1. Instrumental 2. Symbolic

Theorist from Ch. 9

1. Marx: Marxist Theory 2. Spitzer: Monopoly Capitalism (social junk and dynamite) 3. Gusfield: Instrumental/Symbolic Function of Law (conflict theory) 4. Vold: Theory of Group Conflict (conflict theory) 5. Turk: Power as resource control 6. Chambliss:

3 Factors Characterizing High Delinquency Rates

1. Poverty 2. Population Turnover 3. Racial/ethnic heterogeneity -Shaw and McKay's study of juvenile delinquency in urban areas.

3 Peacemaking Tradition Areas (RFC)

1. Religious- focuses on variety of religious traditions. (Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Native American) look to traditions to advocate way of meeting those who might engage in harm not as enemies but as members of the community. 2. Feminist- focuses on humane system of justice that acknowledges that women are at disadvantage in patriarchal society -patriarchy & gender power difference create oppressive warlike experience for women both in and beyond criminal justice system. 3. Critical- looks at societal power differences ex. gender, race, class All 3 have common belief: a diff paradigm must be established for criminal justice. focus on restoration, not retribution

Theorist from Ch.5

1. Shaw & McKay: Social Disorganization Theory 2. Wilson & Kelling: Broken Windows Theory 3. Sampson: Individual/Collective Efficacy 4. Wright & Cullen: Parental Efficacy 5. Hirschi: Social Control Theory 6. Bandura: Social Learning Theory

Ruling Class's 2 Benefits from deviance

1. The focus is taken off harmful and deviant behaviors that the ruling class may be engaged in. 2. The workers will be divided over the issue, thus weakening their own connection to others. -Spitzer/Marxist

Criticisms of Critical Theories- 4 Main Criticisms all have in common

1. The theories are too idealistic and doesn't offer explanation of why criminals do what they do. 2. Light on empirical studies 3. Feminist criminology and critical race theory are seen as reductionist (simplifies too much) 4. Feminist criminology reduces issues to gender, and Critical Race Theory reduces issues to race.

2 Questions Marxists and Conflict Theories Focus On

1. Why are certain groups more likely to be considered deviant? 2. Why are some actions, which many might consider harmful, not considered deviant or criminal?

2 Main Critiques of (traditional) Criminology From Feminist

1. criminology theories and dev theories subsumed women under the heading of 'men' - assuming that general theories of deviance could explain female deviance 2. in a sexist manner, assuming that women were somehow 'different or 'pathological' in their makeup and that their deviance stemmed from this pathology.

6 Characteristics of Urban Life that are Conducive to Deviance

1.) Norm Conflicts 2.) Rapid Cultural Change 3.) Mobility 4.) Materialism 5.) Individualism 6.) Increase in formal social controls

Criticism of Anomie and Strain Theories

1.) Really can't measure: how whole societies focus on particular goals and means. 2.) Assumes high level of goal consensus/ a value consensus exists across society: the goal of monetary success is held above all. 3.) Don't count that there are varieties in culture and things change 4.) We see that the solutions seem pretty simple: more equal opportunities implied as "cure all" 5.) Class biased: hard to account for deviance among the privileged classes. 6.)Merton never precisely defined anomie

ByProducts of Disorganization

1.) Short term: there is movement in the direction of deviance. 2.) Long term: there is movement in the direction of normative reorganization.

4 Strain Characteristics most likely to cause crime

1.) The strain is high in magnitude 2.) The strain is seen as unjust 3.) The strain is associated with low self-control 4. The strain creates some pressure or incentive for criminal coping

Physical Disorder

Abandoned buildings, garbage and litter, graffiti, junk in vacant lots

Vold

Group conflict theory -describes the process by which individuals become a part of a particular group and how the relationships btw various groups develop as they compete for space, resources, and power.

Means of Production (Marx)

Means of production are things like factories, machines, tools like the power loom, etc. These are all things that allow for the creation of/create goods. -owned by the bourgeois

Feminism and Homelessness

Patriarchal society normalizes abuse of women. -fact that victimization of women is considered normal/acceptable means many women aren't helped in any systematic fashion. -women who want to escape abusive situations can quickly find themselves homeless. -women who have no choice but to be homeless if they want to escape abuse then delay/cancel -left with few alternatives -running away becomes preservation technique but public policies don't consider the reasons: just criminalize the behavior, consider them deviants who need to be punished.

Shoplifting

Presented in 3 manifestations: 1. Crime-type of larceny 2. Disease- addiction that can't be controlled 3. Form of Protest- aginst the establishment, corporations, and capitalism Solomon and Ray-8 Identified Rationalizations of shoplifters (irrational beliefs) -Contemporary Marxist/Conflict -Conflict Theory can be used to explain why one group is targeted and accused of shoplifting more than another group.

Group Conflict Theory

Vold argues individuals are group involved beings- who both influence and are influenced by the groups they are part of. =more similarity and ,

George Kelly's Question for all Police

Why did you arrest him for urination and not the other guy? -Why are you letting one get off easier than the other?

Relative Deprivation

a perspective that suggest that socioeconomic inequality has a direct effect on community crime rates

Social Disorganization Theory

a theory developed to explain patterns of deviance and crime across social locations, such as neighborhoods. -macrolevel theory -schools, neighborhoods, cities, even states or countries

Population Turnover

also referred to as residential instability and often measured as the percentage of the population that did not reside in the neighborhood five years earlier -how often the population is renewed -one of the 3 factors Shaw and McKay highlighted that characterized neighborhoods with high rates of delinquency.

Individual efficacy

an individual's ability to accomplish a task

Spitzer

argued that capitalism was changing to advanced/monopoly capitalism. -Creates 2 types of 'problem populations' -'Social Junk' & 'Social Dynamite' -Use deviant to control those populations and divert attention from real deviance-> capitalism

Restorative Justice

as a practical method, advocates for use of restorative practices or mediation btw victims and offenders. -offers victims real opportunity to work through their victimization -usually by playing central role in the offender's justice experience. -many restorative justice practices are informed by the concept of reintegrative shaming

Retreatist Subcultures

associated with drug use and drug culture among some lower class adolescents -Cloward & Ohlin

Multicultural Feminism

center of analysis of social issues is the concept of intersectionality. -one of the most promising approaches -Intersectionality: idea that in order to truly understand the social experience of someone, you have to consider the ways they experience race, class, gender, age, sexuality, and ability-all those variables simultaneously affect a person's experience of the word. Using this sophisticated lense- can better understand how a given person can be oppressed in some ways and privileged in other ways.

Criminal Subcultures

develop among lower class adolescent boys in neighborhoods with open illegitimate opportunity structures. -neighborhoods are characterized by systematic, organized crime -provide outlet in illegal employment for youth to attain wealth via illegitimate means -Cloward & Ohlin -Differential opportunity Ex: Gang Involvement

Conflict Subcultures

develop in disorganized communities where illegitimate opportunities are largely absent and those that exists are closed to youth. -neighborhoods are characterized by social instability -youth in these conditions are deprived of legitimate and illegitimate opportunities -suffer from acute frustration -turn to violence to prove personal worth -social controls are weak in these areas -violence for violence's sake is valued -Cloward & Ohlin -Differential Opportunity Ex: Slum heirarchy

False Consciousness (Marx)

does not allow them to understand or acknowledge their oppression and exploitation.

Postmodern Feminism

examine the social construction of such 'accepted' ideas as crime and deviance. -closest to peacemaking criminology questions the idea of a single 'truth' or way of knowing and understanding.

Gusfield

examined the legislation of morality-the use of law to control behaviors that did not necessarily create victims -argued law has 2 functions -Instrumental & Symbolic -Conflict Theorist

Alienation

feeling isolated and separated from everyone else

Marxist Theory

focus on the capitalist system as one that creates conflict, inequality, and power differentials. -Promoting things as deviant practices: benefits capitalism by directing attention away from harms (deviance) produced by capitalism and prevents unification. Function of law: 1. law as instrument used to support the ideology of capitalism. 2. law in capitalist society to maintain capitalism. 3. law may be used to control the proletariat but also used to settle disputes that might arise among the bourgeoisie bc disputes weakened the power of the bourgeoisie/power of the capitalist systems. 4. law was to obscure real power by offering power on paper to everyone equally.

Peacemaking criminology

focused on a different way of seeing and organizing the world: around compassion, sympathy, and understanding. -Use Restorative Justice (btw victims and offenders) & Reintegrative Shaming Keywords: Retribution (traditional) & Restoration (peacemaking) Criticism: Lack of formal authority involved in mediation and community dispute resolution practices may result in greater injustices that the very system seeks to improve. -Pepinsky & Quinney

Liberal Feminism

focuses on gender role socialization -Roles of women are socialized into are not as valued as much as the roles men are. -Ex: nurturing roles like teacher aren't valued as much as role like CEO/ -Focus on equal rights and opportunities-especially education in the workplace that would allow women to compete fairly with men. -Argue that: women engage in less deviance because they are socialized in a manner that provides them with less opportunities to deviate.

Social Feminism

focuses on structural differences, especially in the capitalists modes of production. -argues that patriarchy and capitalism are oppressive forces -until patriarchy and class based system are eradicated, there can be no equality for women

Radical Feminism

focuses on the sexual control of women, oppression is from a social order dominated by men. -emphasis on sexual control -theory on sex, gender, reproduction, domestic violence, rape, sexual harassment, and porn.

General Strain Theory

focuses on what circumstances lead individuals and groups within a society to engage in deviant behavior. 3 Major Types of Negative Relations where others: 1.) Prevent or threaten to prevent the achievement of positively valued goals (preventing monetary success or popularity with peers) 2.) Remove or threaten to remove positive stimuli (death of a parent or breakup w/partner) 3.) Present or threaten to present negative stimuli (physical assaults, failing grades, public insults) -Agnew

Strain Theories

generally macrolevel theories. share several core assumptions: 1. The idea that social order is the product of a generally cohesive set of norms. 2. These norms are widely shared by community members. 3. Deviance and community reactions to deviance are essential in maintaining order. -Durkheim

Intersectionality

idea that in order to truly understand the social experience of someone, you have to consider the ways they experience race, class, gender, age, sexuality, and ability -all those variables simultaneously affect a person's experience of the world

Institutional Anomie Theory

idea that the exaggerated emphasis on economic success in the US has bled into other social institutions, including academia. -suggest that the American Dream leads to crime and deviance. -major institutions in the US are dominated by economic institutions and the exaggerated emphasis on monetary success leads to deviance and/or crime. -Messner & Rosenfeld Ex: student stimulant use

Reintegrative Shaming

idea that the shaming of someone who has done wrong that is then followed by reintegration of the wrongdoer back into family or community is a powerful way of influencing the offender's future behavior. -work best in settings where people being shamed are generally treated in positive and encouraging ways most of the time, then when they face disapproval about their acts, they are ashamed and feel bad

Turk

laws more likely to be enforced when they represent cultural values (powerful) or when enforcement can target those with little power. Power as a Resource Control (PEPID Powers) 1. Means of direct physical violence (physical power) 2. Production and Allocation of resources (economic power) 3. Decision making process (political power) 4. Definitions/meanings, knowledge about production (ideological power) 5. Control of human attention and living time (divisionary power)

Critical Theory and Homelessness

laws used to socially control the homeless instead of helping them. Ex: San Diego Fire Evacuations -homeless, migrant populations, Latino populations accused of criminal behaviors

Chambliss

looks at crime from economic perspective. -gap btw haves, and have nots -crime can be used to divide the working class: part of the working class identifies as the law abiding citizens against the criminals -Marxists would say: thats false consciousness -using the prison system to subvert -crime isn't a spontaneous act. it's rational. based on choice in life situation at the moment. Ex: Sweden has higher rates of sexual assault but its based on how they define it.

Structural Impediments

obstacles exist for a whole class of people wish to attain wealth using legitimate means. -lack of education -lack of job opportunities -creates a strain toward anomie which may translate to deviance -Merton

Symbolic Function

of the law. doesn't rely on enforcement or action, instead, "invites consideration" of what is considered to be moral in society. -A law that supports one group's cultural beliefs over another: suggests that those beliefs are considered moral in society. -The process of creating a law becomes the political process of supporting that group. -The ability of the cultural group to claim that its beliefs are supported by law is what is important. -Gusfield's 2 Functions of Law

Instrumental Function

of the law. tells individuals what actions they can and can't engage in. -proscribe (ban, bar, denounce, condemn) -Agents of law enforce it. -Important but not nearly as much as symbolic for our understanding of culture conflict, power differentials, and imposition of deviance to society. -Gusfield's 2 Functions of Law

Feminist Criminology

questions status quo, most specifically male-centered view that much of criminology takes. -rich diversity of branches but center of all the feminist thought is emphasis on oppression of women. -examine the label of deviant from the perspective of an outsider. 2 Main critiques of Criminology 5 Major Branches: 1. Liberal Feminism 2. Radical Feminism 3. Social Feminism 4. Postmodern Feminism 5. Multicultural Feminism

Central Business District (CBD)

rates of delinquency appeared to cluster highest here.

Racial/ethnic heterogeneity

refers to a mixture of different races and ethnicities in a given area -one of the 3 factors Shaw and McKay highlighted that characterized neighborhoods with high rates of delinquency.

Urbanism

refers to the cluster of qualities and characteristics that distinguish the city from rural areas.

Urbanization

refers to the process of growing concentrations of people in cities.

American Dream

relies on notion that people want to achieve. -outcome focused, rather means. if outcome is success, the means are justified 4 Values: 1.) Achievement- connect to personal worth 2.) Individualism- everyone should find a way to make it. own effort, by your own hard work 3.) Universalism- encouragement for all to aspire to wealth and success 4.) Materialism- money is the main way to measure success in the American culture.

Manifest Function

results intended by conformity. the thing the institutions supposed to do, the purpose of it. ex: Conforming to the education system (manifest function) stabilizes the economy by creating a steady stream of workers when they graduate (latent function)

Anomie and Strain Theories

seek to understand deviance by focusing on social structures and patterns that emerge as individuals and groups react to conditions they have little control over. -How exactly does the structure of society constrain behavior and cause deviance? -Durkheim

False Conciousness

situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them; the primary means by which powerful classes in society prevent protest and revolution - confused about your status in society. Think they are going to be included in same care when you're not included in those 'benefits' you're vouching for. -caveat: doesn't consider free will -splits up those with common interests -increases support for ruling class -allows for manipulation against common interest -teen vandalizes car

Social Cohesion

social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis

Collective Efficacy

social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good

Anomie

state of normlessness where society fails to effectively regulate expectations or behavior of its members. -occurs when aspirations are allowed to develop past the possibility of fulfillment. -Durkheim

Durkeim

structural-functionalist. studied suicide. -social integration and social change are key factors in deviant behavior -"No living being can be happy or even exists unless his needs are sufficiently proportioned to his means" -society alone held the moral power over the individual to moderate expectations and limit passions. -state of anomie results from a breakdown of goals ->lack of regulation, individual aspirations become unlimited and deviance results.

Differential Opportunity Theory

theory that one's socio-economic environment helps predetermine their likelihood of achieving financial success through legitimate or illegitimate means. -assumption: not everyone has equal access to deviant opportunities, or that illegitimate means are always available -3 paths individuals faced: criminal subculture, conflict subculture, retreatist subculture -Cloward & Ohlin

Peacemaking Theory

theory to critically examine not only our understanding of crime, but also our understanding of how we come to know what we know. -critically examined criminology AND criminologists -criticized traditional criminology for advocating 'war on crime' by: 1. Us vs Them, 2.Advocating punishment as primary means to stop crime. -argue that neither of those viewpoints has actually reduced criminal activity, but both have increased suffering of both victims and offenders

Social Disorder

unmonitored youth misbehaving, public intoxication, public fighting, rowdiness, crowds hanging around corners.

Status Fustration

when a lower/working class boy feels frustrated by the inability to achieve the same status as the middle class members. -Response:may lead to the collective solution of forming a delinquent subculture -Cohen -Differential Opportunity

Zone in transition

zone II. the closest one to the CBD (central business district) -resided the most recent immigrants to the city -the poorest and least educated citizens -needed to live close to the CBD for work